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Home My WebLink About021-220-019aft "v!Noill. "� hll�,Irv� Tao. P �-) '171 "r . r,' i, (;, 1..`trl , C Ll. " ", r, ;I 'Pto ment U, ml 2 rexcli ILI , 19 73 Rppl Roco-�.,j 26, 1.973 "ll r4aro,'l 21 Nvp.,ivaa- "Imh 21 )MR.,V"S okxt " i),. eu t HQ fA v 1. wx,� "1 1973 mc N'earlx,,.f ]a�'.�cr�:�«�,y{';9Y�t��. s1$=��T+1;v.�vyR@Cyr a 5�1 7-7 yya of Appil,�;:ation: r,, -nn -r, c--rfliinnt. Ln f.1 el �,)u nn, in 1 A I AP �.l of 21-221-21), 'Pto ment U, ml 2 rexcli ILI , 19 73 Rppl Roco-�.,j 26, 1.973 "ll r4aro,'l 21 Nvp.,ivaa- "Imh 21 )MR.,V"S okxt " i),. eu t HQ fA v 1. wx,� "1 1973 mc N'earlx,,.f ]a�'.�cr�:�«�,y{';9Y�t��. s1$=��T+1;v.�vyR@Cyr a 5�1 7-7 U. ul U E LL 0 z U 0 A APhiCAHON I h',;Sessol P�vccl No, A PP L. I c,'% N I iA ao,,1 iAl"�� `01th ,Iwd -Ilcrt, "Notice to APWwant". A pl) I i ci v j it,))Y. N1C1N(' i I I FT 1' i I) I) 1(1) 10) 846 - 5f1-1. Mtdiing Addio,;S- o\ B . 278, Gridkp _y, Cali (oriii,a 0.5048 Appft,arlt',�, Intero,,,t ii, propm'6, Owli cLr 1, FxP I a i i i b r I e t I y acid curnp I eie I y th u na tu rH of p rof:io ` 1 "� 1j - ---- 1) 1 0 , -SU(1-4-t t a (�. I 10' d .-.- 5 110 -Q. t . 2. Wo E (Check) a. G oni in ero i a I b. I I I iA U I J- J'A I c. 0 t 11'7� I -_! or i c u 1 t ural (F 1,AT F ,3. What manufa.,,.,turing proceSS/pt'CAUCt6 Will H-1ttift'? Wint "Alls and i-rU'rit' 4. Builaing Goiv�trurtlon (stale typeconcrote; )r,00d, metal) Existing No n o to. Piopwipd— a"lfrn-el 6. Hazardous iiiaieek-als tr,,j bo us�,,d, 1, InflarniliableF' b, 6, flouts, of operation. PM, -X-, Proposed number of en:PI0Y0eSr.'- 7. Se:j;igo disposal: a. Private... b. COMMUnity. 8 Existing arcess to parc;el(s): 'i, I). (r-OUrity—, J. Number of off strf;',et parkinqr:: a. Providiki bRequired 10. Additiormll loforrvua;lon avid iemarl�.—_ I h,t-.raby u r vJ e r penrikv of perjury that the arid plot plan are trv,,, (.ximplole and to +hu tar ',t of my belief. Dated LApphcant �. [NO] E-, :submit herewltla checit or money ordof io the amount shown below, payable to County rt BucLe" ql'5c) a doniled ;Aot plan showing th4i lr;cvtion of existing and proposed structuress on your property and oil that �idjacent proportler,. ACTION OF PLANNING COMMISSION 011ie Date Gizitivd- D,"to Dorliod Chairwan of Phnning firm nws;oll-, N01 ICE TO APPLICANT I. If applicant ixnihm Uuo /xnm, a pnxoY of u0°ucymum/ bn hlwn1inV inovdor to |oUn|h4Md|cuhnn |*/Ukse Permit", Application shall h^vuid if not signed by owner o/h/x aQonL 2. All iipma un 0py|i/xh0n yha|/ bm'omp|ekad. |fan iiwn /~ not uppUuub|o, hnJ'- cok*by (hm`ym|m| x/:, O. Explain b/ix,0y ye( rwnp|a!e/y /ho nature of the Pvopummd use ... This is very Important and n /wVuiui��. 4. Ten cop/ea Of dutai/od plot plan shall accompany and bomade a part of Uha —Application horUse penn|t' . The plot plan shall include Ume bu||m*inQ: a. A moa/ad drawing of the parcel(s) boundaries, U^ Location of all existing and proposed bui/d|ng9 and impnovemnxis. c Location and size ofexisting and proposed acomoa to Lhe oub}octpame|(o). 5. Applicant shall funhe/undanyhaAd that the ^App/ica(mu YnrUse Permit- mhoU besubject tothe-approval Ofthe Planning Cnmmioe}on.Or, upon appeal, of the Board of Supervisors. Any subsequent opno|$| conditions ordered by the Plan- ning Commission shall lie made apart of tile approved "Use Permit'' and shall bebinding nn the applicant. DATED: | hm/eby dao|ana under penalty of perjury that | have read dhe foregoing instructions and statements and understand their meaning and context, iilOTICA. 10 AN't ICAN1 I. It app lic,III t Is utlit' r tfaru��rdt uevn, proof of tyenc�y must bo supplied In writing In order tea logilll�, Sign the "Application for U,r) Permit", Applie.ation shall bo co . 0olLed void if not ;Jgnred by oww i or hi,, lo(pil agent. 2. All itonas on applicration shall bo uornplotod. If an itow r,. notinrtl- cate by thea symbol n/n, 3. Explain briefly yet c,ornplotoly the nature of the proposed 1� very Important and a requisite. 4. Ten copies of a detailed plot plan shall accompany and be made a part of the "Application for Use Permit The plot plan shall Include the following: a. A scaled drawing of the parcel(s) boundaries. b. Location of all existing and proposed buiidings and improvements, C. Location and size of existing and proposed access to the subject parcel(s). 5. Applicant shall further understand that the "Application for Use Permit" shall be subject to the"approval of the Planninq Commission, or, upon appeal, of the Board of Supervisors. Any subsequent special conditions ordered by the Plan- ning Commission shall be made a part of the approved "Use Permit" and shall be binding on the applicant. I hereby declare under penalty of perjury that I have read th `nregojiig Instructions and stntements and understand their meaning ano t DATED: tApplwant) a App,l ic,it i on For tisr permit "(clttt. (:0"'Lty Planning Contmiss:ian prop,�)scd us(,.: pjj(.� I"Id drown in the enclosed sl.rtc'1r Tva ll he u;5 ed for agricultural purPOses, using the proL`o.,;s water from canning OI)oratao��s at' the Libby, Mc`No.1.1 1 t L i.bby Cannery ill Gridley ivIlon available. The wa t or won"Id be transported to t11e site thrc�ugli pipeline and ,itic,d for. f food irrigation of fruit trees in the existing Orchards at tide s •L-cM. Opon land at the site ";0111.c1 Lye Planted with a cover crop Of winter or early grains dui°1.ng the wintr.r and spring. This land would b'(, Pre-irriga•toct I)v check o7^ border methods during the summer -and car:l�r fall. Normal tagricultural practices would be Followed in managing the site. The only facilat%cs tivilich Would be constructed at the site would be valve boxes and ditches :for distribution Of the irrigatio7Z water through the :field and the remainder Of the distribution pipeli,xe. r 5` IN hey _sM�til�i` �' tea �.»»_ .�».wa.w.+...x,.. n«»�. r+.ewer..w.«..w�.....«.,....N.rao.+w.wNN.«nn.+..k.»a.«.....--....N.,...«na..w,,.....r...w.w�,w,�.�n,«-..w«.,N•«......awi w..._w..«.+..»....«...,.».nnwa»».«.....w,....wa...w, DESCRIrTzov J0 wr e . `uTtan permit to allow cannery i; �ff7.lal.f:'"4 to aettseU for Mod .i.rrigat:i(.,,n on �xistinq ol"K;'1ti=N.1..ly and unen' ,k«and. ..,,...�...N,,..,..,.WM.»....«..,»..w,...w««»,»,..E,�,.n».a..�._....�_n».�......•�xx,�,.».,.M,......�. -- µ.»�w..»�:;. »..».»a.,...,�»N.....a.. �. .a _ LOt`"�`�`�"ZON West �a.r e of Toon hip M., 1/4 � ile a1�:axtb K"utte Coua Qv . K ,«...N..b.4.«,.. ,,_x.W.»�.�...�.,x._.»�,k.�..,~�.xn�....a...».»»a...,,«w,»..».,a...«.....,.,:...xx..,«,..»_.....�...«,.»......». AP 21-22-19 .' sic' a portion of 21wr22.,.30 r i,yw a rs. 1qilti2,r"rrrCNG}il1 & Libby, Inc.? o I'ox 27n, rr7»dle / Ca. x.948 x..»,+enur.. a...».x.».»+er�»+.wv.a ,.waw.arn��.+w»wwv.W...a+a»nvrwwaW+«+w..w...0 w��u ....Jrw.w x. wawu..a..r—.w'=.�.w,NN• • »+rw+k.aws..p... �. nnar,.wue.....x...Y.»,.vwa11«tw«.Nn,awa».na..-.-.ln,a...x�..«,..r..'�.unw.r.a:«u..NnI..W.N»'an.r�M�w+.a.rvrwai.:» 5+.:4..wn...wxusm...v..w+uW.a+«,wM+w+tel,.+r»..w+Nar.vhh«.-..«ran.:.�..r..+,.+u+b��4..•i+.+.»"w...Wi4M«NY.'w.l. 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Korr ITaXImyetal P 0 Dox 927 rivldleY, Calif, 95948 AP -4 Everett & Lukli 608 KErn tuok 4 'ru )4s "ygfj��.r'A AP AL, X4-19-07 4682t) m-ndlell St. Pr(Imotitt C,.,L. t) .1 3 AP 24-19-32 & 26 Wm. Korr ITaXImyetal P 0 Dox 927 rivldleY, Calif, 95948 Kreho. 3203 (iswahl w)ntj Yuba city, CalAt'. . 1, AP 2 1 Masata & ql,i.,I<;k shi P 0 Box 5 31. Live 11 3 All' 21-1.9-46 Dilly E & D Onna 1, (-):;kin RR r 2 Box 402 " n.ridley, Ca. 951148 AP 21-jRmAftx 16-59 Homer & Shkrley j. Lane Pt 2, Box 75 Gridley, Ca, 95948 AP 21-22-19 Wm. Kerr Harkey C'O'AL P 0 Box 927 C,ridley, Ca. 95948 PLP 21-22-21 Transamerica bevelop),prmt 1.111 SOUth Iran(I Avr� Ddamond F9ar,, ca. 9452H AP 21-23-32 Tony Yaciol Rt LI, �iox 482 G1101rl-V, Ca. 97, 3 4 AP 21-23-36 B B &'yarl,,atra Vandarl-i,!Icjc,rj P 0 i? 0 x* "I ri 4 9 5 1) 4 �IP 0 r " 1 2 .% ; -� -37 3 JOhn A. Pt 2, Sox 983 Ca �Sj -4 Kreho. 3203 (iswahl w)ntj Yuba city, CalAt'. . 1, AP 2 1 Masata & ql,i.,I<;k shi P 0 Box 5 31. Live 11 3 All' 21-1.9-46 Dilly E & D Onna 1, (-):;kin RR r 2 Box 402 " n.ridley, Ca. 951148 AP 21-jRmAftx 16-59 Homer & Shkrley j. Lane Pt 2, Box 75 Gridley, Ca, 95948 AP 21-22-19 Wm. Kerr Harkey C'O'AL P 0 Box 927 C,ridley, Ca. 95948 PLP 21-22-21 Transamerica bevelop),prmt 1.111 SOUth Iran(I Avr� Ddamond F9ar,, ca. 9452H AP 21-23-32 Tony Yaciol Rt LI, �iox 482 G1101rl-V, Ca. 97, 3 4 AP 21-23-36 B B &'yarl,,atra Vandarl-i,!Icjc,rj P 0 i? 0 x* "I ri 4 9 5 1) 4 �IP 0 r " 1 2 .% ; -� -37 3 JOhn A. Pt 2, Sox 983 Ca �Sj (73-60.2-440) H pa=ft Ito '6110W C80104*y ex"If3ttne, 991wan't to b'"A U"d �Zv ftood imlRatzon or mvA op'941 1QtIld C-12 propauro_'�j ��"'OVMO "A,,2" 00110=0 V,of ztla %W�XM* COWitatY 10 �, 21.42 .40, NO" cv4d 40, Qr w("'a In, Gee dro-n 1/2 WIjArn noy "'vA thei; 010r'a UnIAW oypammto: Xt)wo flontilta van �zentjgthacj tt�-�tgA ApvtL 260 Lq.73 7. Libby, McNeil & Libbr-, Inc. - Use permit to allow cannery eRf'lu- ent to be used for flood irrigation on existing orchards and open land on property zoned "A-211 (General) located on the west side of Township Rd., k mile north of the Sutter County Line, identified as At? 21-22-19 and a portion of AP 2L-22-20, con- taining approx. 194 acres, Gridley. (Continued from April 5, 1973) Chairman Gilbert opened the hearing. Proponents: None. Opponents: None. Hearing was continued until May 17, 1973 due to requirements of Environmental Impact Report APPIL S v 1573 or4.hr rda and open -land on property ,maned '`A-2" (Genual) Icia-ated on the want We it Tolanehip Rd. , Ig mile ncjr-'dj 01 X110 OU tOT COUnty Line, IdontiVIQ z Asp 21-22.,19 u)**'VvAMO' P AU- .'xhaco iltzinew that this MOVA F caminned .a r MO1:'.i nooks to live the unvironmantal Impact Survey k»sA OPPOrtuntty 40 mv-%-caw this Sapp castb, io 4 PUTTF UOUH11 ,C-'IMMNTMG jTAFF WOMAT - ROY 17: 197-.,, 41 sibby Who Inc. U00 Perm& to allow Conner '47 Uffluant Po bo uuv6 for 0A ordbavcq M open land on PvcPent.wP �'xnoncd lovated at UM Wout, 01da of Tounship Rd., lid mile north W: The SaWax County We, Aden tiMed am AV 21-22-19 and a PqrMn at AV 21-21-20, CanVia ining 4' ppr6. 3. 194 Maxav, Qrldlay� Tula Is M rqu PeNwit '42'ta d1spuza! 0Z r,%vWQrU, flood irdnathan Cyatew an aWmAng anchards in nPan Wd. Qk"x!i:�Uxml Plan rncanvanda thim aron for awnivaltur&% Use and thIN non1d Wnew to be an vpPsOpSaw anclUeny ths pZaPsMS! IWAMOn MOM Nil! an adjecM elough, nc-". that was A MY ham Wn WAMON a*.q o`o" VAliah has beeu MAMMA W FQ0 of vancogn. i.e. UWY guality. Umd. voctov COMM, Qaar to bale baps concoxming either ng'' jt,EZ th, qxMvtjMV of phin use paxalt aubjeat to tho 20110w1ug Cundit"UnI3 Countp MUM lei 02partnWaW Watt, onaMby COMM SOM7, R11 What appLinable SM, and We, MAMNS, cvdlnanoa'�; and E BUTTE COUNTY PLANNING COMMISSION MINUTES - MAY 17, 1973 73-65-1-260 4. Libby, McNeil b Libby, - Use permit to allow cannery e'fluent t () be used for I I ood irrigntit)n on oxl nting orchards and open Intid on proportv zone(] "A-211 (Genurnl) located on the west side' of Tr)t,tnship Rd., 1/4 miles north (if the `.,utter County line, idoot.ified as A! 21-22-19 Find a portion of Al, 21-22-20, containii,It,, npliroximatelv 191, arres, Gridley. (CONTINUED FRO14 AUR'T!, 26, 1973) Mrs. Blair distributed roples of the -Invii. *onmental Impact Report and a copy of the EIR Guidelines Lf) Commissioners and c-Iled their ntLention to Png(,, 4, Para- graph Eof the Guidelines. Proponents: Charles B. P(,.)und, representing the engineering firm who designed the proposed syitem explained V.11aL the.- irrigation would beak by "strip" or "check" system to a depth of 2 to 3 inches .with no i.efloodin,r of the same area for at least 7 days. fie also said that rhu filtering enpAcit:� of the soil was excellent. qe further explained that (luring. the lf!'J'st irrigation season the "strips or "checks" would be disked periodically ao! perhaps n winter cover Crop would be planted. Lance Fvederickson in the absence of Commissioner Watson reported (420) that the city of Gridley had filed a nep-itive report la;iL month because water would )not stand for move than I day in tine ,lint and solids would be disposed of in other ways. Commissioner Camenzind wns again concerned about the possible pollution of ground water, and asked if there wore nny existing wells on th,a property. It was explained that there are now 3 wells on tho property that are used for irrigation only and that Regional Water (junlity Control Botird will require the company to monitor ground wntpi, quality in the area to prevent just such an occurrence. It was explained by Mr. Found (('06) that the waste water would be industrial waste not human, that there were lenses of clay butween the surface and the water tablo which SOLIld prevent such con uwnination, and also that Morrison Slough wns between the project and the Feather River which should catch any overflow to pre,enL po.,a ible contamination of the Feather 11i.ver waters. Mr. Pond also agreed that a 20 ft. setback from existing wells accomplished by checks or dikes, would be rensrinable. Commissione,r Smith (535) expressed concern that the wns no mention made in "mitigation of )'erosible:! use oL Gridley City Sewer systam. Staff was _R 1 5/17/73 BUTTE COUNTY PLANNING COMMISSION MINUTES - MAY 17, 1973 directed to add this alternative and to explain that no capacity was available. in the Gridley system to handle this problem. James Smethers (658) manager. for Libby, McNeil & Libby, said. that the same type of system had been used in Yuba City successfully for 40 years to irrigate company ownod peach orchards. He also felt the 20 ft. setback from wells was reasonable. Motion was made by Commissioner Smith and seconded by Commissioner Thebach to add under "mitigation measures": 11&—ther alternative would be to use the City of Gridley sewer treatment facilities which have a 2 mgd. capacity with 1.8 mgd. being treated at this time. Gridley treatment facilities Are near capacity; the plans for a I mgd, expansion are pending government funding assistance." to the draft Environmental Impact Review and to then consider the draft EIR. with additional comments attached to the final ELL. (731) AYES: Commissioners Camenzind, Moore, Smith, Tbebach, Hnnford, and Acting Chairman Sylvn. NOES: None. AB88NT: Commissioner W8Lson and Chairman Gilbert. Motion carried. Actir , Chairman Sylva then announcer] that the hearing on the use permit. would be continucd until May 31, 1973. Recess 9:45 - 10:00 p.m. M yr,r;�; D 11 ()"q ,1t , CoCoU�ITY 0,*VNING G01111111. 31, 1973 3-67-1-28"' ?j. 1,ibloy, 1101(41 `4 J'Allky, TLIC, - use k-ormil. to allojr cannery offluent t,o 1)o usod for f-lood ixri,,natJ.on on existing orchards and open land on Pr oj)orZ3oned !V,-2,1 (General) locqt~ecl oil ttie wast side of Township Rd., 1/4, mile north of tlie 3utter County lino,, identified ns A,:, 21-22-49 and n I-wsrtton of Aj? 21-22-20, contairjin8 approx. 194 ncros, Gridley. (CoNLITINUI'D F[W11 1,1AY 17 1973.) Mr. Lawson (292 read staff findings and reported that the final Environmental impact Report adopted by the Planning commission was filed and the appeal period had lapsed with no appeals. Proponents: James Smethers. opponents: None. Motion was made by commissioner Watson (328) and seconded by Commissioner 11anford to approve this use permit SlIbject to the three conditions as recommended by Staff as folloWst 1. Requirements of Butte County Health r)epartment. 2. Requirement:7 of the Central Valley Regional Water Quality COr4tr0l Board. 3. Requirements of Butte County Mosquito Abatement District. The applicant must also comply with all other applicable State and local statutes ordinances and regulatioXis. AYES; commissioners Camenzindi Moore, Hanfordo Sylva, Thebach, Watson and Chairman Gilbert. NOES, None. ABSENT.- Commissioner Smith. Motion carried. At this time, Connissioner Hanford questioned whether staff felt that siAce the Libby, McNeil. and Libby was the first complete report, the Environmental Impact Report process had been effective in helping them to determine the ;heat recommendations. Mr. Lawson replied that the Environmental Impact Reports gave the staff more insight into each individual problem, but that most of the factors, considered in the reports were considered under normal -taff review. WS PCs p0midt paxiod has Yon va, Tam ap vlavvy vent"Ok odarm, and laaker h4vve, all Of �rj� a ""Qf in the 3, 00 W On the basin numnez, mgmnclun, thim 19 aw.., VIIT'i -T , the he Subjeol." iut paquizaawtto u%vHv-hoSmco;yoXa M MuNal valley Ragi'nal Kater Qualit"Y ContrK Boa A, "Ln ty Ho�,z' C1,11 i Ab a t t�� ,..? 1; ixL :3 a t We avp2lamp'l wat Ma 1=91Y with all Other State nuc laam! mtWomp 000=000 and regulaticau. 1 Nunn id. ll, 0), All 143m ;1OW &Wn,-A MOT A-41 WIVOIZ)v nn 'j, also 1, "ovoka A" ?Non t;V% to lot Alt Ace" pmmwlv� WS PCs p0midt paxiod has Yon va, Tam ap vlavvy vent"Ok odarm, and laaker h4vve, all Of �rj� a ""Qf in the 3, 00 W On the basin numnez, mgmnclun, thim 19 aw.., VIIT'i -T , the he Subjeol." iut paquizaawtto u%vHv-hoSmco;yoXa M MuNal valley Ragi'nal Kater Qualit"Y ContrK Boa A, "Ln ty Ho�,z' C1,11 i Ab a t t�� ,..? 1; ixL :3 a t We avp2lamp'l wat Ma 1=91Y with all Other State nuc laam! mtWomp 000=000 and regulaticau. STATE OF CALI FORM ARESOU RUS AGENCY RnNALD 9EAGAN, Gmnnor CALIFORNIA REGIONAL WATER QUALIT'Y C-ONTRO-L _BOARD CENTRAL VALLEY REGION 3201 8 STREET (5 SAC HAMU, NTO, GALA! ORNIA 95816 PHONE: (916) 445-0270 h'; 01ii 1973 Butte Wulit-y 1'.1.;1n111,I:1g Commissiol, 7 COLUIty Centei., Dpjvc� (Imlille, CA 91)9u(� Caen tlanen: Subject: LibbY-McNeill & Libby, Inc. , Flood IrHgation Facility This project ill Imrt of the company ls plan to comply with the Regional Board 's requiroill(,rits. We are aware oj'l 'LlIe company 's Proposal and have inspected the site. The use of*effluent for flood irrigatiol-i is successfully used elsewhere witilh, our region. Wher-ever possij-qe and feasible, We support the concept of wastewater reclamation. 1110Tv,-forle, we 1mve no objection -to the issuance of a use 1-le"mit fr-Jr thisproject, Sincerely yDuvL3, i -MES A. ROBERTSON Executive Officer EEC/ice cc: Libby, McNeill 8 Libby, Inc. , Gridley Butte Cott-Ity lIc a l t a Department ' ' p q g� q, ,p, p spy �" �►�i.��iu�a.`t" � � � , �z �.: n�1�f to en fx,;, A 0,jF ovh,kvo t paLk 1I i . to degrade V1Io t o;�iIiC* the S t.i"zt' i"t)ilflri'l'lt r�i" tl2?t,�i� �ilj� T"d1C)�wC? fl);' tho ol'tv1','t'trllC7fyXl� ry (narrow i4tIta'i'ici.t71, kl"sC.6 of t:hoCaf2Vix'k7ritC on! ) 0 l� n Will i11r' i)cU„)!'i`.Fd Celkl:” iCl'tPAct.a which nic'i']lo t? t" fYlr, iii 5rlrtlr;7ilte;lik' o£'.Rikl},-'t t�t'Ctlp G'Cl1 i f"1C11i1k'lt'.?� 0,t A "411ca1'P„te!2"M iplpztct; on theorivii 612t1tir"d1 i.t [�!"tt' w�'tti�"}1 rpt+to , i t tl ] I't it t i'w eI iat'] ef', 'def init'�.vc� "7 a ' , �' s � r r„ ii:�� long -Chill, ampacts will cntltlre w011 :ft7t:o t:htr rtittlt"Q� tl�f P :» t.r)kl�cl tIli 1'lwj t,t cause impltcts ills i are individtial }„ µ.... �.., i tmi.t.r�rt� l7tit (.•umul,3t vely .A 1)rojc?0L may ilti(1;;wCt:' on Lwo or !clove »t.,epigrAt e z,-e,,A0urces iJT'lero the irFpxk t: ('it' 00e1 f-esourco is rolative','snIall. If th . c?ffc�r_t orf' the Wtal (if those impavts On,`the onvjronlrs•nt i; sigaifi.cant, an ETR must ti, prq,ared. This f3ndif,!t, does rlut f1f]P1Y to two Or more separntL, projector wwhc�re r t• r� ii`lp"e : of each is insignificant. � 1� 4„ C stud Cllcy `nvir0n,Rental effects orf th,,a pz`caj ct: » „g`!zltiSF? subr,t )itt, i. +l. adVOrso affects an Eiunla,. t)eirtgs ei:he.r direct:l-r or. injix,ectly1 !' NLV' : If ally of the above four findings: ctlest,,.pn ares answered 'yes", tlt e P of ert will he found to have a 5a14nificant Offect on the environment. Uetrr�zrltir.Fn. This project. will not have Er si gni'-icar effect On they envi.rom, nt„ A Legative Declaration should fit~ This project could have a si.gnificant; effect of, L1"1es e"l t'. An kIIE? is reyuir'd. l WV.T'RC7NN �.'�1Tr1.1.. r & Lilll)y pplicant, s SIGNIFICANr E Nor ex to irriqmte AP 21-22-19 20 4/9 9 nyg Receive All VIM11-011mentol impact report i,required for any project which may have 0 Oinnifica"t effect (substantial onorse impact) On the onvirorunent, Effects include environme;oGal conseque"wes of both primary and h0ccDdory nature. Thofollowing questiont, shall be uNod as guideli4ev to Wide whether m Lo 'aike n neilative declaration or all ellvironmeltal impact report. (Lf 11'sWer is unknown, write "Linknown" in yes/to column.) qMpUqL1;! YeR N I. Could the priject significantl change present uses of the (See project area? N 2* Does the project nignifiCantly conflict With the Butte County General Plan or any element thereof? 3. Could the project affect tm use of a recreational Oro"? (see NotesO 4. Could the Projeot have a sAbstantial and demoqstxable no8ative effect on an area ur featurc of lesthetic value?_ IV/ 5. Will any PAtural or man-made Ee0tures in the project Oven which Oro unique, that is, not found in other parts of the County, State or Notion, be affected? (See Notes.) 6. Will the project involve construction of facilities on 8 slope of 25 percent or greater? 7. Will the projact involve significant cuts or fills? 8. Could the Project cause substantial flooding, erosion or siltation? 9. Will the project involve construction of facilities V in an area geologic hazards? 10. Could the project chalwa existing features or involve construction in special building permit areas along the Sacramento River, the Yeather. River Floodwoy, in any area subject to inundation, in an area in close Proximity to any river, stream, lake, reservoir or natural drainaize channel.? 11. Is the project one of a scries Of cumulative actions, which alt"nugh individually small, may as a whole have significant environmental impact? 12. Could the project breach any published national, state or local standards relating to sclid waste o%- litter o' control? 13. toes the project area or the project site serve as a habitat, food source, nesting place, source of wooer, for etc. rare or endangered wildlife or fjnb species? V 14, Could the projec significantly affect fish, wildlife, Or POnt life or cause substantial interforence with 'the movement of any reMent or migratory Etsh or wildlife spear: M 1.5, Az r-� t lie�lny ror(i or endan,etma; d pl4i nt i es in ti. � T)ro rVa T .� 6, Will the tivole t. 'rerr'nvo slliaatant;'ol emcunt:n of lr; i`luding ground o o ? 1 'u a �.4 T f;, sli.ri iac� pac jY+, t cpl<�ri,r fat3.>t irl;' # r�rlt.car3 � l °rrly uI tptl:' 1'"��1!,�lit 5. i,,,,t h'ri'"a!it k,ehi or �''tpl+.'l." 1:00i o° Ok / 19. (,c,+ll cl tf'te pi olioct, rV,--R111. 111 ';ivrL; f is%llit, c�llw lig(} ixa c.il!.-'. ;".'dt'E]l ttft•,r I'It t ilE? 4.11'ei31 Vwi3 t. t F Lr (:+ad'd 1-1tr? p+ro'lo f ,i.1"I'ifical-11IN! nii�`'r t; tln6 p'c,lr10ti-uning Lit ail ti, �; t�7i!l-L,ail!rtk'p !"'),willuni ty? . i�? iilc� p,rcljtrc:t p,lli!,ap,y,+1 rrccrlcc,rclCc,�i' y re:,lllt J 11 tlw diSpala 't meut. of 1":olil.;i the prn,jc'-�L si,�tlil icrarit.ly id'I oct an iii'�A:Vvie.al a � S 'i t e or i i ,. E{ Ez L t 1 1 ! ti* .� t' ; F' N'o t; o S w � � Co i al t1+1�0 j On •t: Sor,•'Vo t o oncr,lall"a -v ciov of oprnenL ol, 1tiL"tN k'lld)� * LITWk?,"4F(e l 01.r0tf o7 ejs ol:" 1 lit (" nr ,? II development of 1p3'c?.3t,;iy d,.,,,velopeod .11"t';1 +? (!;wt' N!'�loi ,ao A (<�' At o you aware (if ra rail.+r;f alltNical. irodv ,gip opinion fi:llv4v-111L or anticipated) that caatl, iciawa (car will. C'on!1 !dor) the project (it, its offe6t.,; to be 'o the errvi,ro unvrlt 1 � i' � W;,l 1. tilts ;+:°+_ "J OCt. -Qaty rlt,W or aggravate existing I I o aI ":pi 1!�1�z lt.d";? U/j vhj0W PJ Zan Wil t, ua pfl") i el,t;. i nv r4'tve the application, use o o. i c.�f" paratexttiol ly llx� - srciou materials .r2 bltl t11i1,T1:'ll ? 1i '1e'I7t to a.ausf-. a «tUt.stantial. irl l'!"d!.n L-fr r,�• F-, t: tq,,t.+�� ,.� 26. , p "oj Y+t.: t o .9l gn! L X' J,cslnt amounts of odors or otht-: air pol.l.tztarit;s7 t% 2% Cxmlr1, Clli,i p>r ojc .,t gr uonat,c.!r3ip;,raificant noise? 28. c'c,,;➢e' , il_. . z`oject c atlrse tion of aubl,ic Wot .r r pip+?.;,° syste-ra:a or acv rsely affect~ ground water? 29. Co! ,I+1 lli#a par"ilk ect signif:irintly affect~ the potential u r a <trar.+_firvrra r conservation of a natural f S;at.a;:;Ce7 30 . c;o!.1c3 the prlrc_r"j,c,,, result in damage to soil. capability or i c+, 41 cri aj .:�c ul Lural land? 31� Add- tiozjl r.•omarl ss x1pplicvwrlti% ,. « w 'MIR. iia Addrass Wk.'. .A�rNJ 9.v. ' � • Ll L 1 �"'ir��yyj A il.br �.nt \rye �`i 4d m d.a. •.wailM,+,CAa..,:,,..un�uwuXi :w ��•r a 'i f r .w w.r,.,'Nn!nirY nNe.rwAlx..w+,ewx,w..w YyY W n..+b. W+ry n.uxfl.x W rawu�:»rr+vn r,R'c "�' � �P/C HeuAriuq ..,�..,...«",.NN�„�,,..�N..,>aa.,.».«�,,.�,.,.�,..r<.�.,.,...,.N,�,...w...,. ...,w.,.,�u♦....,.».,•,.m., x.....,»,«..,xx.,,,.,..W,«...W� B x R i.r� i"VaA Vhen up �Pw$ 14 7��'FS_'A !"dam boo nl :.;W. 6Y.c.� to Y,,��a �;"t v;,—,,ti y (.') a 9vlt. ol, ��d�l r,:, .fisi'�''i�" ��t"D'vul la; ., 'n C preo ect w i all lz mtk.: : `= nInna is. 'not nmUigarie vil'y exont, o tabid f'. 41hi v with ov, Eov of X 2 5 0 0 p 1�0 the gn'45iri"oSdu'6*unUl c/c ovhc, Manninarg ilapan arty, 7 �$ ty centor Y7iCivrl rrov Z.O , to s"'«ctl4 waz B and C of flea vnuniq,s 02 of the 'al i goh"PAi'atilt"�'Y . 4ri+k :tF'4 "v? 4 rvu-0,3:fM�`,ai" lwu R fii . �� FY , :b_www»xWl,w ,W - •w.vu,w.u�-n.� ry„xiwwr..+.«Yn,. hwFR.,uw.xM_�.+:«..+WFu�+r,p+u.u�«nH+uw.www+.zuw.rwwnr�vw,w'w�wnwswxsJ ai t,i�.�w7 15SiGd^u�� b t, '56-3 *�I� p� 1 ( J r yT[ x�' �Wy..Sl.��ittF {.�ryp �'-� ( y1y My ,�T ,�! y AyFy.� y��1 (� �V/ 1�,,�^ �y��,y CY 4 tni G . b` '1.7 Wf � ' y1.�iN 1 '. G,L' "N � " +S.+A ,pi ld, I � n Y 'I.� L. � �d. L� �da V,�Y .. cwt `Al bw � W1 � 4"a Rm � 07� .»,..«y,.�..,.,,W �..,,d.�,..w.,..n...�:;.......w..;.N..yzw...�N.....«.;,......,..r.::'.:.�;��,.�...�:4.«.;;'. fi t .............» Pro. 00. CiMen signature '. �:� ,., 71t 4n•Ak��.� '��r'� i.�itm�wiWl�,i1 �� Cri ', '> .y..�wx„uvbFcn'xWWW,iPlswhMFM+Ibw,lwMhnwM,fF'»4iMwMpwW u�Fx+r,+�rxNYx..+,+�iMaW:Yw,,,Jw,xexl,HwrYfv„urW'wXnW(W4Mw.wti,MWuxgww.rr+w.ww+w.MMroN'vW WKMc»I,IWM:NMi,Mix.,na..+.vsi�lrwFrW,�eMFW:Maw�x. �m1bw+.iw..n\c+sWwW'd�M«.ili.M`F YiNVi+M�wirxl.xNy xr»rix.wN�iid+haww,.ww,xJ+x+mw»ixx.4rimYA�xvuw^r,NN�aixrww...i,iNM+xxiw.Ai,wii�wuui[do.i.+wn,r„IiWY»ww,iwur:.Miuw,x wwY.wx. �.u_:....�_.�:---GxeiwwuwnwimlbRftl-bSlY1�601L�UM: L;tbby$'McWL-i1, & Libby, Tnc, Uge Permit A? 2 22-19 & 20 4/19/73 P. 0., Box 276 f FIN i DINGS r Grtdtey, CA 95948 Yes 1110 Docs I. /tIl'o proj(-'ct L I I tha�'o to dograde the quality of the cnvironmmit: or curLMI the rango- or the environment (nni.-row the range of hOnVf!Ci�ll. Uses Of LhQ CnV-JA70t1MCr1t)07 2. VIM tho project vau!:o impacts Nshich @C11i.Core S11or IT"" to the (1iSC1dVC3nLngr-' Of long-torm, environmental goals, APR 24 1973 A ghort-term irriPact on the crivi-rojiment is one which occurs in a rolativaly I)rj.c!fj definitive P03- .jod of time O'comNELL lor)ZI-tcrm impacts Will endure will into the future? By ...... ................. NZ '/Doplify 3. Could the project, caLisc., impacts which are individually litllit0d, bUL CU111L1),atiV0J.y considorabl.0 A project inay impact on two or more separate, resources i-,iiere the impact all eachresource is relatively small,. If the effect of the total. of those impacts on the environment is significant, an EIR must be prepared. This finding docs not apply to two or more separate projects where the impact of each is insignificall-L. Could the environmental. effects of tlie pro ect cause substantial' adverse effects on human beings, either directly or indirectly? V/ NOTE: If any of the above four findings: questions are answered 'kes", the pro ect will be found to have a significant effect on the environment. Dete*rmination. This project will not have a significant effect on the eriv#onaient. A Negative Declaration should be prep�.red. V This project could have a significant effect on the e-rivirarc,.e'n't. An. EIR is required. YNVIRO'NW-,=AL REVIIEW C01101ITM, Dc.ted, By LIM, MCNEIL, tv LIBBYa INC. Ap 2-1-22'-19 20 APPENrDIX C ftERMMATION,PF SIGtrTTFT� ANT F pN Ll"f7I. ICiRtrT 11orae aricl address 1' ie `ecL !�'�cic�ii o � or orcr-,l, it uY ti; d Libby,, Mede#. ixJ� §b Inc. Use Permit A., 21-22.19 & 20 4/1.9/7 ... p yZ� c�:tit Y I f p P. 0. Box 278 t;ccciv Gridley, CA 95948 An it-pvicL ropor-t: is roquired for any project-;hi.ch M,-) si.111.f lrr,nt r f f ect. (substantial adverse impact) on the hifc!et.s in IA160 er,virorMlental consequances of both primary and second.lry Tint.ure,, The fnllo�,:hq, question-, shill be used as guidelin( , to dccid to mare nifs G_ t it c dc-cl ara,.i on or an envi.rorrientnl impact rol—c (if nris;.e is write "Linl.no%nill in yes/no column,) CHE,CKJ TSS Yes I;a 1.Could Lhe project- significantly change present uses of the projrcL area? (See Notos. ) 2,. R)es the. project significantly conflict with the Butte County Cl00eral. P11n OV any element thereof? 3. Could the. project aff=ect the use of a recreational aron? (See Notes,;' . 4. Could the project have a substantial and demonstrable negative ef£er_t on an area or meat 're of aesthetic value? `i. Will. 4ny natural or man-made i=catures in the project r' area vhich arc unique, that is, not found in other parts of the County, .State or Nation., be affected? (see Notes.) 6. Will the project involve construction of facilities on w a slope of 25 percent or greeter? 7. Will the project involve significant cuts or fills? ✓ 8. Could the project cause substantial flooding, erosion or siltation? - 9. Will theproject involve construction of facilities in an area of Ecologic hazards? 10. Could the project change existing features or involve construction in special building permit areas along the Sacramento �Uver, the Feather River F'loodwayI in any area subject to inundation, it an area in close nater I drainage cheer, stream, lake, reservoir or I'o::li" i to any ri channel? — -L 1.1, Is the project one of a series of cumulative actions, which although individually small, may as a whole have significant environmental. impact? 1.2. Could tie project breach any published notional,r° state or local, standards relating to solid waste or � litter control.? / 13. Does the project area or the project site serve as a f habitat) rood source, nesting place, source of water, etc, for rare or endangered wildlife or fish species? 14. Could t`le project significantly affect fish, wildlife, or plant 1;ie or cauyt; ;;ubstantiol interference wC.h tt.e ; .c t%.tint cit in;: resident or migratory fish or wil61i e species? 15. /arc qtly rilre o,r enclrlllf;r,rc�d ply .,� ec us i.rl the 117,0ject L17'e41? 16. Will _ t.ilu PrOirct: rc'movc .ubs,t.anti,al amounts of 1rt'f etatiCJl] 1.C1Cl,Udi,n�� ground elivcr? .., Ott;. 1.7. Could t:he project, cllanvo exi.,t-i.ng fraturon of any of t -he rei i'olll s' wotercourscs 417' Other boons of watc.r? el�w- 18. Could tile project. result ill si pl-lificont change in � , all t1la 11yell:01cogy of the arca? ('ec No LL's,, 1.9, Could tllr.• Iprojcct-. Sitllificol'7t'.jy affect the fulictioning of rlil L:stahli.5hud coli unit.y? (Sr.c Notes.) _. ..._ 20. Could the pro j ecL physic, -Illy or cconcr113 cal,l.y result; irl the displelcetilenL of community rr2sidcnts? -.._ ,1.x.a Could Lhc�. project significantly affect an -historical or 617•chae.lclgical site or its setting? (Sec Notes') 22. Could the project serve to oncoUrnge development of- presontl_y undevelopcd areas o7- intensify development of already dciveloped areas? (See Notes.) 23. Alt', you aware of a substantial body of opinion (pro ,e',77L or anticipated) that considers (or will coi7c:idcr) tl,lc project or i.ts effects to be �r advor!.c to the environment;? 24 Will the, project create new or aggravate c: isti.ng � 110611th hnz irds? --- --e -- 25. b7ill ,t.1•le project involve the opplicati.ori, use or di poi;t71. of potentially hazardous materials in an amount sufficient to cause a substantia. adverse effect? r-- --� 26. Could the project generate significant amounts of dust, smoke, gas, odors or other air pollutants? �.. 27. Could the project generate sigtYificani noise? 28.. Could thea project cause contanli.nation of a public water supply system or adversely affect ground water? 29. Could the protect significantly affect the potential use, oxLraction, or conservation of a natural ,•� resource? 30. Could the project result in damage to soil u,pabil•ity or loss of agricultural land? ... _._. 31. Additional remarks, • -tie' - S 'April It 197 �i !'fix. Je;$Iw(. ' ,iLdOW and )4,t,WV 10,19 (,orpvri4tion land JOPOOM pax We liquid wastoo fronx the Libby Cannery. I aloo cfir' =tied the worati(in p'larx for khiv site and t1ty ['tact' current proposal weemw to Lie a benefit, in E4,at, it px°omit;o.'7 1100, 0. mloBqktito a o° .tr ; naiw ance. Thare has Men rackra c thc jR1—; o altC~:iui.$a4i"Gem, 4t case oorn&3tkYiag unfi5reso,?;n f'h;:)' X'dfM1�=:,:::1'�8". �'��': prarw..-j fiat i!" c -le rlky d,fl1 i13"rprovoA`S c, kit over the old Ek W . tc.n,. of `j�l w wk1 iG"��. 7fi:�:A l" b:) Srt4,c:idJr New appreciate y=.D;.1•,L" aCkWGD'L'nal Y'"•'qt,4P,m tar mk .'Iqnito prs? bknyik ", awl 'b' c u•'M br: ;,t, your r Man4le •,Ea Fid'k?R'9m�',Maliiht 4:t,u ilk;>',a : t%"l,7w�il _5"1•i, �' ��.i(�#gA 'JCI, 9�1�C:°��4, h�r �»l:r,r';A�', �,,P:�°7�l"M.�4:`� Am Lawti4.3a, Bu'u`.$e ay..�G�t.:li"@�� Pll,r»!i,nBA$1'xg CcbA'nr11"s.Ja16'„bn ^� Metoalf & Eddy, Inc.1 Engineers 1029Corporation WaYINIO Alto, Calif0m1894303i"416) 964-7100 rELEX34-83or) cable, MCT8DD—PALO ALTO Api,,111 16, . 1973 Mi'- Lawronce J, Lawsori NPOCtoll of Plaiiriliip, Mit"Ity Ocnte:j, Drive OPOV !JI 0., California 95965 S u 1) J ('0 t, : TI'Iformation for Libby Environment al Report Deas, M11. Law.son: Enclosed are the information sources whicpi were discussed during our recont telephone conversation. They conoist of; (1) a brief discussion of environmental factors applicable to tho proposed Libby Flood Irrigation FacilJt,,,, (2) a copy of Out' J70POrt to Libby which contains additional information about thel proposed facility3 and (3) one draft chapter from Tort which we are pre-ently writing for the Environmental P"Ot,ection Agency on the state or technology for land appli- cat1on of wastewater6. Yor additional information, we will 50"d another draft chapter from the EPA report aj soon as it 1,,, ava-ilable. V,;r.L,Y truly -yours, Charles E. Pound. Project Manager C V�, P : df-. Cc J im Smethero IV, A. Monge Eno] ,, . Bostan Now Varl, Chicago *w Haven i FOR DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT RETOFT April 16, 1673 Metcalf '& Eddy, Inc. Pale Alto y California for Libby, McNeill F Libby, Inc, Gridley, California P +\ (' ' `*1idixr7 �,� �{j� S1�C k 1�_' 1` dl \'� �i�.f1 1 i 1�niy I i +�i �.7 { L .y + .X ; ♦'..'�i '1�1j.+ {��" 'l it A hl k1�":�. rel t'R , c2,•:, I k�7'� ;al 71 I�1 �r., 1•.4�'F J1� y, ,� 11�{{Il+`I, �} 1 I{�':� t ;; lY �I � � Z� k� �1+\ f�1%, it Q+ r1�`rP 11 �?�I a 1{��i, dl� M1I �i�1 � 1L,.: il� 1 It�.•W + I -i. I �^.� �5i �'�i�,��V� .�ri„ I. G E N Ei I.A L The proposed flood irrigation facility for the Libby C�iiinory in Gridlov, California, would be constructed in order to comply with water qualitr standards for Morrison Slough imposed by the Califo-.-nia Regional Wat-r Qiiality Control Board. Additional background information is included iii Chapter 1 and 2 of the ei.,closed p-rclimiiIa-.L-y design report, The project would consist of a wet -pit PLI]III)i,'Ig station, a 19,000 -foot pipeline, a 1 192 acres c)E lo n d . The mcLhod of treatment would be to pump the cannery process water to alternate sections of the fields. The process .4•ater would percolate into the soil, and the re- maining film of waste would be decomposed by acrabic bac- terial action in the top layers of the soil. The field would be maiiaged, to limit the duration of standing water to 24 hou---s and to provide a S- to 10 -day drying time, Addi- tional info-inatioii on field management and a further dos- cription of the proposed system is given in Chapter 3 of the enclosed report. THE ENVIR'ONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEINI I, Disturbance. of Local. Residents by Construction Operations. A short-torm adverse impact of installing the pipeline would be the dust generation, noise, and obstruction to traffic caused by trenching operations. Construction equipment, consisting of a trenching machine or backhoo, scooploader, and, dump trucks would be required for in- stallation of the pipe, Hazards associated, with equip- jilent operations and open trenches woutc.]. be minimal because most of the pipeline is located in private orchards away from doveloped areas. Obstruction to traffic and hazarck catisc-J by trenching across West Liberty Road and Evan.,RoDilor Road would be minimized by roquirei-nants in the project spocificati ons for compliance with Butte Count'/ rogttlations rogarding traffic control. Rcqujrcmcnts for dust control would also be included in the pro joct specifi- Cations. 2. Siltation of Waterways. The, pip line would cross under the Morrison �;Jough at four different locations and would also cross a drainage lateral emptying into the slougli at one location. In addition, tho alinnment would be parallel to the ougn for a distance of 3,600 feet and would be parallel the lateral emptying into the slotigh for a di-stanco of 5,00) feet, Stripping of ground covering vogctation and pjAing of spoil could cause increased turbidity in the ivaterways as silt is carried into them by wind or rain. This uipact wou'.1d be minimal because constraction will occiir during the dry summer season. Construction of the -2- slough crossings would require carthwork within the waterways and would also generate turbidity. This impact would be temporary because the flushing action of runoff into the slough after completion of the project would remove the turbidity. 5, VisualImpact and Noise Generation Mor Construction, After construction of the proposed system, the visible elements woul, consist of a pumping station, piping outlets at the flood irrigation field, concrete enclosures contain- ing air release valves, and signs placed at road crossings warning of a buried force main. The pumping station would be located at the existing cannery in Gridley and would consist OF an exposed wet -pit pumping station accommodating three vertical turbine pumps with 60 -hp electric drivers. The pumping station would notboclose to any roadways travelled by the public and would therefore have a negligible noise and visual impact. Air release valve boxes would be located mostly in private orchards within permanent case- ments. They would be located so as to minimize obstruction to vehicles and equipment moving in the orchards. The flo)d irrigation facility, consisting of 192 acres of opeii Land and orchards, would also be away from public view. It would have little negative visual impact even to an abservQr at the facility, since no significant alteration OF the land would be done. Noise generation would be associated with farming equipmoat working less than 24 hours per day during the canning season. This type of no -iso is common to the area and would be barely audible from the public roads and the sparsely distributed houses in the area, 4. Odor Generation. During nc-nal operation, wastewater would undergo com- ploto aerobic decomposition in the top layer of soil. Odors from this process would not be objectionable. There would be the possibility of odor production due to incorrect apPli- cation of the wastewater. 1yese possibilities would be minimizQ by 24-hour management of the fields and by the main- tonanco of orchards in conjunction with at least 110 acres of open land, The open land would A kept out of production during the canning season. This is necessary because of the periodic disc .ng and plowing of the field. A cover crop of grains would be grown in the spring to take up the nutrients and organic matter accumulated during the previous canning SOUSOM The force main would A flushed with fresh water on weekends to prevent anaerobic conditions from dovuloping when flow has ceased, 5, Impact of Wastewater Application on Land. The proposed facility requiving 192 acres of land, with the possiblo addition of an adjacont 200 acres, would take out of production many acres of land which could be othexwiso used for production of fruits and other crops. Those opeii acres would be usoul for purpusco Joscribod in 7tom,4 above. This impact A unavoillablo but allows operation with a high .4- degree of reliability against odors and health hazards and would last only as long as the land is irrigated with wastewater. The open land could eventually be returned to agricultural production. Water from the Morrison Slough, which during past cvnning seasons contained the treated effluent from the cannery, has boon used for irrigation successfully in orchards adjacent to the proposed facility. The wastewater pumped directly to the flood irrigatloo facility would have a higher BOD and would contain more suspended solids than in the past, but the addition of phosphoric acid and sodium hydroxide to control pH would be discontinued. This would result in a nutrient deficient irrigation water. The slightly nutrient deficient character of the water will help insure a lack of nutrient contain inalion of underlying waters. Use of fertilizers may thorofore be part of management procedures. The absence K sodium from the wastewatcy will automatically improve its compatibility with the land, because of the improved sodium absorption ratio. Screening of the wastewater with a #40 mesh screen prior to transportation to the field would be continued, This would eliminate the accwaulation of coarse solids on the land, 6. Health Hazards.. 11 LI V , 1-0-111-t-11 OpOra&00, standing Water WOUld A A110WO'l to remain no longer thci 24 hours by controlling the appli- .5- c4tion to each portion of the fields. This would prevent the maturation of mosquito larvae. No domestic waste would be included in the effluent, thus preventing the transmission of pathogenic organisms which could be present in domestic waste. 7. Pollution of Groundwater. Recent studies of infiltration of wastewaters into the soil moitle and percolation through the soil matrix show that tr:vel of a few inches through soil will result in the removal of ossentially all of He suspended solids and BOY Furthermore, travel of a few foot through soil will essentially remove all b4cteria and will inactivate a large part of the viruses. Those distances increase as the soil becomes more coarse, so that a travel distance of 200 foot or mory would be required in coarse sand to provide the same removol of'' bacteria and virus:s. The soil at th- nroposud facility consists of fineo sandy loam. There, I -he proposed method of wast water disposal would result i� a high water quality only a few feet below the surface of the soil, and pollution of underlying waters should not result except for some increase in dissolved salts resulting from the applied waters which are higher in salt than those normally appliedi 8. Water Pollution Abatement, The bonoficial impact of the use of cannorY rrooQss water for flood irrigation would be the elimination of all discharyos IMM from the canticry into Morrison Slough, thereby exceeding requirements of the California Regional Water Quality Control Board. -7- Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. I Engineers 10,219Corporatlon Way/Palo Alto, Californla 94303 (41ri) 964-7100 TELEX 34-8306 Cable METEDD—PAL0 AL 7'0 April. l7, 1973 N.11,. J,awrotico J. Lawson J)iroctoT cel' Planning BLIt.''LO COL1111,.Y Planning Commission 7 County (',enter Drive 0.1-ovillo, California 95965 Subject: information, for Libby Environmental Report Dear Mr. Lawson: Enclosed are five illustrations which should be included in Section III of the EPA draft report which we mailed to YOU on April 16, 197:- We are also enclosing 8 second chapter, with illustrations, as inontioned in our previous letter. Very truly yours, r - Charles E. Pound Project Manager cICP/dg Encl. cc- Jim Smothers W.A. Monge Boston New York Chicago Now Haven EVAPORATION 4 SPRAY _, `fy Clio P 4 �'K �,, SURFACE APPLICATION _..��. R�:- _. ,{ / ( A° yi ..•� SLOPE VARIABLE ROOT ZONE i Itk r ._.... W .,,. ... .... .._ — - .DEEP SUIfS01l. *~ v PERCOLATION R) IRRIGATION EVAPORATION SPRAY APPLICATION /®— GRASS AND VEGETATIVE LITTER SHEET FLOW SLOPE 2-6',- m . __' -- 7 ., �. 4r' c; RLI 110 r F �ftC COLLECTION PE OLAiION v 175-3'90 FT g ...T.. b) OVERLAND FLOW SPREADING BASIN SURFACE APPLICATION INFILTRATION PEP CO ATi''N TIfR0UCH 'A %RATED Z014E ZONE OF AERATION c AND TREATVENT RECHARGEMOUVH "� ✓' d '�`� NEW WATER TABLE ......... �..... .. w.........�a. r....e.r .... P..Y'..... 1. .......w. . ........... ..........«....... ... OLD WATER TABLt C) INFILTRATION -PERCOLATION CoLINV )I,.MNING COW-0-SSION NIPPY 3, 1973 ADDENDUM TO ENVIRONMENTAL REWRT Ilr. : I,ibby McNeil 6 IJ1111y, 1110. tToposed Cannery Effluent Disposal Projoct All 21-22-19 Thu Kollowing addendum was made by the Batty County planning Commission on May t7, 1973 and is to be insurted into "15143 k�,jyLronrianjjj.Im2acL, Section (d)" 851d is InbelRd i. Another alternative would be to use the Clty Ciridlo), sowev treat- monL facilities which have a 2 mgd. capacity with 1.8 ingd. Win Lrontod at this time. Gridley treatment rgeilities are rear enpncity; the plans for a 1 m9d, expansion are pending government funding assistance, Jam All Rlbl';�7o v LAQ1,7 400 V&61ala Street; 0, on" 276 Qogdloyo ?', 95949 ic; your VOLAW4 As "Ouit A. A-15 to amw canamp a99juQnv to he wood for f1004 Wk :gat to cn MOU04 orchnWO Ond opov Vandt on the waN W4c cis TmauitAp Plv�urnlo 1/14 usij�l gic'IT4 m'� O'Ipi Ve-unty Woo Gvtloyo and INNOW no 1; 21-22-191-nad 21-22-24 QsWonb L9 you havu nn�' qut�ctivnc this viatto'r, p1c"nse '4FO'ol 4"Vion this, vqlvy uzml'� ycux'�10 law, A Mims one 0 cn— llc:nV.111 U41p"4"O 'IP A. abl4c. Vmlu� USE PERMIT BUTTE COUNTY PLANNING COMMISSION taA t � ttau rnat 1 s4;uc laninre +3ppoai Imw ha3 1 3psa id e PTF041T NO, di a � � 41 "a%pa Pursuant to the provision:: of tht, Toning Ordinanco of the County of Butte a d the special conditions knot forth below; is heiebN qrwantcd a Use Permit NAN1t' 4I 1n accordance with pI? lication _[rA7t Pal lure to comply with the conditions specified herein Lis the basis for approval of appl".• cation and assurance of Permit, constitutes cause for the Planning Commiss?on to revr)Ne said permit in accordance with the procedures set forth in thea Butte County Zoning Enabi- I ing Ordinance. SPECIAL. CONDITIONS: I hereby declare under penalty of perjury that I have read the foregoing condition,', that they are in fact the conaitions which were imposed upon the granting of this uric, permit, and that I agree to able fully by said conditions. `• ,� y,� r' 1. '�"� ,r ✓" 0;7 .,y i e I � r ,� � � . 4- � yP�-„� � r r Apt, t, i NOTE, issuance of this Use Permit does r, -t waive requirement of obtaining C8raildIng and Health Department permits before starting construction, nor does it waive any rather requirements, r°h�rlrm�n r,t t•.aarr�inq +,r+mmissrran I.,. ,. - ---.- _-�_....._............�•...w....wlmzwr,�[u121"AtBeetle'8�`i0'&^..iY1$'.1Fp�AGit�.1�'ti:.?+� �� . ,�9�dt�N` �I IWAIA) LIF TkuifGE.S {. In, arl q.1+ilcr vp[ r+l l,.r r W160AM L+ HAZ41.TINE, P,, U. IRANAG'tll. L.HYlIIb IIM Cki�l.•91 1511ht AN 111OlR SQ'!04A>N T1tICT' AT D1IC1 U W. II, :tr`i br09aVIbl.6 •IIIPUNT r11i1i" ROUTE ?. UUX 2040 4711 1, Al1E IN r'i pAb ORCIVILL , C,ll.IFORK2 9,5465 1"110119 b'JP.abrE JAML9 1' lil+Y.l. Cb v' ,A 0.1x4bt16 it CtNNl:7 I141A 11rC la't A1" ri.l 1 j t. A. i.y A1J:I ALLAN Jwon,. ;r tl-1 , ,..,,„ ❑L.VLI11.1 rVrlr * 1'f:, Blltl.r' CUu'11ty plar1 ing (,.[)mnli"isiUll i GWIl1ty Coriter Dri.Vr- S111:1,ject; Libby, McNeil &- Libby Flood D. Facility AID 21-2)-19 W'ca st.(I no particular rca3mi to uxpert fly breeding as a result of �.i'f wilt discharge at Libby's disposal sada. It i-: Our till dr r:»ta7Adbig that a planned flooding and dryim-Y cycle will lar il-11i.1lolnoiih�d so .as to prevent a sttfficicrit period of Lin -le for Ay dc-, elk, x-)711 Lf tit. At c.ov(1ill ;ly, «°e do heat hr7v(- particular concern about a, fly problem. Sincerely, j', lei 1.� William E, Hazultinv, Ph. D. 1�/i�a7l�.gr�r��17.Vir Oi71nG11tc`lli�t c'c, J. S.lnithors, Libby, McNeil is Libby, Inc. Metcalf ,(. Eddy) Palo Alto hiChirMN CAUFURNIA1MQSr3I)j'rU CUNTOOI:ASSOCIATICI!'1 STATC OF CALWORNIA-RESOURCES AGENCY RONALD RrAGANI CALIFORNIA REGIONAL WATER -dU"ALITGovarnor CENTRAL VALLEY REGION Y CONTROL SOAR�-_-_ 3201 ', �Ippn, SACRAM[�,ito, CALIFORNIA 9U�,� otli-11101, PItJ00C, (916) 445-0270 452-W7 215) April 1,973 Butte County 1,1,111ning Commis, 01.1 7 County Cent ," Drive _.; OrQville, Cali lornia 959(,5 Subject: Libby -McNeill & Libby, Gridley Gcritlemen: To further clarl,l'y our position on subject matter, which was Set forth in Our letter of 10 API-il 1973, we will prescribe wasto requirements for the discharge of cannery effluent to land. We will require the company to monitor groundwater quality in -the area and the Regional Board staff will make periodic inspections of the discharge to insure compliance with pros-. scribed waste discharge requirements. Sincerely, WILLIAM B. BALDWIN Senior Engineer Sacramento Watershed. Cr.: Libby -McNeill, & Libby Mr. LT4 11 M Smathers BBC -, ca �'.Y.'lH0%Y199.Wu1M=I611rr1{��i��L.i1f�i�PlQy.��l�j)�fl��idfll'Y&l1 �lUEN[:1TIU56RW.rYiYt�tllYtl®51.Y1t�1111uWg1®f:]311➢P3vu10C1MY+..::.sWAw..wruf:w'u pwnc'rrran ..-.......---.,.7.r: ...rr. _... t i^tMIE \«��,�u'v"11%, PIA, ',4 . X41 (y'+VW! S.I,7.A\. N P. 1973 A nc . r;f 'a))t1" 1-, iA`flur>nL Di�',J)osa 7. �i�.•�,� IJI� S,c 7°llif I1.�=_c..�?x... t'7~c'a�E:?Ltgt (rl) "t"114 143Cirl 1117P7or cons i1,;11",ril'f','1t"M for �`A U.'e' pf'rvrl . !7"17" the l';-)cltlit l of V""Inno ry OMi:' CF IIt ;l wy 11 ' jLr% `: t,7 C":O 5.11" ,41. " L)e uoecl in tite e' l,�iq":�1.'lal.i1,17.:'it,l puryosi,;;;. Jt J. ,(fl.l'i;:uJ:t'ogyfor jjropor rjed Litat the area Ij .Ar Q,r.1.giatad, xiti th t.lt.: pjruert.'sl,; 5 water frui11 canning operations. (krGe attat.l icd loo-piton map G.)) Tl r'.: proi')ost-el nethod is flood irrigation. is t 1,a.l.ntl Za. u< posecj i)oc4,auoe of the reczui cutout;,., of t'1- Calii'(jr'Aid Regional +v"atc:r Quality Control Board wh cl 14'13 an'JUIlci tllt> pxosunt facility ina.c ,!quite in terms of di p0jing of t)lc.. callnury offluolit. (c) T'lic unly struct urtios or facilit too to bu inc lucicLi lel t l_ project woulta be 'valve boxes and ditches for L�istri ./utioll i-ia regulation of the water. 1.5142 ijv.s ori ption of L iyironmental, Setting 'rile site is in an agricultural area wilicii is spar'-'i ly poptilate (A Tile area is liko ly to remain in agricultural u;;e in hila fore-see-able future, 1:5143 L'11y'irunlclealtal litipact (a) Areas of (;oncern wovilct be tilt effect: of t 4u, proi,3oseu il:rigat:ioii iyotem on the ground water quality an/.l possiijlU Vector coxitrol problems, i.e., mosquito an(A fly abatement. Another pc;:ssiijle detrimental effect of the systeiO Would lay,:: odors which could I)e noxious to surrounding LaiUpexty owners. (1_,) We have recoiver ;I letters from )^Lr. Janw.;-i A- Poi Oru. all, Lxecutive officer of the egiC naL %altt: r '„'Ual.it;y colltrul loam!, f3,1'1d Mr. va lliam Baldwin, +`i4i11iCJr Lngillt.Ur for the Sacramento 6,aters;l ed stating tiler. the prrolaCJ3ed ltieaLhud of effluent disposal is acceptaLle Lo the Board, allLi tiiat L-,i,.-y have 110 Qr..j,;i Ot;j ojj to the issuance of a use, "-:r mil:; Ar. 6aldwill furtllerr statos that the boara will. 1a7:r;.ILicribL Wl6t�� water rc_CjLi �tlill 1115 for the disoharge of c�1111kr� irl t;�llt`a1t to the laiid and will require the company to ltoniLor ground Water quality ill t11e, area. (u'} In caadi.tion tilf Regional LlGard 3tafI � 1rI1.3�poctiti.i1".: of the discharge to t.:llal,lre 4wa 3t dischargere(It,4 Jelclyollt.3 . w*.l.dl 'r,`: 4, la.S 1lwlC.' �LTlJiI tJa: escal }rE'.t . y o offl.uLiiL '4 ). wspojal is C7.r+L+e�•�'l.G�iJle to 11", `lka.b-.J. ti Jj UT' COW,,'PY L.In. May 3, 1)73 Libby 0000ii & Q4LY' Inc. (ConinuQd) (,.*o"tr()j- wad assuming that the tounty WOW nnpartm,ot in satinfiva Inat UO ProPosed mythod will aut creato public Walt% hazards it WoultI yppear-that WO detriaontal effect, Lo wator quolity ywill hn! negliqihju. I 1hu c0awlsk Or We Wrdase in moqquito anO fly orcediag VOW"QaA for the area shoold not in incroa3ud above that normally azoQciatca with other methoWn of irriqatioa: anti Ili— c','illiaiii flazul Liiiut Manager of Oe Lutto cuujity 1jojk..Luit0 Knatunust Dintrict, doe4 not Woliove the propowal will crjaL� a manquiLu or fly brooding nuisanco. Kr. hazeltine ntato:� th"L a pla"nea flWdiQ and arying cycle will 5q QpLomentuL� to prevo"L a jufficiont Voriod Uy time for fly Auvalopmont. It, WroforQ, aje;uarw that uOrmal pravo"tativy a, jato- ilu'llt i.i 1.;e usW to oliminatu or co.Itrol iusccU; L"at cun ba vuctur" in Cisuasu tran2mirsion. it is not prop000l to pond water for lunq porfolo of Lima ant, Selo- f)re, 069ri 3Au"Id not W a suLstantial proolp". (d) YW alternativu Uj Lae proposo, oolutlun woold kv to unnUav,-, u of E10 SlOugh Vrosantly WOU us"a FOX tho Wispujal UL a "*- cduurY Offluent WiCh cuuld %ave an Uo vrac uVoct un thu jurface anO ground watur quality uC LAY arna. �ropaWy rajulabod sho propuml irrigaLloa sliba, Lluuldl -ut �A", aKurSOloaq-term affnat on tho anvirn"nonh. M T 10 Olin Irua Of Wac=u rulatul to Arevorsinli jxiag" W, t5c unvOn""V"t Wuld be permanent Cw4ago to t%o ground vat;,.' LaLle in tho area. T%s rdtigation KwaouTys pr-yoocQ hy tV., adplie!UL A= LOCM appruvsd by VIn NUttj Cnn,2 VVI,LU , DoVirtno"t irhl 4140 Stato Central VaIN7 Tagitnr V"413t- Control kwarZ. (;wra«y1 jation system s%ou'L.-, :.y,. i0' BMTE COUNTY PLMNING C014%13SIQVI RAY 3o 1973 ADDENDUM TO L41WTX'?,0HMTAL 1HPACr REPORT Re: Libby McNeil 8, Libby, Inc. Proposed Cannery !,,.ffluent Djaposal Proloct j. AP 21-22-19 The folloving addendum wan made by the Butte County Plaxining Commission on May 17, 1973 and is to be inearted into 1115143 Bn onmental 1!►pact, Section (d)" and is labeled 111.11: 1. Another alternative would be to uSe the City Gridley sewer treat- ment facilities which have as 2 ingd. clapacity with 1.8 mgd. being treated at this time. Gridley treatment eacilities are'near capacity; the plans for as 1 mgd, oupansioo are pendinp, government funding assistance. Knows! AV 11-11. 2h e. LOW Qpoen V&nanry 5. 9n., 0 bjivo urec, and will ba "net An the future, :or agnJaWWral ranpossm. 70 to propcaod Vhat bba axon be irrigated with thr� knom Tho pro psand x thod in Wod A;TQnWw,. I. A1'.. oy=m Is Wing propo becoune of LUC !SquWarats ON the COMM. psgional Watur Qualit. Control ban nxinA So pyavop, Lawitty Inadw,ato in to of dinpov%v to 00 aplayry "Vvinoat, I - Thm only vtzl' orly or QV to : nalvooc in the Pau :t Woul VeM bonys on& QW01 For A—oWr"1d varlation 02 the Wate Aramb ok 0051Tw I-ng!6 W thN h gloat W AAA2 opuzod KnignUan Sys on So genyvS vzhvT quoUty one, rvwxilao n&car aantrnl problems, i wanquito a -A fly v4shan;mt, Avathen W"', the Syntev 06024 ho Gd"on MY wln)d b" to svl::'-:,;Otuarlkng r-'Irc WM�'� 'A'v�lme joyaLnP gra"! j&" &town h. Rnb*Xtq0n. Officer at Lon Acyinual Ratux Scandy and Mr. M1111am Baldwin, Gnalor RWqAnaWT Or W SaawAynnto KOWTOW StWing that the poopneo; YoUPIT ot efflusaw dippON is encoptabIn ka tho Board, and thho thny Sym lu YjaMna ja,W Wonancm 02 M zMa Parmit. iwjbllu Qua "'° Uhl gnaw" W! U Pi, esuribm waste water Yon thr dMahavan of uasnat7 02911W. to tho 1hud aWft will vaq.0A Ups neavany to q1notax go"UMA unton gamlity in toe 4rea. In addWah. W Roginual SIP"d UWE poll make Peziodic Wayacticna U2 tha divuh; I tc 1 Go'-"')Hanua "On vmci bed Wasta discharge neqnWoruna, wath"d at v222nvnv dispazal is aansptablt'�, Wtho WHO= frWwaL wamrd, lad assaming thm" tWa' vorl't-h 00parwan? Ae 0SHOWMA :hnt WQ PXUqa30d Wood will not annate Public hesith hnsan?T it Jt OM1 onMu:ts' watez- "to WROV"Y 94K vin in"Wrewc coog4son zod fly breading Patuntial for vhv�* �".vf nolaWy assoclatmd Nth other MOO, no. niqUaw Arraitinsp Mancini of kha QUM Qarn�y PsqVIon rtom not ballwyc tkjS': P-T�."P'o"zal SY zxlc.n I vourvite ov fly Innedinq Waance. Mr. Hazal&na states 1;✓' Plan%za yet. "Will to impWaynted to prevent a 00111UNIQ P"Saa appaa=-� thal-. rwv;=WVW� and can he mood to 011minate. no ncrorn! in ma Wnp "an �v vacocim on dionno, Wansnansion. it S; any pyrrn3V "T YYY =007 90 1 hon'; OrATIAZ Q aWn WON v� W . WWAQW101 0%noba'' El Wh1q, 70NA! a Q"K", 11m;C11.0 n 11 - 10rr Tkie lann onjot 00"Wth-allm w, t. cauner; oiflno"t in "" "A" '""' % 1 11 '" 01"yr Mum fol, ti AMOUP"rat pm"Own. 1i " ki W I I, dla, with tho or, V""Q nr VII the War OualiLy Control Board whtoA h,, inadvjuviLo in MY' Of 410posinq of VO CaLiaery unlv vLructuvas or FnCjljt,, t, Jlt�"'f v"" "0" a"d ditchns fur distriMion nnH requlatin-t. vf U13 W"tur. Areas of concern n ojq 5, " "Gat QP So pro§vmus irriqatioi, systow an M wouno wotur unlit, ,n i vuCtUr control proMmi, - s - Tar 01000 ahriLument, Off" of t" WV" WOOL[ NO murroundinq prnyort7 owwors. M hRve rucylved a IwAyr frop Officer of t1o V�gjo,,j thy propmed mothro K Melf ort dis�OSJ 13 juvn�taQo and ME twev havo no objImicin to Ka iWaunny- M thl Rnav, of 1 use Uarwit. Sincu too withoc 77 afr1mot Waposal in lvc"�Yanl- Vo the AMRr ?ualitv Control scar, ana mant ia MASAI! tiaL Lie proiovo� p0a,0i 111 Valth %a Iron r 0 h 0 L On L i Int v n: water jualitv wjjj a ta I , 7f , t, t(7) The Concern for an incroal, j, fOr tan arma Anouln nQK &, %cronsoi n.yv� OtQ Witt "Aar =ruollo 00500 of irrinatlinK,j!pj,,, "ttc CUUUtY %balAW Pontkint 51"pric! MYMM will cruato 4 AnIjuj t, Vantive and abot"Tant py— Arcs CON nSavta itiat nju 41 vyato,, j, Einal fix, tar A L 1 ac ny p"A� not 50 a Sm"Atuntin! rlowla' Planninu moafE holLjV0, tA, r" wwd "Ion im"rOvc oNjuvip" (1y,jil, , j , duvrimeAWI IMA on IA, -n"Inm:n0l. ................. TABLE OF CONTENTS Pale LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL LIST OI^ FIGURES LIST OF TABLES REPOtt'I' CHAPTER 1 - BACKGROUND i Current Wastewater Management P ictice 7. Treatment Recluircments 4 CHAPTER 2 - PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF WASTEWATER �MIAGEMExd"l" ALTERNATIVES S Co`o1inj (Vater 5 .Process Wastewater 6 CoAclys ions CHAPTER 3 --DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED PROCESS WASTEIVATER MANAGEMENT PLAN 10 PretreatmAt F'acil hies 10 Pumping Station 11. Farce Main 14 Disposal ,Fields 20 CHAPTER 4 - COMPAMSON OF ALTERNATIVE LISPOSAL SITES 2 CHAPTER S'- CONCLUSIONS ASID RECOMANDATIONS 32 Conclu oa s 32 Recommendations 33 APPE'N'DIX i LIST OF FIGUI%'ES aL —1r —0 Pel C Wet-jqt I)uml,) Arrangcmellt, 12 2 T)ry-j)jt Pump Arran 9cinc"t, 13 3 A I to rna tive I�"zj, .,to,qatcr Disposal. Sites 15 i? 0 - C, C, j,,jj-j Trench Section, Butte County 1,8 Right of Way 31 Project Schedule LIST OF TABLES I Tab 1 c 1. Cham trri. tipof Canncry Wastewater 2 During Peak p,oduction 1.972 Season 2 Capital Cost Estimate INICC01111011 Property 25 (Trade) 3 Capital Cost -'to Est,"I'L JcConnoll Property 26 (Purchase) 4 Capital Cost Estimate Biggs Raj'),ch 27 ir Capital Cost Estimate Harkey Property 28 (Purchase) 6 Summary of Capital Cost Estimates 29 I z �M 4�4pt "0 .......... Wk C,IIApTVR 1 BACKGROIYND j,jjbj,)y Carknerl,,,' at Gridley processes The 'JAbby acilos are 'k-AII-0, oil a seasonal basis PO peacheS all,(I pumpkins an -jul - throul.1,11 the fj'rst of Set te11111)CT and 11'rd J)Ccomber- c pumpkins from Inia-SoptomboT tilrough depend ing 1 111id-Dec011-ber The pumpkin season extend throug14 on weather conditJJAI',,*— ists of two -',,Itions co Wastewater from the, ca]IIA1119 OPO oc.c� ss I'Iasto,ator containing high mai or to streams (1) Pr ions of soluble and .,-,soluble, organic. Irlateri-al concentrations or contailli-119 no organic 111atorial but and il 1111POTtant chaj°actoris- (,,) cooling vat The having an elevated tomperature, "Fabledu 1- i .tics of these waste Stroaras are summaTized n r ing the g, These characteri-O't-'Lus are based On data a,Lhcro.(I . ' the 1972 canning seasons The peak prodUction periods of troatn,,ont and di.sPOsal of the Iliothods Presently Used for the f.ljo1,,,iljg section. jqastewatcrs are described in , ,,ILI, acticc _itiastewater Cu r r C, rl jas-owater from the Plant Process r it j_S punyped ove sump f T om J"Ij , cl is first discharged into a solids. The screenlags vibrating scrcon-'; to ronjove coarse hey are are transferred by an auger to, a hOPPOT front 1�11'cll t e.i. pdically hauled away to [I lallcl disposal9-jto by a screens f101q-5 tIlroUgli the contractor. Wastowate, ,lent and recording a parshall f-ILIlle ft) -r fl" throUgh *,in, The aeratl-oll and is discharged into an ,L,,,,Ition ter may be sent -y be jj�,pas, and scrooned basin ma od ai - direct].y to a small lagoon I�Jljch has bee" f0r)"Od in nearby con.-tructing an i�jorrjson SlOjIgh by, Wi-dCntnq t11e 5 and stro-'alil cnd, 0�"n, at the ................. I m;,I_ IM , "I I I WTI � "I IT 11 - W17 7! Yt�&i6kYp�77AY�1'�CSiluacavaewu4lwzuu�eu�swa.�uxw+.a...a,........—..._..--.�.�...—•----_.. Tab 1G 1 CIIAIU.C'rERTS'r CCS OF CANNM1 Y WAST11WATER DURING 1'1"AK PRODUCTION 1972 SEASON ' ��l'tt �tCt4 1 19 tt,CS Plow, BOIL, ("UI), ss, Temperature, Process wastewater Peach Sereenv�d wastewater 2,5 1,800 2,760 32s 8.2-6.3 -- Ia Aeration basin effluent -• 1,130 1,220 580 -- - Rumpkin Screened wastewater 1.0 4,040 W40 500 4.6-6.9 -- Aer2tion basing effluent - 2,070 2,619 X,420 -- Cooling water 1.5 - - -- -- 85-90 *'Maximum daily flout, Wastewater ontoring the aoration basin receives suPP10- mcrtqry nutrient, in the form of phosphoric acid and anhy- droui ammonia, The pH of the basin influent is controlled by the addition Of sodium hydroxide in response to periodic Q measurovonts made on grab samples, I The acratioa basin has an approximate volume Of 1-5 million gallons and i� , is divided into eight rectangular chan- nels by wooden baffles. At the end of the first channel there is a manually operated scum removal jevivo. The scum is manually rakod from the surface and transferred to a hopper from which it is periodically pumped into a tank truck and haalwa to a land disposal site by a contractor. The awration systom in tho basin consists of a combination of submorguo air difNsOrs and surface mechanical aerators. Although there are no Provisions for separation and recycle of the biological soli6s contained in the basin effluent, the basin is equipped with recycle pumps to return basin effluent to the head of the basin. Effluent from the basin is discharged into the lagoon in Morrison Slough described previously, The lagoon is equipped with four small surface mechanical aerators to pro- vide additional troatmont. Irrigation water is purchased and added to the lagoon to dilute the BOD concontratioA of the final effluent that flows into Morrison Slough„ The waters of Morrison Slough eventually f10w to the Sacramento River via the Snake River, East Interception Canal, Wadsworth Canal, Sutter Bypass, and Sacramento Slough. Some farmers along Morrison Slough have placed weirs in the slough and use the diluted effluent for irrigation. The characteristics of the effluent from the present treatmont system during periods of peak peach and pumpkin production are summarj;cd in Table 1. used on these data an average of 20,900 pounds per day of BOD are discharged to t�jorrjsojj Siough during peak poach product on and 15,800 pounds poi: clay during peal. In production. Ono small but import,ant piocoss jmsto stream that is not discharged into MOrrJs0R Slough is thu FPQlIt caustic Sol, _Ition used ill the lye-peolin" operation. This waste solution, containing high concentrations Of sodium IlYdrOxid-0, is placed in tank trucks and poriodically hauled to a land disposal site by a contractor. Cooling, Water. Jhator used for cooling in rIie cooking oper,ition is discharged di.rcctly to the lagoon in "forrisoll Slougj, presently it serves to help diluto the BOD concen- tration, in the effluent from the treatment system. Troatmcnt. ROqUiromen,ts The California Regional Vi'ater Quality Control Board has recently revised wastewater discharge requirements for the Gridley Plant. A copy of these tentative requirements is included in the Appendix to this report. Based on the dis- cl-i.arge jii,iits stated in the requirements and the quality of the untreated process wastoiaator, continued discharge of p,aOcess jqastej,•atey into Morrison Slough would rcquiro that treatment at the Gridley Plant lie upgraded 'to provide ro- I moval of more than 98 percent of the 1301) and 90 percent of, the suspended solids. .9 A L 0 6 t COY CHAPTER . PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF IJASTEWATER MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVE'S Separate managemont of the cooling wator incl the process wastewater was concludod cIt the outset to be, tho most Offi- cient me 4i.It of j,,Ljstewit.cr manago-ment for the plant. potcnti.,Ll jjj,,jj-jLjg(:r�jjt att.ornatives for the two vasto streams are discussed in this chapter. C 0 0 jj. ILY,�La t C r --- _ Two l.'easibic- altornatives exist for the disposal a� plant cooling water. Those are: (l) discharge to Morylso I 7'» Slough and L2) dischargo to the Sutter -Butte irrigation canal. to Morrison Slongh, Discharge of the cooling water to 'j,jQrrj.L�0jl SIOLIJI would Ooso no p-roblen from the standpoint of dischargle ruquiveaI-jents. The requirc)"Onts state only that the discharge n( --,t cause a te-,ipeTaturc rise of more than S degrees above natural temperature in waters into which ?,'Iorrison Slough flo'v,s. This is not likely to ter tei-,Iperatures of 80 to go deg F. To occur with cooling w,aC, minimize the possibility, however, the your aerators in the lagoon portion of Morrison Slough could continue to be oper- ated to pro -vide coolijig of the wastewater. Since the discharge requirements do not specify any lim, - L its on individual constituents or characteristics for cooling water, I_ittjo or no monitoring of INIorrison Slough ., - Wouicl be required by the State if cooling water tier the only WaStc' strearl di--Icllargod to the slough. in addition, no modifications of the existing system would be required for this alternative, p'j.5cjjaT,.Ze to Sutter -Butte jrrjua,I,Jon Canal, Cooling or-Buttc irrigati�ll 14,,jter could be discharged to thc SUTI- L I canal if a Suitable a r ran gcmo.nt, could lac made with the con- trolling irrigation district. The existing, cooling water outfall sower, which di,charges into tho lagoon in Morrison Slough, rUIIS north to south and passes beneath the irriga- tion canal which awns cast to w0s;"' through tho plant Property. Therefore, a low lift pump would be 'required to 1'i ft thO Cooling water into the canal.; The pump could be placed ill a ji-,anholu, constructed for t1lat purpose on the ex- isting soi�or lino. This disposal alternative may be somewhat inconvenient because the irrigotion district normally stops the flora in the canal bo"o-re the end of the pvmpkin packing season. This sil'Alation could require that cooling water be discharged to 1`10rri';011 Slough dui 'rig the; l,"st part of the pumpkin season, This would de:l eat. the major purpose of this alternative which would be to eliminate, *lie need to comply with any S"t:ate discharge roquiremonts. However, this alternative Provides the most Offective means "or reclaiming the water for agrictal Lural uses and ..,,,)uld represent a pLtblic service, The capital costs associated with this alternative would b- -,pproximatoiv $4,000, assuming new pumps and piping would be required. Process, "0i-astetiater There are throe hasic alternatives for management of the process wastewater f'rom. the Gridley Plant, These are: (1) biological treatment of the wastowater to the degree necessary to mect tho State discharge requirej,,jonts with can- tinued of --,ruatcd imstowater into Iorrison Slough, (2) diro,:t '.sand disposal of tlic, wastowater, and (3) treat - meld of the was nnr atcr prior land disposal. A preliminary economic zinJ tcchnical o%%,.lu, in of these thrc alternatives wel�,j cvnducted in an effort to select the most pro;-,iising 6 T C A, 0' A C C) C' , A, alternative for detailed evaluation and dovolopmOnt of a wastewater management Plan for the Gridley Plant. . Biolo ical Treatment with Discharge to Morrison Sjough, As statea carliero continued discharge of treated process wastewater into Morrison Slough would rOquiru that treatment provide a BOD removal efficiency greater than 98 percent, This could best be accomplished by biological treatment in some form of the activated sludge process. The estimated capital cost of the faciliti.es required to PrIvIdO the nec- essary degree of treatment would be approximatcly $1.5 million. The operation and maintenance costs would be ap- proximatcly $100,000 per year, From a technical standpoint, 7o seasonal nature of the cannery operation would pose a problcm with startup of a biological treatment system, Approximately two weeks of- startup fstartup time would be required before the system would oper- ate at normal efiiciency. The treatment system also would require very close operator control to maintain adequate treatment efficiency, Direct LUA WrOsah Application of the process waste- w''Soter on land would necessitate screening of the wa3t . owater prior to disposal to eliminate the accumulation Of coarse solids on the disposal Holds. it would not includO the addition of nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen, The disposal operation would entail pumping of the screened wastewater to a selected disposal site where it would be applied to the fields V flood irrigation tec."ques' Care- ful management of the W-Stewater application would be re- quired a maintain the disposal capacity of the fields and prevent ally nuisances due to ponding. This method of diS- p 0SR1 of food processing wastes has been proven technically feasible by several food processing industries in California. 7 CORY The capital costs associlted—with thi0astewater man- agement altornativo would depend on three major variable".. tl) tho location of an available site suitabl6for disposal, (2) the disposal capacity of the land al theselectedsitep and (3) the value of the land at the Alceted site. Con- sidering these variablos, as maximum capital cosi was devol- oped for comporison purposes, The estimated costs for direct land disposal range from $05,000 to $890,000. The operating and maintenance costs you,14 be less than $I5,000 per year. Treatment More Land DIgpolli. Amproving the quality of the wastewater by treatment beyond screening prior to land disposal would reduce the-d,ogree of control of the land dis- posal operation necessary to maintain the disposal capacity of the fields and prevent ,cis inces duo to odor production. It would possibly reduce the area roquir& to accept the wastewater. The relationship botwoon wastewater quality and land requirements cannot be accurately determined without field testing, On the basis of preliminary wo3t estimate , however, any treatment of the wastewater beyond scrueninli would not be justified b) savings in the cost of !and. The minimum estimated cost fog a treatment and Tond dispo6sal system would be NA million. operation and n4ntenanco costs would bc approximately $120,000 PW Ycar- Conclusions On the basis of the foregoing discussion and prelimi- nary cost e-timates, it was concluded that: 1. The lowo5t cost alternative for d1orosal of cooling water would be discharge to the Myrri;On SAUK assuming oxtensivo ncyytoring of Morri3on Slough is not roquirod under the State diwchurV requirements. 2. The lowost cost, technically foasik- wastewater management altornativo for disposal 01 process wastewaters would be diroct land dLposal- P-1, METCALF X rOOY CHAPTER 3 DESCRIPTION OF PROPKEP PROCESS WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN The proposed system for direct land disposal of process wastewater consists of four major components: (1) pretreat- ment facilities, (I) pumping station, (3) force main) and (4) disposal fields, Each of those is doscrib& in detail in this chapter. Pretreatment Facilities Pretreatment of the process wastewater prior to pumping would consist of two unit PyOccsscs: (1) screening and (2) grit removal. Scum removal should not be necessary but could be includod in the system at a later data should it prove to be necessary, scrooniIn, Screening would remove coarse solids to � ' prevent accumulatiun of solids on the disposal fields. The existing vibrator screening facility would be utilized for this operation, requiring no mechanical changes or improvements . Grit R mova.1,, Scroencd process wastewater would be channeind into a Yabricated "Otal grit chamber. The chamber would provide removal of sand and silt to protect the force main from possible silt accumulation Juring periods of low flows and nonpumping. The grit chamber would be equipped with obvin vnJ flight grit cOn"Y" which would "move grit fruit'i they chantbur and transport it to a collection hopper for peri odic disoGsal, The velucity of the water through the chamber would be cont rulleJ by a 1rshall flumo placcd at the end of the chumber. The existing Parshall dura would be suitable for this purpose. vlow measurement and recording with the flume 10 I would be continued. After passing through the flume the wastewater would discharge by free fall into the pumping station wet pit. Etj!�L, 'iTg_ S tLt i 2n The pumping station used to transport the wastewater to the disposal field would be constructod adjacent to the cast end of the existing aeration basin and south of the screen- ing building. There arc two possible pumping station de- signs that would be suitable for this application, namely wet-ptt and lry-pit designs. Thu wet -pit design shown on Figura 1 is the more economical of the two designs. The dry -pit dcsin is shown on Figure 2. Wastewater from the grit chamber would discharge by free fall into the wet well. The wet well would be equipped with a drop p1po to minimize splashing of the wastewater. In addition a spray system would be installed in the wet well to control the formation of foam. The existing aeration basin would be connccted to the wet well as iltustrated on Figures I and 2 to serve as an emergency holding basin in case of pump failure, After the now system is placed into operation, the existing wooden baffles and air diffusion equipment in the aeration basin, together with the accumulated sediment would be removed, Pumps for the wot-pit design would be Other vertical turbine, mixed flow, o- centrifugal pumps, w1croas vertical, dry -pit centrifuga! pumps would be used for the dry -pit design. The pumping equipment would consist of three con- stant speed pumps designed to discharge l.S mgd each at the head required to transport the wastewater to the selected site. This head varies with each site, In ordor to prevent the development of septic condi- tions in the force main during periods of no flow, fresh water should be supplied to thQ pvmpinj station from the 11 I �a VERTICAL 'UMPS, CENTRI FUG L Oft M I X E D F 1. 0 W C 0 t�l 0 'R 0 L I; E It 1- r R I N F L U �'N T F N, S C R E Ell S PLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OVE,RFLOW- 71-7 RETURN PIPE V El, T I C A L P 1i M P S MUNIFUGAL OR l4i XEG FLOW Tt --.,--7 -7- i E x I S T I N 0 WET AERATION WELL BAS I H OVERF L UW- P. E T U fd1i P I P E 111 GH LEVEL LOW LEVEL SECT 1011 Y1 'I: T- P IT P Ll- ','i-1 A T 12 kA a rj U MOTOR CONTROL PANEL---I_, L A 0 V -;* R OvEnrLOW-RETURN PIPE 10 ExlFlltla rfl Apphl Intl OAS 114 -, p u M P s P U!lIP E I I F A F R A I H F L J E N T FRO!A SCREENS ri PLAN PI,7E T, F A E I; A T I N CA I T 1 0 WET T I C N WELL GAS I N 711 HIGH LEYFL I.Cif LEVEL SECT I ON 4 o, 11;`, f WET 1 4-11 wELL MIS p u M P s P U!lIP E I I F A F R A I H F L J E N T FRO!A SCREENS ri PLAN PI,7E T, F A E I; A T I N CA I T 1 0 WET T I C N WELL GAS I N 711 HIGH LEYFL I.Cif LEVEL SECT I ON 4 o, 11;`, f plant prior to (,Iach. CxtCII(Jc'(I situtdown during the peach sea- son and at least once per week during the pumpkin season. The weekly EJUSIII-119, Of the line should becollie a routine part of the weekend clea"up. TIis periodic flushing would 1150 Help to cjcall out s1l.t dc!j)O.qi'ts 1,11ich miglit ot-.1jorwise ac- cumulato, sufficiently -to plug 'tjIC T)ipCliIIC- force Mal n A force main consisting of asbestos colilonlf, cement MOr- tar lined ductilc e iron, reinfored plastic M07'tLIr, Or C0 I no r)"' mortar lined and coated stool Pjj)C wOLIld be suitable fear transporting the wastewater, except at special locC'ions such as flood control levees, WherO- `t(el is rcquirod. Those materials would be specified a,,; alternatives ain the construction specifications to maximize competitive bidding and thereby gain the loviost price. - Three possible disposal sites were j.dontified at the beginning of this study and the fiIILLI selection depends to a great degree on the curt of the respective force main, For simplicity, those alternative sites will be refer -red to as the McConnell proporty (nov: owned Ily Sandar and Barrows), the Bigg,s Ranch, or the IklrheN property. The alternative forcr, jjja-*L., routes ai. -o shown on Figure for each of the alternative sites. The route to the site's would be in private casements vrhorover possible because strict backfill requiremonts in Butte County right-of-way hill result in highcr construction costs., use of private casements, 1101,0ver, would not be roasiblo whore the land has been subdivided into small. Pavcc"'z such as alon- Obcrilieyer Road. Altornativc routes 111%,ostigated for each site to I)ro%,idc a bettor bargainincg position with each land- owner for aCLtUirinq CaSCI',IC'ntS at a rcasonabl'o price. Lase.' menu within privet property should consist o'� temporary r Y consr0ct Wick t0l'Othcr with a construction casc�,.icnt aboijt 40 1 0 14 MeTCALF A tOl Dy U ttiXa ^t r ea 'ti a n mom'. .• y,.'. FI t• I � 1 t I� ��cay..l,na`t.A>wrtw+M�•"' ._....__�.� , � 1 (; r : � 1 r ��j • L t -Ti ^I.�'� -" "" :I.t titiiltiirttir ItttltlitlHll tit tiMttiil/N�Ittitl ttftrtf tlMlt♦ � 1 ' �� .. .,. . \ , �` itllaii//l\tllltft 1111 , t e 1ly � •w - eH 1 .wY.w--w•-.�r_-r�r✓n.. , �' ^-1�� '.mow'..'- w.n'�,.� ' 4 '._._ t � .. �•� ,4....•w.c • 1 rz • 1 ...�..''s..;�..._.......w...,,,.yt._:. ^�, ..,+i • ..i.. J ..t•..y.:... d lA+£.riry -• tri w in w '. �. ♦ . .. • . ... M...��. •_. wi.w ...s,.....,n.+ri ..•...'�«� •.....� ,-,. n-.. +.e.-'«...-i+w; . ` r.� - �.L""_"".L` 'ttlHLiti/1H•t l,p.w N' ... •.i-n....'..•wi N I a J 4 .,.. ' W� . • .rte, M2 S � • Q C7 m Tl �y 'Uj .,,'�' . M m Uu co`Y © +' I ir•".�/ jt ' .. of y y X �' ; � " 1:0- or l5 -foot wide permanonL casement along the pipel.ir,e to allow for maintenance access. A description of each route is presented in the follow - ng discussion. Force bia.,n Route to McConncl l Prorw srtti_. The al ignMent to the McConnel I property would lav a.lon', Obcrmcycr Road. A new highway shown on figure 3 would include con: trlictiOn of an overpass on Sheldon. t`.vonue . Planners at tho Ca 1i =ornia Division of Highw;lys have therefore recoarmendcd- against using Sholdu 1 Avenue. in addition, a 20 -inch diameter fot�(-'o main carryin,, sewage from the city oi-' Gridley is located along Sheldon Avenue an, here :is a possibility of damaging it during c�astruction. To re 1ch Obermover Road the pipe- line would pass through private property west: of Highway 99 an,d through a steel sleeve which would have to be jacked under Highway .: To provide clearance during construction betwec;n the pipe trench and the ac.r,ess r oarls and other improvemr,nts along the 30 -foot county right-of-way, the. force maim would bu lccated adjacent to the pavoment . An exception would be at bridges over waterways where the pipe would be aligned off to the side, under the t.,,aterway. Cater supply" lines and sewers do not exist under Obermeye ,, or Archcr A�-cnu , sInce the dwellings there are served by wells andseptic tanks. A 2-inc,h gas Line and a. buried telephone cable exist in Obermoyer Avenue, but do not present serious problems to :force main constructi.071. The Butte County pepartrrt0li.t of Public Works sets stan- dards for construction within the couf)t''� right-of-way and ill require 2 inches of asphalt concrete, 6 inches of aggre- gate base (California Division of Hi.gh� ays, Class 2) and native material, if approved, or imported ,Gill for the rest of the trench:. Relative coripaction to 95 ;percent to a depth of 30 inches and 90 poi,cont for the rc;-:ilndcr of tiro ttcnc:h 16 ,MerC,n�K a �!oat Baas!!; of requirements it is recorl- is required, On, the 1), mcndo�l tllalt the pipebe constructed using the trench section. sftm]') on F'tgurc 4. An estimated fee of $7,000 �qouid be re- quired by the Dt-ttO COLInty 1wpartm--cnt of Public Works to �1,p,spcctiori, and compaction cover costs Of T)1,111 tcsting, irkin Road into Te he force maml 1g.,uld be alignod across private easo"10111-s to the M1 Connell property or would contimile, in tho coulity right-of-Wc'Y, south along Larki-a to Richard Avenue, in the cvcaltthat easements cannot be obtained. Crossing,; the S'Jtt0r _ Butte CkIII'll would require installing pipe below the iT,Ivort of the cinal with two cutoff walls and a concrete pad over the pipo bedc'.ing. open cut construction is permitted after November 1. before March 1', otherwiser boring and jacking of the pipe i%to place is necessary. The cutoff Iq,Il and pad over the pipe would have to be installed later. III order to M, aintain a minimum velocity of "S feet. per Second in the pipolille the diameter of the force main should be 12 inches. Force Imlain Route to the Biggs Ranch. A force main to the Biggs Ranch would the same alignment as the 0 McConnell property but would continue castwaTd along Richard a private casement north of the Gridley sewage enue or 110 flood control levees of the Feather ponds. To cross t el pipe would be required River, a prefabricated, 7-gage Ste with a cutoff wall at the levee centerline. Plans for the crossing must be Submitted, along with an encroachment per- ,-,it ,,pplication, to t.11e Reclamation Board of th-a Statof Car lifo,11a Resources Agency. There are no special Ree clama- tion Board requirements for crossing the flood plain of the river. The design would consist of a buried ductile iron or :Lengths, -�qith joints stool pipe fiirnishod in 40- to G0-foot LcnL, .15t,110,d ull,or ��,-atc-r or assel-11110LI specially dCS!gT1Cd to be f 17 1,0 t T ct, A, L 11 A 9! 0 0 Y I on the bank, floated out, sunk into a dredged trench, and bankfilled. The land adjacent to the West side of the FoathoV RJOV is privately owned and an casemoat would be required to align the pipe there. There is no levee on the cast bank of the Feather River un0or the control of the Reclamation Board. The east bank consists of a AM slope at the wost boundary of the Biq8s Ranch. This bank was substantially eroded K past years during periods of high water in the Toather River,. A number of automobile bodies were placed thers for erosioll protection. Tt is recommended that the pipe be placed extra deep and that rubble or riprap be provided on tho cast bank to assure protection of the pipe from erosion damage and undercutting during high water. The City of Gridley presently owns an 18 -inch diameter force main installed under the Feather River which is used to transport domestic sewage to ponds on the east side of the river. 'The possibility of renting this force main, or trading it for ponds on the west side of the river con- structed and turned over to the City of Gridley, was investigated. The force main eras used only once in 1972, but this use occurred in October when heavy storm runoff entering the Gridley sewers from storm drains made it neces- sary to use the City's additional holding capacity, This indicates that it may not always be available for cannery wastewater on a rental basis only. The only dependable way of using the City's force main would be to construct ponds for their use on the west side of the Fouther River. This cost would exceed the cost of installing a second force main under the Feather River. Furthormore, the velocity Of 001'' within this size of pipe would be so small as to promote the accumulation of sand and silt, possibly resulting in plugging the pipe. ThoFe alternatives are therefore not recOmmeAded- L too*, The force main t6 the Biggs Ranch would be 14 inches in diametor in orJor to reduce friction Ao sss in the pipe and the resulting Pressure which would have to bo developed by the pumps. The ,,,City would be 1.0 feet per socon& 1OrCO Routc the PrapprtK, The force , YtoY ' to . the Harkey property would be in private Mai ajjgnW.aL L sido of the Southern Pacific rail- easemonts along the WOOt would then follow road as far south an Liberty Road. It along the Morrison Slough in an easement to the Harkey site. An alternative route would be along Township Road and in a private Q0,0MOnt wcstwarO to the Harkey property. A 12 -inch force main woold be required for this site in order 6jamster feet per second. to maintain a minimum velocity Of 1-5 Direct land dj6posal as used heroin refers to a screened wastewater to prepared fields by the method ofpplyiag flood irrigation. The objectives of land disposal are to dispose of all wastewaters by either infiltxation into the soil or by evaporation into the atmosphere in such a * way as to distribute the organic matter Over the field so that bacterial decomposition can take place aerobically, without production Of obnoxious Odors. The wastewater should be applied at rates that will Permit the soil surface to dry before fly and mosquito larvae can mature- Generally, dry- ing within 24 hours is sufficient to guarantee inactivation of the larvae- of wastewaters into the Recent studies of infiltration soil mantic' and percolation through the soil matrix she m' that a travel of only a few inches will result in the re- moval of essentially all of the s0spendod solids and BOD. Furthermore, travel thvuu7h soil Of only a .LOW feet will 20 meytj"r 4 COOY essentially rci,,iovc all b,,,tctoria and will inactivate a large part -of the viruses. These distances increase as the soil becomes more coarse, so that a tr,,Vcl. distance of 200 feet or more may bo required in coarse sand to provide the saMn removals of bacteria and viruses, however, tho coirsest soil under qvestioll in the alternative disposal sites is a fine sandy lo;im, Thcrcforo, the proposed method of waste- water disposal should result ia a high quality water only a few feet below the surface of- the soil., henco silould not re- sult in 11011LItion of underlying groui,dtvators, Operational Lnd man agement procc,'lures that a should ro- sult in obtaining the above objectives are su4gcsted in the following paracraphs- These suggest"ons are for initial V management of the ficld, but should to modified as dictated by experience. ItiYastewater woLfld be discharged.fromthe force Mail' to the head end of an ol)cn channel distribution system. The channels i.,,ouid be carthen ditches constructed with a tractor - drawn ditching dovice. uniform diSrtril)Ution of the waste- water on the disposal fields would be controlled by the use of small earth borders or berms. These borders wuuld be constructed at 12- to 16 -foot intervals, .forming checks or avenues along which the water would travel in a uniform depth. Borders may be straight or may follow the contours of the land. In either case, the check should have a longitudinal slope of about 0.2 to 0.3 foot per 100 feet and the transverse, slope should be 95 nearly flat as possible. The length of chec'r-'s should be at Least SOO to 600 feet, and water should be applied so that the required voll1r,"o of water is applied within 4 to 6 hours. The Tate of application would be controlled '0y the number of checks being flooded at .once: Flooding woul'e be accom- plished by simpl�' rutting the ditch bank at each check or by 21 M E T C A V 0' A, V 0 D * burying, a number of straight. pipes at each check. Siphon pipos could not be used becausc of the variable nature of the ,,is tc%rat(,, r flows, resulting in the, loss of siphon. The opon ditch method of wastowater distribution is recommondod Initially. however, one or two years of oper- ating expuri.enco will either confirm or disprove this recommendation, At that tillic, a pipeline" iii. tributi011 sYs- tem may be justified. Presently, there is not sufficient knowledge about the characteristics of the field to justify this expenditure. The wastewater should be applied to open, nonvogetatod checks. A stand of grass or weeds Would tend to filter out the settleabtic, matcrial at the beginning of the check, hence resulting in an aiia(,,rob--'c condition and odor producti.on. Wasteqter cuuld also be applied to orchard lands, following the special procedures described herein and normal agri- cultural irrigation practices. The disTosal capacity of the field.-, should be main- tained by disking or harrowing the field after every application. The field should be allowed to dry thoroughly before the next application of watr This drying period should be from 7 to 10 days long. -ig or harroi�.Lng should be done 1 or 2 days p':iOr tc aing. '"Le land area required for wastewater disposal depends on the permeability of the soil at available sites, Three sites in tile vicinity of the plant were found to be suitable for ].and disposal: (1) the McConnell property, (2) the Biggs Ranch, and (3) the Harkey property. These are shown on Figure 3. Preliminary site investigations indicated that approxi- mately 100 acres would be required or disposal on the McConnell property and the Biggs Ranch. At least 60 acres of this 100 acres should be open, nonvegetatet land. Thi i 22 I] amount is rased on applying the equivalent of 6 inches of water depth at each application. for disposal I The suitabil.,Lty OF thQ' MCCOnRell Property is open to some quos tion at present, due to the possible existence of clay soil barriers in the area. These barriers were ijj%resti,gatod in 1971 by a soils firm working for the city of Gridley. This report jqill be studiod as soon as it bccumes available. The recommendations concerning the McConnell proporty are cont.inp geiit on the conclusions reached after studying that report. Disposal on the Harkey property would require 200 acros of disposal ficicl jqith cat loast 120 acres of open land. ')'his area is 'based on an equivalent of _-I inches of water depth at each application. The cost associated with the three alternative disposal sites are presented in the follolvil-19 chapter - 23 MET T C AIF /C LI/ C, 23 MET T C AIF CHAPTLR S CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusions The conclusions reached as a result of this investiga- tion are summari2od as follows: 1. Separate d5posal of cooling water and process water is the most efficient and practical moans of wastewater management for the Gridley Plant. 2. Discharge oC cooling water � o Morrison Slough is potentially the lowest cost cooling water disposal alternative. The great ost toneficial use of tho cooling water would bo derived by discharge to the adjacent irrigation canal. S. The lowest cost alternative for disposal of process wastewater is direct land disposal. 4. The lowest cost selection bf a land disposal site depends primarily on the cost of land acquisition. Selection of the optimum site should be based on a process of elimination described in Chapter 4. S. Pretreatment in the form of screening and grit re- moval is required prior to land disposal. No foam and scum removal should be necessary and no nutri- ents need be added. 6. Two alternative pumping station designs, the wet - pit and the dry -pit types, arc suitable for this application. The wet -pit design would be the more economical of the two, 7. The force maid would need to be periodically flushed with clean water to prevent the development of mud deposits in the pipe and to prevent septic conditions during plant shutdown 12 R Ile commojida L ions C)" t'10 b, ,is 017 the preceding conclu*siow., the follow- ing rccomj,.j(,.,jjdatj.ons are made: Discliarge Of cool i,17 j t Cr to should be coittinue Morr4soll slough The aerators in tiie Morrison 'Slouf"' 11190011 should be operated to provide cooling, if necessary, 2. The Butte Trri.c,ation District Should be approached 0" the possibility r,.- using t]lc. SLItt0r-Butto irri- l; t`LIVORNIA RiCr1C: i;�l, 41ATL QU,%1.T.T`C CC?,�'1b;0L b'ryt�'�0 C e nr",Ck.r1], VALWEY � A lu..-a' Y � q N• Sll,S�r3 I)ISCIU RGE REsQUIR%t°SlaN S FOR GRIU1,1EY PL,,N'T BUTTE COLNT'X The. C.illifor:nin Regional. Flater Qucalit.y Control Board, Central VnIICY Rrlion, finds 0MIC 1. I.i UI,y, MaNei.:l:l Fc Libby operates a cannery at: Gridley engaged in tiac processinS of 1�cachcs and pumpkins. Pracc s wastes and cooling waters rrona the cc acti.vi ti.c;�, ,ntnnurrCi.ry; r.:ately thrac< million },alions 1101 day, are to 1r1ploti<Sinchittcci to jinrrison Slough irtntr_diately South of the cc,rincry• 3� The �,�aters of kJorrison Slough flc,,! to the Sacramento diver via the Snare River, East Intrrcupw!on Canal, Wadsworth Canal, Suttor Bypass and Sacramento Slough. L+„ Beneficial uses of t.tes0 receiving waters do:anstrc:am of �:orr`"n Slouch are: agricultural supply, fi`.'yl and 1rrildlif0 sustenance' recreation. and e-thetic enjoyment. 5. Beneficial uses of t n orrisoSlou7h rise' c�Sri•cultural. supply ar+'T esthetic er.jo�arerct. 6. An Interim '48ter Quality ConJLolu�'na�elta 5tubbasa nawG nun for tle Qdcpted Subbasin and Sacramento -San by this ccard on 15 June 1971. 1_" oticrned by ;,'ante discharge' rquire- 7. The discharge is curare . �, tl:cnts adopted by the regional board on 15 December l`JCi7 in Resolution .do. 68-56. Prosrnt Ve ulttti.ons do not ad.quati,ly control deleterious rc,l,sritucm.ts at levels that will protect the beneficial uses 01 Ll rccezvin ; toatcrs, nor co they assure tlaect conclitic�na lta.ion or nuisance ,�ii11 net prrvai.l, 9. The discharger and interested agencies and persons have been notified of the intent to the requirments now Sove;:ninS this discharge. 10. The board, in a pulblic meati:ng, has heard and considered nertainin" to this order. IImi4YJYW.GY�4o4YNWNRAId{'3N4'N1�ibWtuu+Wn�eluwlmepxRawup�m V• - -. , 1 l.7liltY, J9rtli;(I.t. Fr T,'iJlfiS�I PLANT !,ui.t.t• County 2 IT IS 1Jk:R,B3y ORD.,"11M, Libby, McNeill `:x Libby shall comply with th(. £o llotoi.ag , A. ,i JY; ciricationd), l''rocess Wastewater 1. The discharge shrill not cause .a pollution. 2. Neithcr the dischnrxo nor its treatment ;hall cause a nuisance. 3. Constituents and c;hor•nc:teristics of the discharge to 1,1orrison Slough .''ktnll coni'' ria egi.th the following litllits no Inter than the do LcS specified: 4). Vurina Peach 1'acM i1g, Operations.* Constituent hicdi.nn Vnluc or by by by Characteristic_ Units 1 .1u1,a 1972 1 July 1073 .1 July 1975 B.O.D. lb/day 13,000 6000 750 Suspended Solids lb/day 13,000 6000 750 Flow Fate M.G.D. 3.0 8.0 3.0 b). During Pumkin packing Operations: Constituent Median Value _ or by by by Chax4ncteri:stic Units 1 Sent 1.972 1. Seo1973 1 Send )L5 B.O.L). lb/day 21,000 3000 750 Suspended Solids lb/day 21,000 3000 750 :,. flow Rate M.G.D. 3.0 8.0 3.0 4. After 1 July 1975, any discharge to Mtorrisoh Slough shall comply with the following additional limies, l a). Waste constituents and characteristics,* Constituent c r Ch,irnct,2r,'stic Units MnXimum ;Median Mini.r,•um Settleable Solids ml/1 1..0 0.5 - p11 number 3.5 - 6.5 b). Survival o.i test fishes in 96 -hour bioassays of undi-'uted waste shill be no loss th`n: Minimum for any one bioassay ----------------- 50% i;cdian of any t;'gree or more bioassays•„---70iN i). The e'i Thr :», shall notcvtise the dirrolved oxyil.�!n wcncec.rr^'.i,n in SnnV.,. ::ir+cr, East In:.,�rrcnT ion Cotial,, Sutler ,,.C,.,^s ^r Sztcra^l:ryrttc+ S inu3il to ell bo 1�ow 5.0 nl ;t 1. J, A County slum or Tile ,,C f"11,111 r�,Ot Cause visible oil', F, (o.1111 in horrinol. sloui , 'It or (',tC JG',4n8t1:0aM D'AcharBC* C'PC-c'f'Q'1t'OnG' Cooling WCtcr 1. Tile dischirgo shat 11 not cause 41 V 1jution. 2, or its trcatmcnt 81 cause a nuisOnce- 'ither the di,,,chirge n C 0 the tem pe rlturC Of 'liver' 3. The sl,inll not ItIf Canal, Sutter ]'"tlasst ar last �(.rccl�tton ", jcrCaSC! Lly more than 5 jajjre,,jjLit do sacrn,no'nuo Slough Lo it 1. t0rjjpLZaLL(ro, for those viatcrs, "bove tit" natura C. provisions shn1l Y'rovide those treatment fncilitics 1. Libby, 4'c Libby c Specifications , t DischarB-� I)roccs,,:, icaujoa,, necosr,,IrY to Vte-c rand L Shall co� P A'- and A4 by t'!c C,"tr-'s givec", andd mly with &peciiicatiOns 1'1, 11.21 Bl, L,2 and B3 I.Orthwith. Starting 5o June 19721 Abby, .N.c,1,Qjlj and Libby Shall 5131)mit quarterly pro SrCSS reports s,1inp cot -,,pUance with the time - ,,chodule of tmr orders plv .,,th 1,!,Ojji�oring and peporting 3'. Libby, 1., -11 & Libby Shall c O:,l - c,, L - atid with tile G?neril Procedures for 11rcgram No. 'fied 1-,-y the E�:ccut ive Officer, MloniLcritv, and Rel,'Ort1aas SP(��"- -o tr anti ch,'IrOcter"st;cs Shall 4� Xedial-t O'r const" tuen.... the most recent 30 -day be dr-ternlin--i results Period. Resolution ! OL 68-56 of Lhe rc,-ionai board is rescinded. 5. �a,� do hfY foegIng 10 jarnes A* Robertson, order adopteeerobY by c1lecOrticalifotilevniarRc��,o"On- is true, aro, correctV-XocutivCopy CIEe a01.t, Valley P,12,gion on ___. -------- aj V�,rttot qul"Ut.", Control Board, CenL�,Al Exccu t ive i.ro r p ,w / c S 3/EI/72 a SECTION III INTRODUCTION This report is a final product of a nationwide state-of- tho-ort study on land application of municipal and indus- trial wastowatoll. It is int oaded as a coppendium of current knowledge—not as a statement Of design guid"nes' The study was conducted by reviewing W literature, visit- jng selected sites (as detailed in Appenjix A), ana cooper acing with the fact-finding effort performed by the American public works Association, Separate sootions are included on irrigation with municipal, effluent, Wfiltration-porcolation of municipal effluent, land treatment and disposal of industrial wastewater, climatic constraints, cost evaluation, and the potential of land application. Specifically OmittOd from the study is the subject of land application of municipal or industrial, waste sludge. A condepsed Summary Report, printed seFayatoly as Volume 1) is intended to hiAlight the State-of-the-art for planners and managers. References cited by byt Acted numbers in the text ore listed in alphabetical order in Section XI, In this introductory section tho stage is set for lurthor discuFsions by proi nting the history of and approaches to i I I Q Land aj)j)j,icat-- ' s important , Lon, the app] Ication tec]"13Aue c�.Jiti.ractcris tics of wastewaters , and renovation mechanisms ia 'clic soil III, ix. 111,STOIUCAL BACKGROUND Land disposal of sewage ��:I*Cjuents began long before the collipi.ox technology of t0dl)"s treatment systems was devoloped. The simplest (,,,a most logical disposal method for ),,In w,I.q to put his sewage in the ground by burying it in troncl,os or pits. Wit)-. tlie rocont concern for zero discharge of pollutants, land appliefltiOn of wastewater is being exafl1ined. again. An inlrestigatiOA of systems operaLed in the past as well as those continuing to the present may offer insights on land application. hero can Pr -_-ice The first ru,-.j ded use of effluent for a beneficial purpose occurred ii the sixteenth century in Germany. The app ''' ca" titin, of municipal wastes was used there for irrigation nl'T- poses all farmland. From -that beginning, through the nineteenth Q,( t)turY, the application of sewage effluents to farmland was practiced in continental Europe and England, The use of sewage effluent for irrigation was the simplest method. of treatment and disposal available at that time, The benefits from the natural fertilizers were also recognized. The early sewage farms were fairly successful in their operation, provided the management was competent. When farms were poorly managed, crops failed, odors were present, and complaints were numerous. Some of the better farms are listed in Table 1; not many records are available on poorly operated farms. It is assumed that they failed and wore abandoned. The crops gxown on the sewage farms were usually grains, grasses, root vogetables, and corn. Some formors used the effluent on fields planted with all types of Quits and vegetables with success. The yield from a sewage farm would commonly be at least twice that of a conventional farm in the same area. Most of the farms had underdrains that conveyed the excess water to nearby streams. The purity of the stream was upparently not affected by the added water, illustrating the treatment given the water by its passage through soil. The practice of sewage farming spread to South Africa, Australia, and Mexico as those areas were colonized, and it continuos today. Ami ricon Practice TO practice of land disposal of sewage effluents began in the United States in the late nineteenth century. The 111-3 t Table 1 . Historical data on Sewage Farming Chita Location fiesr_ription Wetted amid, acre) I poW mud Average Ir7a(10n, Al./wk Itorerence Non.dlnited Statex 1559 u nzlau, Germany Sewage; farm -- -- -- 106 ism Croydan5eddington, England Sewage rnrm 420 4.5 2.8 C40 18611 Suutb Nc)rwrio1, England Svwa,l,e farm 152 0.7 1.2 C.40 1869 Herein, Germany Sewap! rnrm 27,250' I50" 1.4 C40 1875 L"mingtan apr.ings, Fnglnnd sewalpr farm 400 0.8 0.5 1011) Isso Birminghom, Lngland sva%age rnrIli 1,200 Z2 4,.7 1"Vi 189:1 Melbourne, Australian Irripation 10,37ub Sob i.: L.ti '7 Melbourne, Australia Overland flow 3,4726 lab 5.2 C39, 1901i Mexico City, Mvxicu Irrigation 112,0001i 570 1) 1.3 19.".3 pari:;, Pran(e Irrigitlon 12,600 :120 2.5 C40 19;'8 Capt , iu);n, 4+outh Africa Irritation -- C96 United Sta vFf 1872 Augwto) Maines Irrigation 3 0.007 0.6 104 1880 Pull!�an, I1li.ngisc Irrip:atiun 40 IRS 12.0 104 1881 i'lanyenne, V;;'oming Irrigation 1)330d 7.od 1.3 18„” l'.xsa!:+n:a, C„alifarnin lrrigalian 300 CIO 1895 San Antonio, Texas Irr.igitiou 4,000P 20`' 1.3 C40 1896 Salt We City, Utah Irrigation J80 4 5,7 104 1912 1t114:(�t::fic'ld, CnI.ifornia Irrigation 20004 112 112 -- 19:9 Vineland, ;,'IV ,Iersey IrriKdtion I4 0.8 14.7 108 a. t'ata for 1926. b. i! it, for vi -i . r. Abanduned arounii 1900. d. Data for 1972. 111-4 first land disposal projects, also listed in Table 1, were developed for irrigation purposes only, Groundwater re- charge projects were not started until the early twentieth century in the semiarid regions of California and Utah. Land disposal sites are not limited to public o . wnorship. Individual farmers have purchased effluent for crop irriga- tion on their own land, sometimes the public agency and the farmer have combined in a system --the municipality selling some effluent and the farmer leasing the city's land and irrigating with the remainder, Land disposal sites were in Oxi'tence in twenty states from Massachusetts to California in 1.899 [104]. During the first half of the twentieth cOnturY, land disposal sites began to predominate in the West as increased land value and increased population led to abandonment of irrigation at many sites in the East. The crude sewage farms of the 1890s have been replaced for no most part by manaied farms on which treated wastewater is used for crop production, by landscape irrigation sites, and by groundwater recharge sites. LAND APP-LICATION APPPC)ACIMS Land application approaches can be classified into three main groups: irrigation, overland flow or spraY-VUROff) and infiltration -percolation. These approaches are illus- trated on Figure 1. I r r Unatt i own Irrigation is the controlled discharge of effluent, by spraying or surface spreading, onto land to support plant growth. Tho wastewater is "lost" to plant uptake, to air by evapotranspiration, and to groundwater by porcolation. ApplicatAn rates are measured citily in inches per day or wook, or in gallons per acre per day. The method of appil- cation depends Lpon the soil, the type of crop, the climate, and the topography. Sloping land is acceptable for irriga- tion provided that application rates aro modified to pro - "t cxcOssivO crosion and runoff. Renovation of the wastewater occurs generally after passage through the first 2 to 4 feet of soil. Monitoring to deter- mine the extent of renovation is generally not practiced; when it is practiced, however, removals are found to be on the order Of 99 percent for BOD and suspended solids. Depending upon the soil type and the crop harvested, re- movals Of nitrogen and phosphorus from the wastewater may also be quite high. The use of irrigation as a treatment and disposal technique has been developed for Municipal wastowater and a variety Of industrial wastewaters, including those from the, food 11' ♦ H4 x.w � ftr` E Y 'A4-•.�;�Jp'+� •V ` Ma'"°�,'�kxtwmbFbk"'r Vol.�y^, $r,"d,�4"4:^,'c'4,A��",'S�' � � `�` i Y a M1 ..�. v) .. ":. .x .« .r . � } „_, �. _ _, _ _ i ., w processing industry, the pulp and paper industry, tanneries, animal feedlots, dairies, and some chemical plants. Crops grown have ranged from vegetables to grasses and cereals. Overland Flow Overland flow is the controlled discharge, by spraying or other means, of effluent onto the land with the major por- tion of the wastewater appearing as runoff. The rate of application is measured in inches per week, and the waste- water travels in a sheet flow down the grade or, slope. Soils suited to overland flow are clays and clay loams with limited drainab ility. The'land for an overland flow treat- ment site should have a moderate slope --between 2 and 6 percent [C4S]. The surface should be evenly graded with essentially no mounds or depressions. The smooth grading and gro"nK slope mate possible sheet flow of water over the ground without ponding or stagnation. Grass or grain is planiod to provide a habitat for the biota and to provent erosion. As the effluent flows down the slope, a portion infiltrates into the soil, a small amount evaporates, and the remainder flows to collection channels. As the effluent flows through the grass, the suspended solids are filtored out and the organic matter is oxidized by the bacteria livin; in the vegetative litter, I The overland flow troatment process has been developed in this country for treatment of high strength wastOWatOT, such as that from cannories, with resultant reductions in BOD from around 600 mg/L to as low as 10 mg/L [128]. Reductions of suspondod solids and nitrogen are also high although phosphorus reduction is reported to be on the order of 40 percent. In Australia overland flow or grass filtraticn has boon used for municipal wasto treatment for many roars, with BOD and suspended solids removals of about 93 percent, Research is presently being conducted on the uno of the overland flow treatment system for treat- ment of raw sewage [C18]. No muaicipal sites where overland flow treatment is being used in the United States are known. The design and operation of overland flow systems are dis- cussed in Section VI. Infiltration -Percolation, This method of treatment is similar to intermittent sand filtration in that application rates are measured in feet per week or gallons per day per square foot. The major portion of the wastewater enters the groundwater although there is some loss to evaporation. The spreading basins are generally dosed on an intermittent basis to maintain high infiltration rates. Soils are usually coarse textured sands, silts, or sandy loams. , "MUL'JA='&Jj This prcap: ('!ss has been developed for groundwater recharge of municipal (,I'fflwits, municipal wastewater disposal, and in- dustrial, wastowater treatment and disposal. The distinction between treatment and disposal for this process is quite f !ne, MI(tiiostionably, industriiiil wastewater applied to the land for the purpose of disposal is also undergoing treat - moat by infiltration and percolation, whether or not moni - t-Oring f0J* detection of renovation is, being practiced,. Other DJ_,;jLq2.,,al �Lo a c h v There are several other opproachos to the disposal of waste- water on land, including subsurface leach fields, injection wells, and. evaporation ponds. Such techniques are generally limited ill 'their range of aipplicatio'n. Leach fields are prevalent in rural area.,; and "ILre likol-,, to remain so. The largest known municipal installation omplo%.Ing leach trencfir.,s isat North Tahoe [RSO] and is only a temporar), design, Details of and criteria for dosign of leach fields may be found in the Manual of Septic Tank Practice A report by researchers [1154] on methods of proventing failure of leach field systems is suggested for further study. Deep well iJJjCCti07J Of reClaiJTJCJ wastewater is being prac- ticed in Orange County, California [R03], and has been -pro- posed for Long Tsland, New York [R25, R41]. Because such prec. tices are not considered to be wastewater treatment, they will not be d1scussed further. III -10 Evaporation ponds also have limited applicability because of the large ].and requirements and climatic constraints. Although such ponds are designed for disposal, they will act as stabilization ponds incl limited treatment by micro- Orgallisilis will take place. Where crop irrigation or groundwtiter rochargo are not permissible because of high salinity of tile, wastewater, consideration of evaporation ponds may be in orclor, In the Un'ttod States as opposed to European nations, thera are no national regUlatiOIIS for the control of land disposal Of Offlucats. 'There are federal guidelines for wastewater treatment, but each state must regulate land disposal facilities. The aspect of regulation will be discussed In detail in Section IV. A,proach Selection To make Lq proper assessment of the type of system or land application approach tnA*L suitable for a given situation -requires knowledge of many variablos. Some o, the factors to be considered are the amount of available lanLi, she need for reclaimed water, the wastewater charac toris tics and flow rates, the type Of soil at available sites, and whether the need is for treatment or disposal, These factors may be classified as regulatory, oconomic, and technical. regulatory, legulator Factors. These factors A&Ude laws, regulations, and criteria concerning protection of stream quality, ground- water quality, and public health. If the available sites are underlain by aquifers used for potable water supply, public agencies may not allow infiltration-porcolation Systems. With stream standards becoming increasingly strin- gent, irrigation with underdrains, overland flow, or infiltration-porcolation with recovery may be combined with Other forms of wastewater treatment prior to stream discharge. Economic Factors. The inclusion of land QUUMCnt approaches with conventional treatment processes depends, in part, on the economics involved. If wastewater has economic value it can be reclaimed by la& application. The most efficient approach in terms of percentage recovery would be iniiltration-percolation, If an economic return is impor- tant, crops grown using overland flow or irrigation can be sold to recover part of the costs of wastewater treatment. The costs involved in these three land application approaches are evaluated in Section VIII, Technical Factorl. Physical aspects of the available land, such as soil type, underground formations, and g;ound slope, will influence the approach selection. Other technical factors include wastewater characteristics and flow rates, climate, and whether the flow remains constant throughout I the year. For seasonal flows, such as those fiom canneries, the selection of the overland flow system, like any biologi- cal system, must tak6into account an annual startup period. Soi classification, as important independent variable, has Pon graphed against ljqluid loading rates as the dependent variable. Tho resultant combinations have been blocked out, as shown on Figure 2, for the typical ranges for cacti land application approach, These are not intended to be a design guideline but rather a general aid in the process of approach selection METHODS OF APPUCATION There arc a number of different ways to apply wastewater to the land. Each site will have its own physical c0ractor- istics that will influence the choice of the method of application, The three that are most commonly used are spraying, ridge and furrow, and flooding. Each of those methods is illpstrated in Vigure 3. In the spraying method, effluent is applied above the ground surface in a way similar to rainfall, The spray is developed by the flow of effluent under pressure through nozzles or sprinkler heads. The pressure is supplied by a pump or a source high enough above the sprinkler heads. By adjusting the pressure and nozzle aperture size, the late of discharge can be varied to any desired rate. The elements of a spray system are the pump or source of pressure, a supply main, laterals, risers, and nozzles or sprinkler heads. Since the system operates under pressure, there is a wide variety of ground configurations suitable for this typo of disposal. The spray system can be portable or pormancnt, moving or stationary. The cost of a spray system is relatively high because of pump and piping costs and pump op -rating costs. The efflu- ent used in a spray disposal system cannot have solids that are largo enough to plug the nozzles. Sprinkling is the most efficient method of irrigation with respect to uniform areal distribution. Rid� and Furrnti,. 'Aethod Aot The ridge and furrc iethod is accomplished by gravity flow only. The effluent iA in the furrows and seeps into the ground. Ground that is suitable for this type of operation must be relatively flat. The ground is groomed into alter- nating ridges and furrow:, the width and depth varying with the amount of effluent to be disposed and the type of soil. The rate of infiltration into the ground will control the amount of effluent used. If crops are to be ArigatedwitY — effluent, the width of the ridge where the crop is pAnted 111-16 will vary with the type of crop. The furrows must be allowed to dry out after application of sewage offluent so that the soil pores do not become clogged. Illoodina The third type of application is flooding. This type c, -;in be accomplished in dif-forent ways: border strip, contour check, or spreading basin. Flooding, as the term 1111plics, is thO jnLiiidatioii of the land with a certain depth of offluont. The depth is determined by the choice of vegetation and. the type of �soil. The land has to be level, or nearly level sr, that a uniform depth can be maintained. The land does need '"drying out" so that soil clogging -, doenot occur. The type 0' C7 of crop grown lias to be able to withstand the periodic flooding The three methods are illustrated in Figure 4. 0 The border strip method consists of sloped (0.2 to 0.3 per - cont) strips of land 600 to 1,000 feet long divided by borders or dikes every 20 to 60 feet [GO91. The major difftronce botweeii this method and the spreading basins is that this method uses smaller segiiients of a field and the grounJ is sloped. Contour checl� is tho creation of dikes or levees along the COTItOLIr Of a hill or slepc. The dikes contain the effli..;nt so it -Joe,; not rLin down the slope, The dikes are generally placed at contour intervals of 0.2' to 0.3 percent. 111-17 �, r' r ,� ,...-«.�.# i' ✓', � ,w,,,,.,�...�^� v.. .�..�..... F � �� ......✓� - 1r � �I�1 ) � i rrc ( � r, n,� 7 h 1 Ad"i�«�,�d gad;^ f�� i,.��'.1Jy� �;'tl1�U�� ry ��lv��iP�a��t ;i�fJ'. o-�Pt oS�k �«, �w�,�_1�c. 'Ns I�E7G ��J. i1 �� a,�� I��k1�d Spreading basins are shallow ponds which are periodically flooded with effluent. The basins hold the effluent until it percolates into the ground, is used by crops, or evapo- rates into the air. Spreading basins are generally used for rapid infiltration. WASTF,IqAT1`,1, CHARACTERISTICS The characteristics rf wastewater may be classified as physical, chemical, and biological. B ,cruse industrial, wastewater characteristics are so diverse, even among tho food processing and pulp and paper industries, they will is discussed in Section VT. Municipal wastewater characteris- tics are listed in Table 2 for (1) untreated wastewater, (2) a typical secondary effluent, and (3) effluents that have boon applied to the land. The degree of pretreatment normally given by secondary treatment processes can bo seen by comparing columns 1 and 2. A discussion of the effects of conventional wastewater treatment on characteristics is presented at the end of this section. Physical Characteristics The most important physical characteristic of wastewater is its total solids content. The solids include floating, sus- pendod, colloidal, and dissolved matter. Table 2. Mujij,cipal Wastewater ChaTacteristics mg/L (except as noted) Typical secondory Untreated treatment Actual quality Constituent sewage off luent applied to land (2) (3) 1) hys 1 ca I Total solids 700 425 760-1,200 J'otat su,poiidod 200 25 10-100 solids Chemical Total di,,,:;olved solids Soo 400 750-1,100 pit, Unit., 7.0±0-S 7.0±0.5 6.8-8.1 BOD 200 25 10-42 COD Soo 70 30-80 Total nitrogen 40 2U 10-60 Nitrate -nitrogen 0 0-10 Ammonio-nitrogon 25 -- 1-40 Total phosphorus 30 10 7.9-25 Chlorides so 45 40-200 Sulfate -- -- 107-383 Alkalinity (CaCO3) 100 -- 200-700 Borcn — 1.0 0-110 Sodium 50 190-250 'Potassium 14 10-40 Calcium 24, 20-120 Magnesium 17 10-50 Sodium adsorption ratio 2-7 4.5-7.9 Biological Coliform ornallisms, 6 10 2.2-10 6 NUIN1100 MI Sources! Column 1, - Modium strength [105] - Column 2 - [CIO]. Column 3 -- R-wize of value- obtained fron'. site Visits. The solids are important because they havo a tendency to clog the soil pores and coat the land surface. Other phys- ical characteristics are temperature, color, and odor. Temperature is not a great problem because municipal waste- water effluent has a fairly even temperature, 50 dog F to 70 dog F, which is not harmful to soil or vegetation, it is beneficial in that in winter, it has a thawing effect oil frozen ground and may keep soil bacteria alive. Effluout has been nsod to spray on crops in freezing woather to form an insulating 1co coating which protects the crop froM, cold air [C04]. Cofer of effluent has little effect on the application to the crops, but it can be used as an indicator of the compo- sition of the wastewater. Fresh sewage is usually grey; septic or stale sowage is black, The presence of industrial wastes can give the sewage color from rhomicals in the waste. Odors in wastowator are caused by the anaerobic decomposi- tion of organic matter. Although hy'rogea sulfide is the Most important gas formed from the standpoint of odors, other volatile compounds such as indolo skatol, and mercaptons also cause noxious odors. These odors can be effectively released to the atmosphere by spraying or aerating. Gh eill i cal. Ch ci r a c.t L, r i s t j c s, The chemical properties of wastewater can be divia-�,,1 into throe catogori,o.,; : organic matter, inorganic matter, and gases. The OrP,I"Ric matter in wastewater is in the dissolved form as well is setl 11',Iblc SOIJ-d form, and it is principally COMPOsOd of proteins (40 to 60 per ccnt) , carbohydrates ("S to 50 percent) , and. fats and oils (lo percent) Other Orgal') sL c compotinds , such as phenol! , surfactants, : and agri- cultural gri-cultural pc.—Ac .des, are generally present in small quantities. Only when the trace ' organics reach higher con- cOntration,; do they becomo a problem. 01dillarily these substances are in such a small quantity that they have no short term effect on the soil or �-egeta.tiojj; 1101qe-ver, their effect on grotn),hNater quality is a point of concern. Long term effect.,; of trace organics have not been adequately determinod. Many of the inorganic compounds provide nutrients for the vegetation, bur they also can be toxic to plants at certain concentratioll!;, Examples include boron, lead, nickel, and zinc. The major 111,int nutrients present in wastewater are nitrogen, I'll 0-sph orns , and potassium. The aggregate of dis- 0 solved COMPOU11-d-I is tile TDS (total dissolved solids). The TITS content, often measured as electrical conductivity, is 111-22 OWN I generally more important than the concentration of a spe- cific ion such as chloride. TDS values above 750 mg/L for irrigation waters will require leaching either by adding excess,ivrigation water, or from rainfall. The rolatioDship between the principal cations in waste- water --calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium --is of importance. When the ratio of sodium to the other cations, especially calcium and magnesium, becomes too high) the sodium tends to replace the calcium and magesium ions on clay particles. The predominace of sodium ions on clay particles has the effect of dispersing the soil partiolcs and decreasing the soil permeability. To determine the sodium hazard, the SAR (sodium adsorption ratio) has been developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture mlinity Laboratory and is described in detail in Agriculzural Handbook No. 60 [GlO]. It is defined as follows: SAR = Na/[1/2 (Ca + Mg) 10 where Na, Ca, and Mg are concentrations of the respective ions in millioquivalents per liteT of water. Gases in wastewater, other than those mentioned in regard to odors, are relatively unimportant in land application. Dissolved oxygen is usually depleted soon after wastewater is applied to the land. Atmospheric oxygen is relied upon for maintenance of aerobic soil conditions. Lil 1roc t or i .1 S — Wasteqater ij teeming Iw i1C1, s11 microorganisms that are con- stantly onstantly changing its s tics. The predominant microorganisms are bactcria. Wastewater Ma)' COTItoln pathogoilic organisnis which cause dis- eases, Such as salmonella gTastroontoriti.s, typhoid. and Paratyphoid fevers, bacillary and amoobic dysentery, cll(jiora, and infectious hepatitis [C12]. Petreatmcnt is Tcquir(ld to 1 remove the bulk of these microOrPllisms from the wastewater. ns i,.s often ascertainod by The presence Of enteric Pat"090 testing sfor coliforms, U . coli (Eschcricliia coli) are used as indicator organisms because they are more numerous and more easily tested for than patilogonic organisms. Tests I Ia v e I also been developed to distinguish between total coli. - forms, fecal coliforms, and fecal striptococci. The absence of talose Organisms is a major criterion of unpolluted water. Effects of Conventional Wastowatcr Treatment Conventional �,,,astewatel- treatment begins with preliminary operations such as scroeqiing and sedimentation. Effluent N from these operations is reforred to Vs IIrimLIrIr effluent. This PriIII-LITY OfFl.uej-it i*,iay be further treated by biological oxidation or by phv.,;jcal-chcmiJ,'Il PrOcc5sc'. Effluent from the alaore wid,:,tipread [)jological processes, suzh as activated sludge, trick -ling filters, or oxidation ponds, is referred to as secondary cffluent, C onstituclIts removed by the vari- ous operations and Processes ill convent iollal treatment Will be noted in the following (liscussion, r n�aryRa ,'meet.- Coarse screens, present in nearly every t,re,ItII1c,llt plant, remove large floating objects and rags. ]qlle screens are generally ]lot used anymore an sewage treat- ment because the smaller solids are removed by ,sedimentation and lJological oxidation. Sedimentation 'removes much (50 to 65 percent) of the sus, pendod solid matter in t1le wastewater. Grit and 9""Oss settleable solids are often removed in grit chambers prior ZP BOD i to primary sedimentation. ' s reduced by primary sedl` mentation approximately 25 to 40 pjrccltt [loS] , and some organic nitrogen, [)Ilosphorus, an,4 1',eavy metals are also settled out. most of tile eggs, but Sedir'lontation Will remove Tq 1-1001, ba c,•st, Salmonel la and beef tapowwrill ) Irorill, amoeba viruses will 'lot tie completely removed (CO11- dissolved and colloidal matter Present in wastewater will not be TOMOVOd in primary treatment, Secondary Biological O'Xidation, in the removal of colloidal and dissol%'r-- d organics to a large extent. Additionally, soma nitrogen and phosphorus are in' corporatud into bacterial cells and removed by secondary 111-25 11 sedimentation Most disq0 lvee inor g,I c$ are not affected by Socondary treatment. secondary treatment provides an additional removal Of bacteria and. VirLISes by flocculation and secondary sedimentation. Disin recti on, j')isjjj:roction, the selective destruction or discase-C,"I'Sin-9 organisms, may be accomplished using heat) ozone, bromine, iodine, or, most cOjj)!,,jOjjj.y, chlorine. Ade- quate de-quate disinfoction requires complete and rapid mixing am.1 minimum contact time. The presence of suspended solids hinders the PrOcOsS Of di.sin.foc""on; therefore, secondary effluent iq 111ore readily disinfected than primary effluent. The number of coliform organisms can be reduced by disin- fection tcchiques from 106 organisms per loo ml to less than 2.2 organisms per 100 ml, WASTUVIATI"R RI:NOVATIQN MECHANISNIS The soil matrix represents a treatment zone where many Com- plea physical, chemical, and biological processes and inter- actions colltrij)utc, to the rcjjo�,ation of wast-owater applied to the land, Tho major 'renovation n1cc"an"11's include uptake by plant Toots, precipitation, adsorption, oxidation, ion and filtration. although the theory of each will not he discussed in detail, the mechanisms active in the removal of important constituents from ti -ie wastewater will be identified. The con.stitijents to be considered are iu-26 suspended solids, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, heavy metois, boron, other dissolved solids, bacteria, and viruses. juspondod Solids Suspended solids in wastewater may be organic (volatile) or inorganic (fixed). The destruction of volatile solids is discussed under "Orpanic Matter." The fixed solids will become incorporated into the soil, OTRanic Nattor The biodegradable organics measured by the BOD can be almost totally ,moved by the soil matrix. The mechanism of fil- tration suparates the suspended organics from the wastewater as it infiltrates the soil, and bacterial oxidation destroys the trapped particles. This overall removal generally occuis in the upper 5 to 6 inches of soil [Rll] and the major filtration often occurs in the top few centimeters [R36). Dissolved organics, both biodegradable and resist- ant, are removed initially by adsorption on clay and humus matcrial and subsequently degraded by microorganisms. The degraAation process occurs slowly for resistant compounds, such as pesticides, cellu-ose, detergents, and phenols [R21]. However, t presence of high concentrations of phenols and similar nics can be toxic to Ocroorganisms. 111-27 Ni t I _r_O_ L-10 11 Nitrogen contained in wastewater applied to the land may be in any of four forms: organic, ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite. Nitrite nitrogen is easily oxidized to nitrate in the presence of oxygen so that concentrations above 2.0 mg/L for nitrite are rare. Nitiate nitrogen may be applied to the land when effluents are nitrified. The process of nitrificnion is the overall biological oxidation of anmo- nium to nitrite followed by oxidation of nitrite to nitrate.. Nitrificnion, minora,ization, and denitrification are b3u- logical processes that can occur in soil as shown on Figure 5. I Generally, organic and ammonium nitrogen axe the principal forms applied to land. organic matter, being suspended in- stead of dissolved, is filtered out in the soil matrix and mineralized (decomposed) into ammonium nitrogen. Ammonium exists in equilibrium with ammonia gas and, at a pH between 7.5 and 8.0, 10 percent of the nitrogen uIll be in the gaseous ammonia form [R10]. Volatilization of significant quantiti-S o[ ammonio requires of only a high pH but also considolaDle air -water contact [GY]. Therefore, the mecha- nism is not expected to provide significant nitrogen removal in land application systems i in the Soil. the amrnonium ion parti.cipatcs in tor, exchange and cor11110tes with other ti.ctians for. exchange sites on ox- ganic and mitroral fractions of the soil. ilo��rvcx, in the presence of clay minerals and certain orWAT" soil Trac-�' tions, nlmnanittm ions are pry orent .ally adsorbo�l. "�licse adsorbed i,o is are held tightly and are resistant to :Leaching . Whi.lc in the adsorbed p'hu�se, ammoniu1ri is available to plants for direc:,t uptake and to microorganism, for incorporation into cell tissuc or for conversion to riitrato under acxul,ic ty.:- concl.itioils Only, ammonium adsorbed ill a zona that remai anaerobic:. is stable Nitrate nitr-ogen is not retained , i.n soil by adsorption •d-" i.an exchange, but instead leaches readily with applied ' water [1021. ` Iv-, mechanisms for ni.tra.te xcmoval from wa.-,tc- water in soil are plant uptake and den.i.trificati.oxr. Denitrification can be a chemical reaction between organic matter and nit~7t.es , or a biological. process in which, lac- teri.a, under anacrob c conditions in the presence of organic matter, reduce ii,itrates to nitrogen gas. The conditions necessary for significant chemical, denitryf ication do not normally occur in soil systems used for wastewater application. Biological denitrification can be promoted by system 171,1nagement techniques discussed later in the report - 111 -50 Phosphorus Phosphorus occurs primarily in the form of orthophosphates which are rozoved from solution primarily by the adsorption and fixation process described previously for ammonium, and by procipitation as insoluble phosphates [R47]. It has boon reported that phosphorus removal is due to adsorption, and precipitation is minimized at pH values between 6 and 7 [R47]. Phosphorus can also be iomoved by plant uptakr,s and by incorporation into biological solids. These two mechanisms arc important in ovorinnd flow syntems. Hoavv Metals Retontiop of heavy metals in the soil matrix is by adsorp- tion and ion exchange. Removal of metals from solution by precipitation occurs to some extent, especially in the presence of sulfides. Heavy metals are also taken up by plant and microbial cell synthesis in tiall amounts, Under low pH Condit ins, metals can be leached out of soil systems. Recent research indicates that up to 300 mg/L of chromium and Anc can be removed by ion exchange [C16], Boron MrOn is an essential plant micronutrient [Gl!). Thus, vor2 - sliall qawntitios are removed from solution by plant Ataked Boron can be removed in the soil by adsorption and fixation in the presence of iron and alLimintni oxides [Rl','] , but only to a limited extent [C45] - Consequently, it should be considered that bo-ron not removed by piint uptake will leach through soil system,,;. Other Dissolved Solids potassluiao calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, manganese, and chlori-des arc taken up by plants, tindergo ion exchange, and leach out of soils relatively easily. Potassium is taken up b3o c-j,,op_s, to the largest extent, while chlorides, bicaT-- bonate, and sulfate pass essentially unaffected through the soil. Doponding upon the initial chemical composition, Of the soil imitrix, the total dissolved solids of the renovated water may increase, decrease, or remain the same as thC applied wastowater. For instance,, infiltration -percolation through saline soil will result in an Jnc ease in TICS' in the percolate until steady state conditions are reached. In infiltration -percolation systems that are well estab- lished, there should be little change in TDS in the reno- vated woter as compared to the influerit. For irrigation, however, with considerable evaporation of applied WrItcT taking place, an increase in ".CDS ill the ,;;oi.l water is usually seen. I UATIRMEMEME Bacteria and Viruses Bacteria are removed by a combination of straining, die -off, sedimentation, entrapment, and adsorption [R06] Bnteric pathogens may survive in soil for up to 2 months Pnd retain their virulence during the survival period [Rll] . In, spray, ing wastowa.ter. , some bacteria are intercepted by vegetation. where dessication, die -off, and predators eliminate them. Predators such a; insects and worms are also present in the soil s}YstCm. Viruses are removed as effectively as bac- teria, principally by ads, rption [1:.06, R07, R56], Survival tames of viruses adsorbed in the soil matrix have not been explored. QCTION IV IRRIGATION WITH MUNICIPAL WASTEWAI'lill Irrigntion is the most common form of land application in the U.S. with some 450 communities employing the practico. Although tho practice is widespread, ospe-intly in the southwest, there are many complex factors i"volvod in Crop- land, forest, or landscape irrigation. The major factors have been classified as those relating to (1) system do - sign, (2) management and operation, (3) environmental effects, and (4) public health considerations. In an attempt to put those factors into perspective, an analysis is includod on reasons for irrigation abandonment. Each of these factors will be discussed in the remainder of thiF section, SYSTEM. DESIGN Items that must be considered in an irrigation system de- sign include the factors important in the selection of the site, the various techniques of applying the water to the land, and the design criteria. Factors in Site selection Factors important In site selecrion include climate, soil characteristics and depth, topography, and hydrologic and I geologic Conditions. A tabulation of factors and general- iZed criteria for an irrigation site is listed in Table 3, Climate The Placroclimate at a site cannot be changed by present technology so the , different factors Of the climate must be sttIcl,ic',I IN'tth respect to their influence Upon the proposed systelli, Factors such as temperature range, anxitial precipitation, and wind velocity have a dire(;t ('"Oct On t110. '11"Ount of water that can be disposed of at ra certain location. These factors also ha) - an effect on the type Of crop that can be grown successfully in that area. The consumptive use 01' plants is in direct relation to the climate of the area. Consumptive use or evapotranspiration is the total water used in transpiration, stored in plant tissi,10, and evaporated from adjacent soil [GI2]. Tho con- sumPtivc use varics with the, type of crop, humidity, air temperature, loilgth of growing season, and wind velocity. The amount of water ��st by evapotranspiration can be esti- mated from the pan evaporation data supplied by the U.S. Weather Bureau in the vicinity of the s-,-te- The amount of evapotranspiration is equal to a crop factor times the amount Of Pall evaporation. The crop Factor varies with. thio type Of crop and the loc:itioll [C)OS]. Other methods of csti- mating evapotranspiration may be found in references [G12, IV -2 Table 3. Site- SOI CCtion Factors and Critoria for Trrigal.ion Factor critorion, 80JI typo Loamy soils proferablo. but most SOils from sands to clays are accc p ta b 1, 0. Ivoll 01-,,� is pro-forahlo, I I C011.13LIlt ""t. .1 C u 1, t u ral a (I VJ ;ors (jC],)tjj Uniformly 5 to 6 ft or more throv g hout sitc. Depth to groundwater Minimum of 5 ft. Gromidwnter control. May bo necessary to ensure renovation if water table is < 1.0 ft from surface. Grotmdv,,ater movcmovt Velocity and direction must he dot ormined . SIOPOS Up to JSO, arc acceptable with'U or without terracing. Undcrgre-,nnd fc)rmations Should be mapped and analy:,,ed With respect to interference wit', groundi,,,ater or percolating lvatctz movement. Isolation Modorato isolation from public proferablo, dogroo dependent on wastewater characteristic 5, method of application, and crop. Distance frojii sourcc, A matter of oconomics. of Iwastvvmtcr The length of the growing season affects Ae amount Of The length of the growing season 4ator used by the crop. for perennial crops is generally the period beginning when the: maximum temperature stays well above the freezing point for an extended period of days, and continues throng' of tho season despite later fruwzcs [G12]. This period is re- latoj to latitude and houry of sunlight as well as the not flow of energy or radiation into and out of the soil. A limited growing season will require long period$ Of storagc or alternate methods of winter BMW Soil ch racteristics, Importan . t soil charac. Or 1 ! sti,cs in - clujo drainability and balance of certain chemical constituents. Drainability NOW primarily on the m ' ech;n- ical properties of texture and structure. These Properties are largely influenced by the relative percentageofthe three mechanical classes of soil --sand, silt, and clay; Coarse sand pnrticies range in size from 2-0 m''R to 0-25 lftm;, fine Sand payLicles, from 0.25 mm to 0-05 mm; silt particles, from 0.05 mm A 0 00 mm; and particles smaller than 0005 mm are C !, The relationship among these classes and the nomonclature of soils is shown on Figure 6. Clay soils do not drain well, Soils with a relatively high content oc nay are fine textured and often described as heavy. They retain large percentages of water for long P0000s of time. As a result, crop management is difficult IV -4 but not impossible. These sails expand or swell with mois- ture increases, and at such times the soil structure is susceptible to being destroyed by compaction or cultivation. When clay soils dry thore is often considorablo skinkage and the ground becomes cracked and very hard. On the other hand, sandy soils do not retain moisture very Ion;, which is important for crops thaL :."Unot withstand prolonged submergence or saturated root zones, An oxamph; of plants harmed by too much water occurred at Detroit Lakes, Minnesota, where a heavy effluent application (6 in./day) resulted in the death of a number of trees [C951. Soils are considered to be well drained if the in- filtration rate (entrance velocity of water into soil) is 2 in./day or more. The diainability should be determined for a large area (as will be discussed under loading rates), not for a localized test pit. Drainage also depends upop the absence of lateral and sub- surface constraints to the flow of water. An example of lat --I constraint would be a sandy soil in a narrow valley wil permeable clay or rock on all sides, Thn percolation rate, or velocity of water through the soil, must bo equa! to or higher than the iafiltration rate to avoid ponding and waterlog;ing of soil. 106 The balance of chemical constituents in the soil is impor- tant to plant growth and wastowator renovation. The mecha- nisms of retention of certain constituents by the soil have been discussed in Soction III under "Wastewater Renovation Mechanisms." Factors such as salinity, alkalinity, and nutrient level of the soil should be determined prior 1. . iing and should be monitored during irrigation to determine tho rate and extent of any buildup. Soma of the indicators of adverse soil conditions are pH, conductivity, and SAR (sodium adsorption rates, defoed Q Section 111). Most crops grow best in a soil with a neutral Or sliqbtLy acid pH. Both highly acid and alkali conditions can produco storile soil, Additions of calcium sulfate Wypsuml will aid alLali soils, and calcium hydroxide (HO) will aid acid soils. The salinity or TDS of the soil is commonly measured as electrical conductivity. In and regions where annual evaporation is substantially in excess of annual precipitation, salts will accumulate in nearly all soils unloss leaching is done. According to the Diversity of California Committee on Irrigation Water Quality Standards, there is a definite hazard to permea- bility from using water having an SAR of 8 or more on cer- tain soils [Rslij. The advorse factors of high salinity, pH, and SAR may occur in the same soil producia, a saline-alhaii soil. Saline IV -7 soils are those with conductivities of saLuration extracts gloater than 4,000 micromhos/cm, It has boon found that the conductivity of the saturation extract of a soil, in the absenco of salt accumulation from groundwater,' usually ranges from 2 to 10 times as high as the comductivity of the applied irrigati( toter [G12]. §RJ,1,_Popth. Adequate soil depth ij important for root do.- volopmont, for retention of wastewater comPononts an soil particles, and for bacterial action. Roots from plants often can extract water from depths of 4 to 6 feet, Reter- tiOn of wastowator components such as phosphorus, heavy metals, and vir"sos is a function of residence time A wastewater in the soil and the Agree of contact between soil colloids and the wastewater components. In the soil there are different layers with varying levels of activity. The activity diminishes when the groundwater table is reached and the soil is saturated. The different zones ave the surface, root zone, and subsoil. The surface of the ground is where the major filtering ac- tion of the soil occurs. During infiltration the water passes between the soil particles, and any solids in the water larger than the soil pores will be filtered out. Since the soil surface is in contact with the air, a great IV -8 I amount of aerobic bactorial activity can occur. Large ac.. cumulations Of "lids Will form a coating Or Sliflic surface On the soil, and block air and water from ),issing through. A lrying period will. 11011) oliminato the coating. 0 (1 or s caused by anaciobic conditions can be PTOSCTIt if the Slinle coating is 'lot eliminatod— The root area is an area of great activity. Since it is near the surface, U('rOb--LC bacteria are Ivorking to break d(;,�,tj the organic substances. The Toots are absorbing nuti.,jen,L.cry and water, The depth of this a.ctivity depends on the type of plant and type of soil. Plants such as alfalfa can have roots 9 feet into the ground. Generally, this activity is 'i'lli-tOct to " dOPth of about 4 feet. The subsoil i.evej is the area between the root 4oll,c and t17c, grotlnd`iter tablQ. This is a zone of y lesc;Cningcaerobi.c bac- teria activity and is highly variable in depth. Th,w -water content Of the soil is generally high, almost to the sat, rated state, G T 0 U 21 (1 W a tS- 1' , The groundwater table is the 'level where free water is Prosent in the soil. The ,;orij is saturated, and bacteria ai'id dyissolred solids can troi�ol frooly in the mater botween soil particles. Before a Site is selected a great deal about the groundwater should be kiiui,,ij, il ICILIdillg deptjj and rariatiotl of jopth TV -9 I throughout the sitc) direction of groundwator flow, and groundwater quality, If tile groundwater is f-ar below the surface (> 100 foot) it may take Many mojj•tjj:L, for the applied water to 1,each it. The applied water may,'howevor, mOvo laterally and join some adj,,,Cc* nt aquifor or emerge -ts seepage wator. 'As soveral levels Of grOL1,11dwoter May Underly the site, the qual:it,r and moveMent potential of each must b0 doterminod. To onsuro an aerobic. root zone, the groundwator level should be ma.intlin.c.d. at least 5 :feet below tile ground surface [1:15]. The groundwater table can be controlled in two ways- by installation of an underdrainage or system; I by pumping from wells hoar tile, site. Both of these methods have been used sUCc0ssfv1ly in practice. Underdrains helve been used ill Europe since the 1800s [103, 104]. 1922-,91.�� The topography of the site for cr, irriga- tion must be such that farm equipment can be us -I, ±ur plant- ing and harvesting. If the existing topography is not 0 suitab1c, the site can be engineered to make it acceptable for the tN,Pc Of aPPI,ication of wastewater and the type of crop. Tho ground slope, if too Steep Or too uneven, can be, leveler] or graded "o acceptable limits. LeveliTig and ter- racing are the t;%ro common methods of changing, tile slope of. the site. IV -10 lu TI)e different app'l icat- i on Illetl-lods -require different ground slopes. Spray irrig,',11.iron has been applied to slopes up to 30 percent [101*1 - Ridge and furrow irriga tion has been accompiished by terracing hillsides [C22] . ploodifig re- quires 510POS Of 10sS, than I percent. Native vegetation oil t110 site must be either removed or in- corporatod into the desigil and oporatlun of the sybtrm. The existing vegetation may aid in the determination of the types Of crops that will be best su-..+-.od for the site. ELL 0 10 9 Lc anti GCOIOI,'2.1—C Conditions. G-roundivater is the most important hydrologic ajjd geologic factor and has been discussed. separately. Other important factors aro, rainfall and resultant storm rlilloff, the nature of the hydrologic basin, and the nature of ulicierlyillg rock formations. Rain- fall aj.n-fall will reci.,ice the capacity of the soi.], to absorb waste- water and may require storage or lowering of was towator loading rates. StoTm.runoff must be routed around the site instead of bein,(T allowed to cross the site. If the under- lying rocl,, is fractured or crevassed like limestone, POrcOlatingo wastewater may short-circuit to the groundwater, thus receiving less troatment. I t Ie t h 0d !If _kIL, Ca t ion The three 111(`tbodS, of application --spraying, ridge and ful - roW, '41)(1 flooding --were described previously. Design colls"("',Iti011s relatin ,q to each 1vill bo, described here. No il*l':igaion system is COJIIPl(',t0l)r efficient. Irrigation efficiollc,)` is tJ10 percentage of i2lrigation water that is made avjjljbj, for cOnsu'llPtive use by crops, Efficiellcy j.3 a fL'Tlcti011 Of application 1-netjlod and rate, sOjJ typo, land prolmrat-1,011, Z -1.11d management skill. Generally, the water not used by Plants (and lost to evapotrans- piratiojj) is 10 -St to deep percolation or surface runoff. Surface runoff", although a function of management, may range from 5 J%Ircent for porous, open soil to 25 percent for heavy clay. Deep percolation loss is more a function Of sail. type and method of application. For light, poy,c)us Soils, deep percolation losses may approach 35 percent, while for heavy Clay they may be as low as 10 percent, Surface irrigation techniques are generally more suscepti- ble to los!;cs to deep percolation than spray irrigation techniquo's . § JII LE —a _"' 11 _111 - S111*1nkler nozzles range in size from 1/16 inch to 2 inches its diameter. The normal range in wastewater aPP"C'-lti011s is from 1/4 inch to I inch. Nozzles arc gen- eral]), njoujItLd oil risers Which should be, tall ellough for IV -12 the jot from tht, sprin1lor noZzlo to clear the HIC.ItUre plant foliage. Sprinklers may be low pressure CS to 60 psi) or high pressure rabove 60 psi). Low-pressure applicationt.,; may be use on all field crops and soil types with ratos as low as 0-1 in -Ar, High -Pressure applications exce0cling 1/3 in./hr may result ill collipaction, of fine toxtured soil, and may ill injury to delicate props. The wind and rate of infiltration of the soil are tiro majoi factors 111 the design of a sprinkler system. The prevalli- jllg JVillrl Will b]oJVr the spray pattern causing uneven distri- bution 'lid even dry areas under adverse conditions. A certain aj:loujit. Lif . spray overlap is recommended. The lat- oral spacing sbould be 65 percent of the spray diameter for no wind and 50 percent for winds with velocities from 5 to 10 mph. High pressure sprays su-Ffer uneven distribution when wind velocities exceed 4 milli [C13] . 4 When wastewater is being sprayed a buffer zona around the site is recom!,,ionded. A recently dosignod system has a buffer zone of 200 feet around tho site [CO3] , Studies have shown that downwind travel of spray increased 85 feet for every 2.25 -mph increase in wind velocity [Col] Spray- ing should cease during high winds, Application rato; shoulcl not exceod the ability of the soil to absorb the uator applied. If the infiltration, rate of IV -i3 ,!Ile soil is excooded, ponding uill occur which could damage it crop and possibly load to odor or mosquito i-Xobloms- Tho size of' nozzlo, iqato-r pressure, and nozzle spacing will be d0torminod by the aplAicatio.ii rate, Dratq on sprinkler -,i-,ing tind spacing moy be f(, ,d in references [G07, G13). A now foi;m of spraN irrigatioll that is currently under 11 is triclto lr°eiaation. The holes in the distribution 0 1)11)0, are Ver)' -W!All (0.020 inch), and the line prossur(l �rvjy low (0.5 psi). With, holes so small, the wastewater could i,,jt contain suspended solids to any great extent OT clogging would occur. Nio e stuly is needed before trickle irrigation can be used for wastewaTor disposal. and Furro�,.-. Ridge, and f-u.rro+.i irrigation Of Crops ma,} be used i%ihoro ipray irrigation is not preferred because of high winds, tight soil, or higher cc -,-t. This form of irri- C, gal -Jon ne=eds oxtensivo a,.qounts of land p,.-eparati n -before the liquid is apl)licd. The land must be relatively flat and the r;dgos and furrot s nuist be formed to spread the water. Unifori,,i arced dis-tributic-,i of the water is fairly diffi.cti.it to jj�jintajjj with this t-N-po. of irrigation. ROW 0 cTops, such a:s coi-n and 'tomatoes, aic grown on, tl,e ridges and wastowiit or, at a depth of 2 to 6 inches, trzrti els down the fait, rows . TV -14 Typical ridges aro 8 to 10 inches high on 36- to 48 -inch cantors, with furrows 10 to 16 inches wide and 6 to 10 inches deep [C21]. Furrows may be 150 to 500 feet_Ang._ Floodinn. Flooding is another type of irrigation that has 04 been used for crop irrigation, as indicated S—Section 111; The site must have a slight slope (0,2 to 0;3 p6rcent) or be torraced so that uniform distribution can occur, on un- 10veled sloping grouN, the process of contour check may to used. Rice, orchards, and some field grains are irrigated in this mannor, Alfalfa and grasses used for hay are generally irrigated by the border strip method of irrigation. Applications of 2 to 4 inches per day are typical with resting periods of S to 20 days. Design Criteria Criteria for Nsign of irrigation systems include (1) waste- water quality and pretreatment; (2) liquid, nitrogen, and organic loading rates; (3) land requirements; (4) drying period; (5) crop requirements; (6) distyibution system de- sign; and (7) flexibility for seasonal or climatic changes Wastewater _QEjity and Pretreatment. Pretreatment of waste- water to be used for irrigation is needed (1) to protect the health and hygiene of persons contacting the wastew, ter IV -15 or the crops, (2) to reduce the prevalence of odors, and (3) to improve operational efficiency and --liability. The aspect of health and hygieno must be considered when wastewater is used for irrigation of crops, Adequately disinfected wastewater as required for edible crop irriga- tion should pose no throat to health. Wastewater applied to forage and fiber crops is not required to be completely disinfected in most states. So long as such crops are irri- gated in fields that are posted or fenced and by surfaco, techniques, no hazard should arise. This aspect of irrign- tion will be fully treated under "Public Health Considerations.'' Since wastewater can become very odorous if it becomes anaerobic, measures must be taken to prevent this from occurring. When the aastowator is an effluent from a sec- ondary treatment plant, the odor problem is not likely to occur. The treatment processes remove most of the organic matter that might produce odors in decomposition. if primary Ml gent is the irrigation source, then precautions must be t0on so that the soil does not become clogged or waterlo;ynd and as a result become anaerobic. The best method of prQvontion of anuerobic conditions is to allow the soil to dry botween applications, The drying period. allows air to c0culato down into the soil and create an avrohic onviroLmcit, Another aid is to till or cultivate 1V-16 the soil, with(,,.,t 11arilling the crops, to help the air circu- L'.Ajon and brcttk up any soaliTIg coati,ngs, If spray irrigation is used, the solids content must be such tl'O,t the SP-H]1.1or heads to not clog. This means soino sedimiontation or screening of the wastewater i -s des!,rabl(_, hefore it is P1,11',1ped into the system, The diameter of the nOz-'Ic.' 511C)L11(1 be more than tlirectikes they 11,imoter of the solids a,11OWL'd ill the irrigation water to prevent clogging, Li —1 _%L�_ 'N C' 't -L L La I L� - I � 1.1 ` L- s - The loading rate of wastnater is zi:ffectod by collcljtjons of the soil, clivatc, and crop, Tho liquic] :loading VIte must be adjusted to the crop use and t ] '-10 P"Colat'()"' rate o:C the Soil so that ponding does not occur. Loading rates and Crops for various selected sites are li,stod in Table 4. MOSt n1UniCiJ),aliti6jS grow forage crops because of the healt1i regulations imposed on waste- water irrigation of edible crops and because t!lcc j.orage Crops are 9`ncr,'1lY easier to grow and market. The exist- ing In,-Idillg rates have been classified as heavy, moderate, Or light so that a. goneral, correlation with soil type can be;; mach , It should be noted that the higher l,oadi.ng rates of, 7 -Ln./wk and morc put t1lo k-1 so sitos into the classification of illfi I i on-po rcol tit ion as thLj,.e result in annual loadings of mora t17zn 30 fc-ot. A hydraulic application of 2 to 8 IV -17 "+�nwwiW7H9CQiIITSE4iII '' ' Table 4. Looding Rates Versus Soil TN pe a,).d Crop Loading Method ra t a , U or Loc,a, ion !n. /wk- Soil type application Crop Heavy 1, tori lea 11-1 Sand Spraying; Forest Quill -:y-' Wash'i.ag't Oil 7 Silty sand Flood j tig Corn, wheat Moderate Hanford, Calif-�rnia 4.2 Sandy loam Floodin7 Corn, oats) cotton Tallahassee, Florida X1.0 Sand Sprayipq Corn, millet, Lake Harasu, –ri,ona 3.8 Sand, gravel Spraying sorghum, grass Grass San Bernardino, California 1.7 Sand Spraying Crass Hillsboro, Oregon 3.21 Sandy loam Spraying Grass, forest t L i _(, ht Abilope, Texas 3.0 Clay loam Flooding Cutlon'wii-�' coastal. bormuda Alamogordo, New mcxic,�) 2.5 Silty - cla, 0 Flooding grass Corn, oats, loam sorghum, alfalfa PlOaSeLnton, California 2.2 Loam Spraying Grass Ely, Nevada 1.7 Sandy loam Flooding Al -:a1., a Rawlings, Wyoming 1.5 Gravel Flooding Alfalfa s P 71 aV:L ri g Bakersfield, Califernia 1.2 Clay loam Ridge and Cotton, corn, furrow, barley, alfalfa f 10 a d i I I g a. . f1cavy > 7 in./z,-k; moderate r 3 in./j,,k - 7 in./wk; light K 3 in'/wk' ft/yr has been. Considered the normal range for the classi- fication of systc,%jtis under the irrigation approach [Cl8j. For this report, however, irrigation will encompass hy- draulic loading rates up to IS ft/yr or an average' weekly rate of 4.2 in./wk. At a loading of 18 ft/yr evapotrans- piration amounts to as little as 30 PPITcerit of the waste- water applied acid percolation accounts for 70 percent. The detormination, of the liquid loading rate can be macla from experience with Closely similar conditions; consulta- tion with agricultural experts, Or from pilot work, it should not be made solely on the basis of percolation tests. Percol-ation, 'tests are negative tests indicating Only when percolation rates (for a very Sper �j.fiC point .L on a site) are excessive, They do not reflect the infiltration rates that can be exPectod under managed, full-scale Conditions with a growing crop. The hyd7- loading capacity will vary with each site; however, a ew examples may be informative. At Lub1.-.,),;ko Texas e limit of hydraulic loading for the clay . oam soil without undordrains appears to be 2 Wh e n t, 1) 1. s loading was approached in, 1938, 1947, and 1953, additional land was PUI'ChaSed to red -Lice the loading; rate which is ROW about 1.3 in -/wk (CO91. The hillside sprinkler system at South Lake Tahoe was abandoned, in part, because of hy- draulic overloading at a -tato of 13.4 in./wk. A loading of IV -19 about 4 in./wk would seem to be the Upper limit for a true irrigation system. Nitrpjen_LoadinE Roles. One of the aspocts of wastewater disposal that needs further investigation is the nitrogen loading, The soil.can eliminate some of the nitrogen, and the crops can utilize some of the nitrogen, but nitrates can still bmild up in tW groundwater, The necoptablo nitrogen load!Rg rate depends on the type Of soil and the type of crop. Some crops and their annual nitrogen uptake amounts are listed in Table 5. To avoid adding excess nitrogen to the soil system, it may be necessary to limit the nitrogen loading to the amount that crops can assimilate. This may require a reduction jr., the liquid loading rate, Actual nitrogen loading rates in terms of pounds per acre per year of total nitrogen, and crops grown for different situs are listed in Table 6. As seen in this table, nitrogen loading rates can vary trcmoR- husly depending upon the nitrogen concentration in the effluent and the liquid loading rates. Comparing the higher loadings with the probable crop uptake indicates that excess quantities of nitrogen are being applied. At St. Petersburg the operation began in 1972 and no buildups have been reported. At Tallahassee, however, despite the fact that the V2 in./wk liquid loading rate is successful, a buildup of nitrogen over the 7 years of operation has been reported. IV -20 ".Ca1)1.e 6. I"Xisting Nitrogen Loading R Itr.,s LiquidNitrogon Ioa.ling _ 4 loading, rate Location 1.n, /wk lb/acro/yr Crop St. PeLcrsburg, IM 1,460 Grass Florida Tallahassec, Florida 4.2 423 Grass, coin, millet, sorpllum Irvine, Califoj,jji�3 1.5 172 Citrus, vogotahles Oceclnsido, California 1.3 1.17 Alfalfa, corn, grass Calabasas, 1.9 73 Alfalfa California Abilene, 'Texas 3.0 67 Cotton, coastal bermuda , ankl i i e Woodland, 1..5 29 rli.lo California Golden Gate Park, 1.0 27 Grass San Francisco, California Laguna Hills, 0.3 is Grass California a IV -22 I Or anis LoadLijg LZqtcs, Organic loadings, if 'too high, can clog the soil and seal the surface. Loading.,; up to 30 tons of BOD/acro/yr have been satisfactorily applied on an ex- porimenttil basis [R24]. The periodic "drying out"' time will aid aerobic decomposition of the organic matter and 'reopen the soil - The ratio of drying to wetting should be bt�-twcen 3 and 6 'to 1. - c lectod org, anic ` - ,, rates in terms of lb BOD/o,'. re,/ yr for sites in operatic in the United States are listed in Tablo 7 The highest loading is at Fresno, California, with 15.9 tons of BOD/acre/yr, and this is the only site listed. in Table 7 i.with an acknowledged odor problem. 'Pwo of the cities in Table 7, Foritana, CaLfornial and. Forest Grove, Oregon, irrigate successfully with primary effluent, while the other cities have secondary treatment or oxidation ponds. Land Requiremonts. Once the controlling loading rate has been established (usually liquid loading controls), the approximate acreage necessary for irrigation can be calcu- lated knowing the wastewater flow -rate. If winter irriga- gation is practi,<.ed, the reduced loading rate in that season will control the total irrigated acreage requirement. For emergencies, an alternate area for disposal should be ava-,11able. If wint1,,,r storage is planned, the area must be de5ioilod to receive the application of both the stored IV -23 .tea a;e a+ m 777777777 µ r. Table 7. T:risting organic Lora.(l:i.ng Rates IV -24 UJIMM ting -— Location rAtc, lb BOD/acrolyr 01 application period, days Crop Fresno, Galilr:•n°.a ;,1,300 Flooding -- Grass Masa, Arizona 6,900 Flooding - Sorghum, gT'a "s a Fontana, Calilornia 6,560 Ridge and 12-18 Citrus, hay, furrow grapes Forest Grove, Oregon 6,080 Spraying 13 Grass Santa Maria, California 2,170 Spraying 10 Alfalfa Colton, California 1,040 Flooding -- Corn oats � Cheyenne, Wyoming 600 Flooding 40 P Alfalfa, grass Las Vegas, Nevada 450 Spraying 20 Alfalfa Woodland, California 280 Flooding 12 Milo Irvine Sancti, California 260 Spraying, -- Citrus, ridge and vegetables furroiq IV -24 UJIMM effluent and the daily occurring effluc"t the following For spray irrigation, buffer zones should be included. 011 the "illd, the degree of isolation of irri- gation land, and the degree of disinfection. given the wastewtaor, buffer zones may vary fron 100 or 200 feet to 114 mile. For surface irrigation, buffer zones are less Cr i t i �:,'i I - At Wood.jank.,j, Cal Ifornia, and Abilene, Texas, for example, there are no buffer zones, and at Abilone several residonc.s are within the boundary of the irrigation system. 2lZill.a.Period. The frequency of application of wastewater and the resting or drying out period for a soil will depend 011 the er,,ipotransDiration, the amount of rainfall, and the crop. The application rate for most irrigation sites is between 1 and 4. in../wk. The hourly rate for spray irriga- tion is usually 0,,16 to 0.40 4 M./hr. At those rates, 'the weekly liquid requirement can generally be applied in 1 or 2 days, and the remainder of the week can be a rest period, Drying Periods may range from 1 to 14 days but are typically C, 5 to 10 days [C].9]. The rest period gives the bacteria time to break down the organic matter, and it gives the water time to percolate deep into t1jo soil. In this manner, the soil. will rot be- come satl,iri.tod and aerobic conditions 1,1111. remain. time between applications also gives the soil bacteria time to decof�iposo and Ilinorali---, the iitrogen compounds in the soil. There are, sysveiiis in which the infiltration rate re- mains accoptablo aft or 60 years of operation, I Rest times for flooding or ridge and furrow operations should be longer than for spray irrigation because of the nature of the loading. The wastewater for these operations can have 1107e and largor solids than for the spray irrj,ga- tion method. The higlier organic loading requires a longer trOat"Ic"t time fOr tho soil bacteria. The rest period can be as long as 6 weeks but is typically 7 to 14 days [CAS]. The crop selection can be based on various factors: high water and nutrient uptake, high salt tolerance, high market value, or low man,'L-CFement requirements. A listing of crops and their peak uptake rate for different areas of the country is given in Table 8 [G08]. The high uptake crops such as grass, which require little maintenance during the 0 growing season, represent good selections -For cover crops. 0 J. Another f,�ccor is the need for annual planting. With perennials, such as grasses, pianting has to be done only once and the crop is established for years. With vegetable crops, the planting bas to be done every Near which in.. creases the operational cost. Also, most vegetable crops require care during the growing period so that a marketable 0 product iS PrOdLICOCI. IV -26 Table 8. NlOiStUrC -lixtract ion Delpth and Doak -period COnsulliptivo-Us-c Rate for Various Crops Grown on N 081 Deep, Modium-Toxtured, 1 NfodolratclY Permeable Soil,-, IV -27 I TarsC^llfgrnla IV If (loan J aquin (south,VI high J,t.l i,% ) (Coaql.al r8 i Ili it plain) in) NLb ras kn (04SLarn part) s con b I rl {state) Crop 1pth, III Us v I rate, In /day Dep th in, utj ,, rate, III, /day nqr I It 0 in. Ula tate, /day Depth utlk:- rate, Dell th , We rate, In./day In. a I /day In,/day tit. to , /d Ity Corn 60 0126 72 0130 24 0.10 72 0.26 24 0.130 Alfalfa 72 12$ 72 IN 56 122 96 .27 36 pasture 211. . 32 42a 72b 250 :30 1) 20 .22 As .29 24 .30 .20 Orwin 48 .17 72 .15 48 126 18 .25 Sugar beets 72 .22 48 Cotton 77, .22 72 .25 .26 18 .25 Potatoes 48 .24 AB 18 36 .26 is .20 Ni. idtious orchards 96 .21 36 .22 36 .30 Citrus Orchards 72 .19 Crapes 72 16 Ali it tia I legumes 48 18 Soybeans 60 .2Y 19 .25 Shallow truck 12 .20 Madium truck 18 116 l6 .20 Deep truck 24 .20 Tomatoes 24 .18 18 .20 Tobacco 18 1 .17 Rica, a: CODA-sadson paiIture. 1) Warm-,,en%on pust,lra, IV -27 I N1-1`,1 i0ilts re Mov0d by plants can be divided into two groups, the ossential nutrients and the trace nutrients. The essen- tial clements, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, arc normally found in adequate quantities in municlipal wastowator, The trace elements, such as the heavy metals, may Or may not be PrOSOnt in the wastewater. Salt. tolor'-111ct' can 1`-' in iMPOrtlilt parameter in crop selelct ioi-, - A salt bUj 1 .'Up in the soil can be toxic to plants or can stunt their growth and produce a poor crop. A list int of forage and. field crops and their tolerance to salts and boron is given in Table 9 [G10]. Bermuda grass can tolorate 18,000 microll1hos/cm, while ladino clover suf- fers a 50 percent decrease in yield with 2,000 micromhos/cm. An adequate time for harvesting Of crops must be scheduled i'llto the design of the irrigation system. If farm machinery is used, the around MU5t be able to support the vehicles. 0 Health regulations require a period of 30 days beti;reon the last irrigation with wastewater and harve.- Ing of many crops. The 11,12 -Vesting of grasses requires L, irg times after cutting unless silage is being produced. Distribution SYstoill. The distribution system for crop irri- gation consists of four elements: transmission to site, distribution to OLItlots, Outlet configuration, and controls. IV -28 Table 9. Relative Tolerances Of Field and F-orage, rrops [GIO] To salt or electrical condLICtivj,tya Tolerant (partial listing) ScMitolerant (partial li'st-ling) Sensitive (complete listing) Barley A 11"a f a Alsike clover Bermu(1,1 grass Corn (field) Burnet Birdsfoot trefoil Flax Field beans Gill .da wildryc n`; 'k, :" Ladino clover Cotton Orchard grass Meadow foxtail Rape Reed canary grass Red clover Res cu c grass Rice White Dutch clover Iffiodes g r zi-,; s Rye Sugar boot. Sorghum (brain) Sudan grass Tall fescue To boron b Tolerant Semitolerant S0115itive Sugar boot kala cotton Fruit trees Alfalfa Pima cotton Grapes Barley Citrus Wh o a t Coil Mi Oats a. Tolerant — 10,000-18,000 IImIIos1cm; semitolor,i,tit — 4,000-1000 lindios/cm; sensiti�'o --2,000-"1,000 limhos/c.m. b. Plant: 11'0 listed in t17,e order of their tolerance. 6 IV -29 The transmission to the site can be by pressure or by gravity. The sizo of the pipe will doterniine the headloss to the lato-,,als and therefore the pumping head required to -Aaintain a 11reSSUI-0 at the lateral at design flow.' The ex- tra cost of a larger pipe is balanced against the savjngs in pumping costs 'to dotoriiaine tho most economical size. Velocities in the ti',@nsiTils-sion main should be between 2 and 10 fps Gravity ma.his should be at the lo�v end of the range, and pump ma-ias should be in the middle to upper r a ng, o 11,1 --re velocities are too high, excessive losses occur at bends and valves. The quantity and pressure of the water are the main consid- orations in, choosing the correct pipe material, Other factors to be consiclered are perTiiunency of the system, rigidity, weight (if portable), corrosion, and friction factor, Where high pressures are involved, the results of hydraulic analysis for surges and water hammer must be de- signed into the system to prevent pipe breakaae. 0 Distribution for spraying is through pressure pipes or laterals that run from the transmission main out into the field. The laterals are designed to carry the required flow of water to the outlets and maintain the necessary pressure. The pros-,uro variation between the first and Last sprint-Ior outlet should be less than 20 percent. IV -30 U The design, of laterals is as complc as the design for transmission mains. At each outlet the flow is reduced by the outlet discharge and the pressure is also reduced. The lateral must be designed to maintain the same pressure at each outlet so that the distribution pattern is uniform. A lack of uniformity will C011.90 wet spots and dry spots. The design of laterals should begin at the most distant lateral and progress backwara to the transmission main. The design flow is added at each outlet, and the friction losses a computed back to the main. For flooding and ridge and furrow irrigatioii systems distri- bution may consist of open ditches, buried pipe with riser outlets, or gated pipe. A low velocity is preferred to prevent erosion. Some of the factors that affect sprinkler porforman.ce are: nozzle design, pressure, jet angle, sprinkler rotation, overlap of sprini.-Iler patterns, wind, riser height, and ap- plication rate. All of these factors have to be considered when a. sprinkler system is designed, and more detailed in- formation. is available [G07, G13] . The sprinkler spacing can vary from 20 to 120 feet depend- ing on the pressure and flow rate. The sprinklers for pern,anent sYstems are usually placed on a square or rectan- gular pattern. Moving systems have a spacing only along 1V-31 the :Lateral, and the movement of the lateral eliminates the Other dimension. '['he control of systems can vary f�com hand operated valves, Stich as sluice gates, to electrically or pneumatically oper- *tte('� LYPOs. Most systems use hand operated controls as the 801)histication of remote-controlled equipment is generally not wtll"r'intGd. A clock tinier may be CIRP10YO(I to switch the use of laterals, and flow measuring devices are also used for more accurate applications, The usual economy -oriented design is used in municipal work where man-hours are balanced against equip- ment costs, Seasonal Provisions for seasonal changes must be considered in the design of a, system. If the crop is harvested, a winter cover crop should be planted if possible. Systems cur- rently in operation, such as the one at Bakersfield, California, continue through the winter months even though crop production is low. A year-round crop, such as perma- nent pasture, is used at Bakersfield -to receive most of the Wintertiiiie floi;,. At sites where freezing is a problem, continuous operation results in a coating of ice on everything, IV -32 a Storage of wastewater is required in areas where the freez- ing temperatures do not permit winter operation. The storage space must be planned for at the beginning of oper- ation if 110 other disposal method is available. In climate sections 4 and 5 (soe Figure 10 in Section VII), 3 to 4 1110TIths' storage may be required. The storage must be ,great OTIOLIgh to liandle t1le future as well as present When the operation in the the stored -I.-ol.u)JI0 must be applied to the land in addition to the daily occur- ing flow, Wherc land is at a premium, storage may be a limiting paraiiietor. IMANAGE, NIE � �IAN�nOP�E_RATJ�ON 11 The management of an irrigation system is as important as C) the Site selection and system design. It is vital that management personnel have a working knowledge of farming practices as well as principles of wastewater treatment. Important items in manage,, include seasonal (often weekly) variation in operatioT,, monitoring to establish re- moval efficiencies and to forecast buildups of toxic com- pounds, and ongoing observation of the system to avoid 0 problems of ponding, runoff, or mechanical breakdowns. Seasonal Variatioi_in C�neration The operation of a crop irrigation system must adjust to the changing damands of the crops. Examples of water demand IV -53 for corn and alfalfa throughout the growing season are shown on Figure 7. As shown, the rate of evapotranspiratio; ir- creases as the plants grow until a peak is reached. The, rate then begins to drop until the crop is harvesth. At this point an alternate plot of land must be irrigated Until harvesting and NO pruparation are complete and a second crop is planted. In climates that are warm enough, some crops can be grown throughout the year. In cooler climates where crowns wAll not grow in winter, the wastewater must be either storod or applied to the bare ground and allowed to percolate into the ground, The nutrients available from the wastewater are fairly con- stant throughout the year; however, crop demands can vary. A crop such as grass has a fairly uniform nutrient require- ment during the growing season; however, corn and cotton need nutrients only at certain times. As constant amounts of nutrients are added to the soil, when these is little demand, nutrients can build up and lead to future ground- water contamination. Solids buildup is another potential problW area for site irrigation. Application of wastewater with high solids content to the soil in winter when soil bacteria are less active can load to a buildup of solids on the Surface, When warmer weather occurs the greatly increased microbial activity can result in a temporary odor problcm. IV -34 I L - nx CORN PLANTINO PEAK CORN HARVEST USE P E R 10 D Ao `y'.a..3 __�r.,u �� J 1 SEEDED TO WHEAT CORN H 161 USE P U. F- I ItA u T J �W',C.H PRILL MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT 00 Noy DEC CONSUMPTIVE USE FOR YEAR 1053 WITH CORN, FOLLOWED BY WINTER'WHEAT LLj HAY HAY CUr c J 20 H I GH Ly l 2 LU J LU MARCHSEPT [A 'R I L MAY JulnEl JULY AUG SEPI OT NOV ---A- . I . I I BE CONSUMPTIVE USE FOR YEAR 10,55 WIrl-I IRRIGATED FIRST YEAR MEADOW OF ALFALFA, RED CLOVER, TJMOTI-IY F 1 C"r 7 rl'",l LY CW'.",' ';"l VF LISE FOR IRRIGATED COPH A"q Mr-ADM7 AT U"HUM4, 01-110, [GOB] The harvesting; of the crop must be scheduled into the oper- atiOT1 for tv,,o roar Qn-s., first, so that the safety of the crew harves-ting Oie t;,rop is not endangered by the presence of pathugo'nic organisins; and second, so that machin',ery can oportate without getting mired clown in soft ground. 'I'lle first lepoc-t is t--ontrol-led by regulations set down by ench state. kiosk states require a 30 -day period between irrigatio*i wit:li wasto%vater and arvesting A careful scheduling Of irrigntion during the whole year ellminatc.,; iiiany prol,loms of 01101',Utioll 1:)f an irrigation site, The second problem can be solvod by scheduling an adequate drying period bctwcon, irrigating and harvesting. Experience will show hew long a time is needed for the soil to become 0 firm enough to allow traffic, Operational Problems Problems that have occurred in operating land disposal sites are of two types: mechanical breakdown, and weather or climatic. The mechanical problems include pump breakdowns, sprinkler nozzle plugging, power loss, and piping breaks. Some piping break,,; have been due to freezing of the liquid in the pipe. Tnstallation of drains will eliminate this PToblQM if the drains function properly. Other climatic probloms are :CUPCi j- OTIS of the eccentricities of nature --a IV -36 a wet or dry season, hot or cold spells. They must be ex- pected and dealt with as flicy occur. No matter how well designed an irrigation system is it will not function well without proper managomcnt. Even with automated systems there should be an observer present daily to ensure a smooth operation. With maniial systems, full- time operators are reqUirC(I. If municipali t are oper- ati"A! th( systems, the op,rators must bo. knoi-;!YJ�,!o,'tble h) agement practices The need for competent agricultural manc n farm mate-iiemont cannot be overstressed. Monitori. Monitoring of the variables involved in 'the operation of a wastewater irri, ition site should be conducted periodically to ensure reliable operation. These variables are climate, soil, soil water, groundwater, and crops. The climatological data are available from the U.S. Weather Bureau for any area; however, local. conditions may vary :from the Weather Bureau data if the measuring station is very distant from Vic Irrigation sitc. A local station measuring rainfall, temper tura, and wind data would be helpful to augment the grovcrni,�ient data. 0 The soil and soil wator should be saniplod at least twice a year to deteriiiin,., needed nutrients or disclose a buildup of IV -37 any substance that would be harmful to crop production. Samples should be taken from several parts and depths of the site to got a voprosentativo samplc of the soil conditions. The groundwater should be monitored by sample wells through- out the year. A well should be placed in each possible direction of gro"ndwater moromont 'M], A sampling AM must be c0ablisbed whore the groundwater enters the site so that a comparison can be made or contamination discovered. Samplesof the crops should be taken during the growing season to determine if there are any deficiencies in the ciop uptake. instruments are available to measure elements in crops in place by electronic means. Other tests require the removal of loaves and stems for laboratory analysis. Analysis. The climatological data should be analyzed to obtain weather patterns so that the most efficient crop operation can be established. High amounts of rainfall may require lower wastewater application rates in order that the soil does tot become waterlogged. Temperature patterns can be used to determine statistically when killing frost first occurs and when planting can be done with relative safety. Also, the length of the growing season c-- be de- torminod from the data, and the best selection of crop or combination of crops can be made for that length of time. IV -38 Wind patterns will affect spray distribution and, at times, will prohibit spraying altogether. Soil and soil water should be analyzed for PH, nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, and conductivity. The SAR Should be doterminod also. Levels of plant -harming elements, such as boron, should also be analyzed. The constituents of the wastewater will indicate which clemQnts to test for to avoid a Kildup of any harmful substances. The groundwater should be monitored and analyzed for bac- teria, nitrogen, and TDS increases, A comparison between the groundwater quality above and below the site will give the best indication of contamination. The crops need to be analyzed only when a deficiency or problem appears in the growth. Since the irrigation is done on a regular schedule, there should be no problem with low water content. Rcpoltin_g_. At the present time, very few states require a report of monitoring results, In California, this require - met; resides with the Regional Water Quality Control Boards. A report is required if the quantity or quality or the mode of operation is changed from the originally approved mothOd. periodic reporting is required only if the Regional Board so states at the time the application for a disposal site is processed and approved. I IV -39 As the process of land application becomes more widespread, more regulations will be made to control it and require- ments for incioasod reporting of monitoring results will result. Treatment ErficioucN The troatilicnt OCNciency of crop irrigation site, is the best :,!1 00 tN,pos of land treatment. One of the major roasons 1. the removal of nutrients by the crop. The ro, moval of organic iiiatter will be satisfactory as long as the, infiltration rata is maintained and the soil does not be- come clogged, Tlie discontinue ion of operations at Lake Tahoe in 1968 was du., , in part, to ovorloading and satura- tion of tijo soil [R20, 118] . As shown iii Table 101 the removal of solids under proper operation should be higher than 99 percent. The nutrient uptake efficiency will vary with the crop growth As the crop develops , the use of nutrients will incTuase; if the application of nutrients is not as high as the uptake, the nutrients will be taken up from the soil or a deficienc-N, will result. A balance must be established between the amount of nutrients applied or in the soil and the uptake of the crop. Values of crop i,,)tal,-e for various elclonts in poululs por acre are given in Table 11. In Ari-nona, crop tiptake accounted for 75 percent of the applied IV -40 a Table 10. Removal Efficiency at Selected 'Sites Loading Removal efficiency) Location "rate in./wk BOD SS P B. Coli Reference N Lake Tahoe, Calif orn].aa 13.4 61 b 91 96 R20 Cincinnati, Ohio c (sand) 11.2 95 7 20 30 C22 Cincinnati, Ohioc C22 (silt loam) 1.1.2 gs 50 96 Cincinntiti, Ohioc. 11.2 85 99 115 Pennsylvania State Unicrers - itv 4.0 98 99 91 99 99 C04 Me lb ou rti e Au s tr a 1 i ae 1.3 98 97 90 80 98 C09 a. Data on runoff during 1964.; operation ceased in 1968. b, Removal from chlorinatod secondary effluent. c. Experiment,'Ll outdoor lysimeters 6 ft deep at Taft SanitaTy Engineering Center. d. Removals from secondary effluent at 3 -ft depth, e. Removals from raw wastewater at 4- to 6 -ft depth. Ta1)1,c) 11. Plant Uptake of Selected Elements [C45] Uptake of elements, lb/acre/yr K Ca Na Mg Fe bin Zn Mu TO Alfalfa 4 220 - 71 16 0.6 11.0 150 3 15 0.9 0.5 0.3 1 Cern 155 25 18 0.4 52 21 7 23 1;4 1.4 0,6 0.1 Potato" 200 16 10 -- 220 52 3 4 -- -- Red clover 126 13 9 0.2 81 92 4 22 1.0 0.6 0.3 �`•1. Read canary 7.2(1 36 -- 9.4 -- 69 64 3.8 17 -- gru.ss soybeans 110 18 10 0.1 48 26 -- 16 0.6 0.2 -- 0.03 Wheat 76 14 11 0.3 47 12 1 8 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.01 nitrogen, 90 percent of the applied phu phorus, and 60 per - Cent Of the applied potassium [c38],, ' Pathogenic organisms are almost Completely removed by the Soil - The removal efficiency for B. Coli will be between 99 and 100 percent. Bacteria travel only a few feet in the unsaturated soil zone, but they can travel a few hun- dred foot in groundwater flo,"; [118, . As most i-rigation Solis are loamy, they have a consider- able capa� ! ty from retcjitiun of metals by ion exchange and adsorpt i oq . MOSt toxic substances are applied in very small quant i.tj(�S so that the soil can remove them efficiently. Continuous sampling oft both the wastewater and the soil will alert the 07POrator of the site to any buildup problom;;. BINVIROMMENTAL ]"FITICTS Effects on the Physical environment from wastewater irriga- tion include those on the climate, soil, vegetation, ground- water, and air. Effects on human and animal life are described under "Public Health Considerations ." Climate As will be shown in a later section (VII) , the effects of irrilPtionon the climate are limited to extreme local IV -43 I conditions. Ail, passing over the site will pick up mois ture and will be cooled or warinedo but witkiin a, few hundred feet dowiiwHid from the site, original Condition.,.; will, exist. Studies uerc made on large (1 -million acre) lakes 'Ili Russia, and the data collected over 25 years show very localized effect$ r(IM'] . Soil is Ll"l-ected greatly by the application of wastewo,er, and ia many casos tho effects arc: bonc-ficial. Soil fortil- 1tY is iDcreas'd by the addition of nutrients, Soil tilth or friability is increased by the -addition of orgaTiics, and in sonic cases, excess sodium conditions have been corrected,. For exampl(_,, at Woodland, California, alkali soil that was practically impermeable to rain and unacceptable for com- mercial irritation purposes, has beer partially renovated wastewater application, Although the soil is still alka- line, wastewater will percolate into it at moderate rates. Suils used in irrigation have considerable organic and clay contents so that retention of phosphorus, fluoride, metals, nonde,radable orcanics, bacteria, and viruses takes place to a great c.,tent. Also, irrigation lopends upon evapora- 0 'L tioil for rciioval of a considerable portion of the applied wastowatc'r' and th"'! I -Issthe �:ons:,tituonts that romaiii in tho i.:atol . As a _-.)n.,;v.qucncc giant toxicity IV -44 [a that is due to buildup of metals and TDD can develop. Toxic concentratioTis of copper and zinc have apparently accumu- lated in the soil at two sewage farms in France, but it has ta),on over a century for them to develop [C06]. T8xic levels of TDD can be remedied by leaching (adding excess irrig.ation water) , Vogutat ioil The applI-ation of wastewater -to crops is very beneficial because or, the natural Eartil-Zers and nutrients in the liquid, "irtually all essential plant nutrients ai,, found in wastowator, tvicasurements made at Pennsylvania State University [C04., C08] show that the crop yield increases when wastcwatcr rather than ordinary water is used for irrigation. May yields increased as much as 300 percent, corn grain increased 50 percent. The increased yields of crops under varying application rates of municipal waste- water arU given in Table 12. The nutrients derived from wastewater are nitrogen, phos- phorus, potassium, lime, trace elements, and humus. Nitrates can be utilized by growing plants. By applying i�.,tewater intermittently, nitrogen will be converted to the nitrate form and will be fully available to crops dur- ing the gro,,I-ing season. IV -45 a Table. 12 . Crop Y ielus at Various Levols of Wasteti4rta.tor Application [C08] Crop Unit 0 in./wk 1 in,/wk 2 in,/wk l`.a63 Wheat hu/acre 48 t., 54 Corn hu/acro 73 103 105 Alfalfa tuns/akrt: 3118 3.73 5.12 Tied clover tons/acre 2.48 4.90 4.59 1964 Ilett clover tuns/acre 1.76 5.30 5.12 Corn bu/acre 81 121 116 Corn stover tons/acre 3.58 7.29 8,48 Outs bu/acre 82 124 97 196$ Aifalfa tons/acre 2.27 4.i,7 5.42 Corn bu/acre 63 ill ill Corn silage tans/acre 3.11 3.q3 4.32 Oats tau/here 45 110 73 Reed canary grass tons/arre -- — 6.13 1966 Alfalfa tuns/acro 1..95 .1 t16 4.38 Corn bu/acro 18a 33b 115a 9811 140a 115b Corn s la go tons/acre M.'S� .2.47b 9.0-0 4.15, 7.53 5.68b Reed canary grass inns/acre - 4.32a -- 1967 Corn bu/acre a ` 8„c7 96 "nd 116c 80d Corn silage tons/acre 4.r"'` -- 4.47c 4.42E -- Reed canary grass tons/acre -- - -- - 7.03c -- a. 19 -in. row. b. 38 -in. raw. c. 20 -in, row. d, 40 -in, row, 1V-46 Municipal wastowater contains 4 to 10 mg/L of phosphorus partly as phosphoric compound. Tho remain ler is salt, which in the soil changes into acid phosphate. Acid phos- phate is directly utilized by plant roots or absorbed; by mineral and humus particles. Tho potLIL.S.SiUM content of sewage is generally between 1.0 and 20 in the forl or potash. The potasli is adsorbUd by they soil, through cation exchange and made available to thU pl'ant [C38] . Calcium in the form of lime is an irtelirect fertilizei, that neutralLI-os acidity and checks some plant cliseases. Soils high in organic matter, such as muck and peat, are goner - ally deficient in calcium as are clayey soils. Calcium in sewage exists in the form of carbonate, which, is favor- able to important soil organisms. Trace elements in waste- water are sulfur, magnesium, iron, iodino, sodium, boron, manganese, copper, and zinc. These elements can be helpful in plant development,,. hoi,,rever, in high concentrations, they can be toxic. Toxic elements can be toxic either to the plants or to the animal that consumes the crop. Analysis of the soil. and of the crop itself will. give the levels of concentration of any toxic clomonts so that proper crops can be selected. Certain crops have a higher tolerance for toxic substances IV- 4 7 than others. An example is oats and flax with respect to -nickel. oats havo a high tolerance at 100 nig/L, while flax has a low tolerance at 0.5 mg/L [C45]. The uptake of a toxic substance, like lead, into the edible portions of the plant has been studied to determine soil concentrations nc,;c,,s-sary to create toxic conditions. Bromegrass gvocqjj 311 soil with 680 pp,,, of lead hacl only 34.5 111g/L of 1:,ad in Clic leaves [C45] - The, plants will not be harmed by pcthogonic oTga:nisms lout animals Ciat consume the plant could be harmed. organisms can enter pl,"Mts- through bruises or cuts but generally they C, are not adsorbed by the plant. Groundwater Nutrients th'-11' Ire not used by plant.,, or fixed in the soil can leach down to aroundwater and cause contamination. The major alcitiont c)C C.ojjccj,j-j i.,, Ilitrogon. Nitrogen in the nitrate form i.,, used by, plants for the growth process - Nitrates that are not utilized are highly mobile and will. leach down to the groui,,&,,,ater- If concont-rations are high enough tjIL-, groun(.; tater can become contaminated and un: iit - able for ([Ojjjc ;tic corisumption. The U.S. Public Health ' Sorvice Drinking lVater Standards recommend a concentranion of 10 for nitrate nitrogen [C45] "I IV -48 I Nitrate nitrogen has been domonstrited to be the causative agent of mcthemc,-,Iobin in childron. Ingested nitrate is reduced to nitrite in the digestive tract. The nitrites are then adsorbed into the bloodstream, ultimately ctlusil-19 stiffocation of the child by reducing the ability of the blood to carry oxygen [C45]. Phosphorus iii the wastewater can also leach to the ground- water if ; L j..,; not used 'by the crop or fixed by the so i, 1 - Excessive amounts of phosphorus IM the soil can be toxic to plants fligli phosphorus concentrations in groundwater may lead to overfortilized streams or lakes, which are then subject to algae growth. Organics can appear in groundwater when there is a 1119,11 0 application rate of wastewater or there is an open soilo such as sand or gravel, with a high percolation rate. Organics are usually broken down by microorganisms and used by plants. Even phenols and other hydrocarbons are acted upon by bacteria at slow rates. With open soils, the water carries the organics throuoI" h the soil too fast for the bac- terial action to take place. High concentrations of phenols can be toxic to the bacteria and therefore no removal will take place. Toxic compounds can be changed by the chemical reaction of cation exchange and can be rendered nontoxic by bacteria Iv -49 under cometabolism [130] Chemical precipitates that are formed can be leached out of the soil if a heavy loading occurs or if a sigrificant decrease in p1l occurs. I Pathocronic organisms usually do not reach the groundwater because the), are removed or dic out before the groundwater level is reached. Where crops are grown, the groundwatev is usual 1}, kept- low enough so that the organisms are cl hiii.- nated the percolating water before it reaches the groundwater. The TDS concentration in tl*,-- groundwater is affected by the leaching of minerals from the soil.. The U.S. Pu-, lic Health Service has recommended maximum level for TDS of 500 mg/L in public watet, supplies. An extreme example of the in- crease of TDS in groundwater is in the Imperial Valley of Sou"L-hern California. The applied irrigation water had a TDS concentration of 1,242 mg/L and the outflow had a con- centration of 3,844 mg/L The high TDS levels can be C, harmful. to people with cardiac, viral, or circulatory diseases [121] . Air Spray irrigation has the inherent problem of aerosol travel of water. The higher the pressure at the nozzle, the finer the droplet and hence the longer the travel distance,,. IV -50 Airborne pathogens are a mat,�er of concern and study [Col, 121] Many irrigation sites have 100- to 200 -foot buffer zones around the irrigation area so that the travel of the airborne droplets is limited N�.-ithin the site. I Odors caused by anaerobically decomposing organics can be trout) I esome. Tho positive solution to the problem is to 01imill,'LIQ t]10 CIIUSC Of the Odor's. 1\11 Lxaminatloii (,r "ill operat,11111, proce(luruimay indicate an overloading of the soil, or an examination of the ground may indicate that tho surface is soalc(]. Corrective action of extensive drying or surface scarifying to eliminate the cause of odors must be taken to avoid complaints. I PUBLTC HEALTH CONS i pLa-MOINS Public health aspects are related to (1) the pathogenic bacteria and viruses present in municipal wastewater and 'their possiblo transmission to higher biological forms in- cluding man, (2) the toxic chemical compounds present in wastewater, and (3) the propagation of insects that could be vectors in disease transmission. The passing of the Federal Wat> r Pollution Control Act Amendment,,; of 1971 and 1972 has drawn attention to the use of wastowator for irrigation. Stricter laws and regulations on wator pollution and land application will undoubtedly be Passed in t1w future. IV -51 L�u—,Ljt- � onsj2zState encics, ---- Lc�__ El'ach state has the legal power to protect the public health O'f its poople. Each state can act separately and independ- ontly in making laws; 1101,IeNror, the state legislatures do not gelloralAy have the time or technical com-Detenco to en- force the laws .,, so they delegate 'the authority to the state or health [CII]. Thoro is no uniform pattern to the regulations in the United States. I'll 1968, Coerver [Clij indicated that 11 s-.1tes had a sPQcJfIC poLicy toward sewage irrigation, while in 1972 at least 1.7 stItCs httld specific regulations [C56] The use of untreated selvage or primary effluent on vegetables grown for human consumption is generally prohibited. Some states allow the ji.,,e of completely treated, oxidized, and disin- fected sewage on fruits and -vegetables which are eaten raw. Other states ban the use of any sewage effluent for irriga- tion of truck crops and vegeta,b'.es . Milk cows may not 11� pasture on sewage irrigated lands in some states, for fear of typhoid infection transmitted by udd,or contamination [Col], Most states have no s-,iecific regulations covering; irriga- tion of crops with effluent. States with long histories of irri3Ott011, such as Arizona and C alifornia, have recognized 0 IV -52 n the need for this resource and have passed r(,gulations con- trolling the use of effluents. Other states, with plentiful water supplies and no need for irrigation, have ignored irrigation of crops with effluent altogether [C561'. The individual State Health Department should be contacted for specific land application -regulations. Survival of Pathogens The survival Of pathogenic bacteria and viruses on and ill soil, in sprayed aorosol droplets, and on vegetables has receivod COTISIdCrablo attention. It is important to realise that any coniioction between pathogens spread on land during irrigation and the con -traction of disease in animals or man would take a long and complex path of epidemiological events. Nevertheless, questions have been raised, concern exists, and precautions shou'ld be taken in dealing with the possible disease transmission. Lathy 1ons-in Soil, The survival of pathogenic organisms in the soil can vary from days to months depending on the soil moisture, soil temperature, and type of organism. A list- ing of organisms and their -reported survival ti);ws in soil, on crops, or in water is included in Table 13. In rolation to the survival of coliform organisms, some bactf:�ria do survive for a longer time. Although the sur- vival of viruses in soil ha-, been ess�Wntially unexplored, Table 13 . Survival i nines of Organisms [C01] 5ux'Viva'l R'Or;ani:, m Media time A11tl�rat bacteria In water and sewage 19 'days Ascaris oggs Oil vegetables 27-3'$ days On irrigated soil 2-3 years I11 soil 6 years rr dy-;ent:^riar., C I k'xr,er In water oontail inp humus 160 days B,typhosa In eater 7-30 days In .-c i1 29-70 clays On vegata.bles 31 days Cholera vibrios Oil spina4,11, lettuce 2 -29 days nIl cuctuf bars 7 da—i O11 nonacid vegetables 2 dr On. onions , garlic, granges, lemons, lontils, grapes, rice and elates Hours to 3 days Coliform O11 grass 14 days On C ov�.�r leaves 12-14 days Oil clover at 40-60ro 11uI',Iidity 6 day Oil lucerne 34 days On vegetables (tomatoes) 35 days 011 surface of soil 38 days At -17 deg C 46-73 days Entamoeba hi.s tolytica On vugutables 3 days In water Months Enteroviruses On roots of bean plants At least 4 days In soil 12 days On tomato and pea roots 4-6 days Hookworm larvae III sail 6 weeks Leptospira In river water 8 clays In sewage 30 clays In drainage water 32 days Liver flti',�e cysts dry hay Few weeks improperly dried hay Over a year Poliovirus In polluted water at 20 deg C 20 days IV -54 Table 13. (continued) Organism Media Survival time 9n I mone 11,1 On grass (raw sewage) 6 -weeksi, On clever (settled sewage) 12 days On vo-getables 7-40 days On boot leaves 3 weeks On grass Over wintei, 011 SLLI-fOCO Of 1;011 and potatoo.%, 40 days+ On carrots 10 days+ On cabbage and gooso'—rric�� 5 days+ III sandy soil ;tor-Lizzod 24 weeks In sandy soil Unsterilized 5-12 weeks On surface of soil (raw s owago) 46 days. In lower layers of soil 70 days On surface of, soils 'stared sewage) 15-23 days In air dried, digested sludge 17 weexs+ Schistosoma ova In digestion tanks 3 months In sludge at 60-75 'deg F (dry) 3 weeks In septic tank 2-3 weeks Shigella On grass (raw sewage) 6 weeks On vo go t ab I es 7 days Strepto"icci In soil 1 35-63 days On surface of soil 38 days S. typhi III waLer containing humus 87.104 days Tubercle bacteria On grass 10-14 days In soil 16 months+ III water 1-3 months Typhoid bacilli 111 loam and sand 7=17 days In muck 40 days Vibrio corona N river water 32 days , in s owage 5 days IV -55 it is possible t]"Ot t"'Y Will also Survive longer than Coll forms [1211] Aerosols, The travel time and distance of bacteria in air has boon studied in the United States and in Europe. The study, reported by Njorz [C51] concludes that the bacterial travel, is limited to the distance of travel of the 1list from sprinklers. SCPI) lrll`'11 reported that, in a German study, the bacteria traveled from 4.60 feet to 530 feet Wi0j, a 6.7 -mph Wind velocity, It was estimated that the maximum travel Would range from 1,000 feet to 1,300 feet With an 11 -mph wind. Most of the mist and bacteria landed within half the maximum measured distance. Low trajectory no-,zles and screens of trees and shrubs cai�, be used to limit 'bacterial travel, The traveling rig sprinkl-ers designed for Muskegon, Michigan, have been modi- fied to direct the spray trajectory downward. Studies of aerosol, drift are being planned for the Muskegon operation [,121.1 Studios ]lave made on the favorable conditions for bac- teria to live in aciosol particles, It Was found that, as the relative humidity decreased and air tomperatitre in- creased, the death rate of the bacteria increased [C94]. Sorber [121] indicates that a .50 -micron water droplet i;ill evaporate in 0,31 sec in air, i,�ith 50 porcent relative* IV -56 humidity and a temperature of 22 clog C. Thus, dessication 1,s a major factor in bacterial die -off. LalhMITI!,' on Vogotables. In general, bacteria will not Ontor. lloalthN' , unbroken vegetables; howe%er, broken, bruised, or unhealthy plants and vegetables are easily sus- ,Loptible to attack by bacteria. The cleaning of vegetables with plain water, or detorgojits is ineffective as a mean,',; of bacteriological decontamination. Germicidal rinses o:C chlorine and its compounds are superior to water and deter- gents, but are unreliable. The only -reliable method of docontamination is pasteurization at 60 deg C for 5 min (100]. I Tnsect and Rodent Control The control of in.,;ects and -rodents on a wastewater irriga- tion site is more critical than on a conventional irrigation site because of the possibility of contamination by bacteria. from the wasto�qator. A three-year study at Pennsylvania Stato (jjij.-trcrqitv roNealcd that the use of wastewater to I jrrigiilo the forested land had no adverse effect on the wi ldlJ ("(, populat i on, Gophers and muskrats can be a problem for flood irrigation or ridge and furrow sites by burrowing in the dikes. Such problems have been reported at Woodland, California, and Wostby, Wisconsin. Trapping and other con- ventional, methods of removal have arrested the problem. In IV- 5 7 the Pennsylvania State study, mosquitoes increased in popu- lation 'mainly lice ause of the wetter environment and the 'availability of standing puddles for breeding [CO4] I Moscit,titoos iMl propagate in tepid water standing only a few days, wliich enforces the point about t'hc necess ty for dryli).Vl periods between wastewater applications. Although be. controlled by use or insecticides, sucli PrOctices may involve sojiie degree of orivironml-ntal degrada- tjoil and usually servo, only as a temporary solution. -1-R-RICATION ..\Ill�.;,\.N�i-)OiN;t\[I"Nl' I-r-f-1-gation wvlt]i 111LIM.Cip,11 wastewater hay, been abandoned at many locations because of a variety of often interrelated reasons. SOM0tiTIICs a single event, such as the death or retirement of a key manager, or the receipt of a complaint, will result in disenchantment of the city officials with irrigation as a disposal method. Limits of liquid, organic, and nitrogen loadings, land use changes, political and environmental changes, and. improper management will bC disci.i!;sed as reasons for irrigationd abanoumcnt. Loading The soil systoiii may become overloaded with water, organics, nitroi,vii, or toxic substances. A stirvoy conducted in 1.934 and again in 1937' found that in the interim 6 cities had IV -58 I abandoned irri. ration: two because of inadequate infiltra- tion tion rates ; two 'because of insufficient land; one because of high alkali in the soil; artd one because of high s�',,:'t in the wastewater [C97]. Liquid Loadiatg. The upper limits of loadings depend upon the soil typo and crop requirements or tolerances. As indi- cated Linder "Design Criteria," 4 in./wk is the dividing line between the classifications of irrigation and infiltration. - percolation. At Quincy, Washington, a rate of 7.2 'in./wk is being applied 'to corn and when'.. This rate `results in occasional drowning of the crops and the City plans to ex- pand its acreage. An irrigation..rate of 4.3 in./wk on loamy soil at Orland, California, was excessive and the re- sult was irrigatif)ai abandonment in 1964. 2L^ganic Loadings. The upper limits of organic loadings are TaT0 .y approached in wastewater irrigation practice. A figure of 30 tons/acre/yr has been found to be a satisfac- tory loading for septic tank effluent [R24]. The highest loading determined from this study for municipal effluent was 15.9 tons of BOD/acre/yr at Fresno, California; how- ever, odor problems have resulted. The upper limits of organic loadings will more likely be tested by land appli- cation of sludge or industrial wastewater. IV -59 wagNrtNitrogen Lo,gl bospite the low hydraulic loading at Lubbock, Texas, the nitrogen loading of 284 lb/acre/yr has resulted in a fourfold buildup of nitrates in the groundwater [R04]. In a northern Michigan forested area, liquid applications Of 2-5 in./wk in loamy sand have been satisfactory, except for a high nitrogen buildup. The buildup occurred with a nitrogen loading of 170 lb/acre/yr after one year of operation [122] At South Lake Tahoe, California, the runoff of approximately 50 percent of the influent nitrogen was a signif-icant factor in abandon- ment of .and application. Toxic Buildup. Buildup of TITS, sodium, and heavy metals in the soil can cause site abandonment. Leaching, or the addition of soil amendments, may alleviate the toxicity; in the case of TDS or boron, a more salt tolerant crop may be found. At Kingsburg, Cali-.'ornia, the presence of cannc, lye pecler waste has led to irrigation abandonment. It been reported that, in Frt.ice, toxic levels of copper and zinc have built up in the soil, but it has taken over 100 years for this to occur [R24]. Land Use Changes Changes in land use patterns can have a serious effect on irrigation projects. Increased population around the sewage treatment plant at Pasadena, California, lod to odor com- plaints and the abandonment of the plant. In the case of the Talbert Valley Water District in Southern California where over 2,800 acres were being irrigated in 1957, the land use changed so rapidly from agricultural to residential that tho District was out of business by 1964. A form of urbanization that can cause the of a site is the cliinge of location of the treatment plant. Many towns as they grow find that the existing treatment plant is too small acid the treatm,.,ilt is inadequate. often, when a new plant is constructed, a new location is selected and thu existing irrigation systeta is eliminated. The town of St. Helena., California, built a new treatment plant and ended a i�,rasteiqater irrigation system that had been in oper- ai.ion for over 60 years. The town of Ukiah, California, built a new troataent plant at a new location, thus termi- nating the irrigation practice. Political and Environmental Chan ems The regulations passed in most states against irrigation with untreated sewage caused the abandonment of many sovage CI farms. Requirements for increased levels of treatment prior to land application may also lead to irrigation abandornaent. An environmental change t!,at could cause abandonment is groundwater degradation. The buildup of nitrates or salts I in the groundwater can make it unsuitable for c-.onsumption. If requirements are .1,mpo-sed on, wastewater irrigation which. define groundwater pollution as the increase in any con- stituent above tho U.S. Public Health Service limits for drinking water, increased monitoring and groundwater table control will be necessary. Where water is scarce, the application of treated effluent to the land, with subsequent loss to evaporation and tho groundwater, serves to rcduce summer stream flows. In streams where troatment plant eff:Aient represents a major portion of t'ie summer flow, other water uses, such as fish propagation a recreation, may be augmented 'by stream dis- cliarge instead of land application. At Childress, Texas, discharge to a dry creek in the summer was a satisfactory method until one farmer periodically withdrew the water for irrigation. The resultant ponding and odor complaints'led to discharge to a different creek. Lack oFI\La, .:�i �a �, 0 m 0 n t The lack of competent management has resulted in. the aban- donment of many irrigation systems. In Augusta, Maine, 1,he death of the chief operator ended the use of irrigation. Similarly, j.n Stamford, Texas, it was the -retirement of the chief Operator that ended the use of irrigation. It is not cic,ar whether other systems, abandoned for various reasons, IV -62 0 MUY 3, 1973 NOWN & Libby, nc. 1'37�-')'),,,oo (',,innory PH 1wonh Disponal Projac�,(. AP 21-22-1) 'on"Cra"On for a Usu POrmit for the njb"001 Or c.nninry ctfluent is Wing us -M, and ail ba UON in to NLUru, for agriCUltUraj pUry,n,o, It iS 100POOK Wat Lho area bw irrigatud with tAu procesj votnr !Vun onnuillj (see attaoAwd locatio!l In0j). ) is flood irrigation. Tho symtau is bucause ui° tha requirumonts of tha CaliforniLl Rcgio"dL WaVur QUaliay Control Board whicu has found the frou" "w"W Haduquatu in terms uZ dioposing of ble 1 yjucn t. (a) TAU only atrucLuros car facilities to J')e ir.v2ude(j in t*"'6 projoct mini& bu Valve boxes and di Wes for distribution and requlintion of the water. 15142 of Environmental Settinct T" Site is in On agrtcultUral area witich is sparsely POPUlatud. Tkin area is likely to revain in agricultural usu in the forosecable future. 15113 LWronme4tal hapact (a) Pia-eas of concern jqould j,)u the effect of the proposed irrigation WYOtem on the ground water quality and POSSiOiG vector control pr(7olems, i.e., mWquito and fly abatemont. Another possible detrimental effect of the system WGul6 La odors Which CoUld i.)e noxious to surrOundiiq Proporty owners, (1j) We. have received atters from Mr. James A. RoherWon' "Cuti" Off"VOr ui the hingional Nater Quality Control E-)ard, aLnd ;-jr. william 8j1dwip, Senior LngiAeor for the Sjc-"" WatOrshej stating that the droposcd method of effluout airposal, is acceptable to the board, and that tway ha" no 05jaction to the Anuance of a use pormit. Mr. waldwin furbiur Status that the Board will pro3cribe waste water requiromon,s Or the disshazge of cannory effluent to US land and ,ail! Muire the company to monitor ground water qu6jity in the anoa In 76ditione the PagiOnal Board staff will make periodic ins pactiDns of thQ discharge to ensuxe compliapce With ytesclUnd Writ. 1001ax0a requirenents. oince Liu mcthodl o! CUlue"t NOP00al is acoeptaoln to the water Quality LUTTY, 1. U M nl tf.I 7t1 V 4'�.4 tY: Ar,a.Ii. .i1ray 3, ID /3 1:r1.bb ::+' ivi..1. J & j,i:,1.i%t', Tllc . (coil till 11r (} ('ard, and assunniiig that tyle Gr(.)ullt.y N altil ;,�cJ'a,,trt,.rlarit is t:i ,, i��t Lilat:, the )')x0j�eascael m1.tJluc? ;7i...11. 11;�t r:c'at(l,P'U))l.ic Jl1 Kt1t:il 11,,1ZZU,C1:"i 1.t. Woulu c.1�,p,:i,ax t+,,a.t; tho detri,itont al Ct ECCE to t cltr.r 4,iurllil:lr will be llclul.igihlr�. 1 1'lll: c);;)llac r. tl for t,10 1.ncw>"�1 in I11cacluit.ca c;Ill.1 fly k;)a c ec1.i11c �c)tc tltl.l�1 ;'lta talty ;IrOa :010ul.cl not: Ua 1llCrua: 30d above Lhat �rlalr.4ll.l s.::ouiatocl wit~J1 othelr InOth'(Xz a of irricl'a't i )11, slrlc.i Mr. Ii 7.a 1 7 �tJ11 'JII.YC' l.i �ltCr, lllancigC.L" of t17e Ll l.'t.o c"Oul1ty not 1-1y 1 41 .1. Ix M)_L.t1..C.1inc1 rlu'J :,tlrlcc . . IIC12 tillc s i'°.i,lLot; 6.A 14 1. 'U 1rd K:.11I�1 I.a flooding and -41r. in Ci r, cycle t' ' � 1•: �� „1 �' ll ":)C't Lo . .r:O%"-Ilt it ili 1.C:�,1?1'It por::1.o of tills 3 t,C,)r fly t<rr'Vk ,�.t)J7J1,C)Ilt t;,-Wl'O. t)j'1? t.1pt)i.:ars that: 1-jor,,L1 p1:F'V j)'t', tivT i�fl4t a_t l�r.:' mullt. ; L'I.tiC C�'�1"1: i,3 a; JJC Used uC Oiinlillate or control t:.11i;lt,', (".") 1.n (.i:5aas'G t rc�11a71i .`.;7.G17 , It is no VrOI)O:;e,, L -,o 1,oi)(. ;;at ar for 011,] y7C xiC7f�;a U� t lln' c11.lC:r iw1lt1)»i~ fc� x'1 , ; r:lcr'a 1 c1 'lot J -1e z OtIb t,.arltia l p ol*llr�t-j . (el) T40) alt ernat.i.vi: to t.tle Droposed solutio l ,youl;l 1�0. t:) .al1t i111a u'L - :)f .:1i:: slou5 l Pr-ec$1'17tlY Laing u:;cd for "til:, (::i 3')Ci:ai;,.J. f).1' calllie)"Y Llt :LIUI i)t 1`7)11.1^...0 coulC 'lave all cadve.L"jo u-:`,oC:t; (J7i t1lo .tiurti�lcl `l1'�cl grut111c.1 water: quality tJ1cs arl: . WO r �LCl a ]:1.+r t'l''iJi11.K�t G t1]a? P-01)0200, 5.i1".X.gr;,li: ,ex, ci d"13tC'::1; .i11(.i1.11.,(7 ilC)t :.ilLrlw L1I"i ilCi'Jt 7=:v 1? �01'1<J tC'7'll E' �C,C'L 1711 it1C C`1'11i 17 7Itt11 ?11.ty. (:t:) 1:1t i 1].17 rlr CI of' C'railcor:ll rel a.tFt d I -o 1.1"J C1�'[".-cll:':tac. liaj,.l,.jg i:'> u ''' 1tI.� tY1G' :V...2,a111�1w1 . "'"jkl.a o' l�+t? ;,,E -').l .anc31tt C.rtlllritfv 1.Ca t::1 C' gr.C.)uY>.d ."1 rt"l: file arca . �.ly rlitiga -, r , 1 - pro, .. " t.. `r>;1 r-1�.K-1>lx.:�:� i >rc� ,a ,"�;1 aa��l.�.c:llit 11avc 1;ooll approved i)y t'1C' 7sutt .. rr),,;, t',10 St at'+ , CtMt:ral Valla-, *;c gic):l.'.3.l „iii C.1 > j ieri�ra iolx system ! ,. r_'. , 1 5 ac 1. 1� 4. 1 4 4,: 1..'�.. -T .. �.J 1/ L i -.L1 ��`�.\i J.T. 24,3,0 Ar-, m BUTTE COUNTY PLANNING CO FdMJ S SION SIX ,��. .. � �r. � ARING DATE$ : A /c? 7 3 ��, �,...� APPLICANT 4 eos s, A& 4,&Ay OWNER" SA -E NG ONE. SIC C A vX1, A C -t t,. D. /;a ocn 13 153 c% e.,e 1. (VZ e. 14 , IJ 23 VitlS 7 Vag) s 7' �TJ C;pe- 24 Q U 7- -rc- 26 25 7- 7-E: P, 24,3,0 Ar-, m BUTTE COUNTY PLANNING CO FdMJ S SION SIX ,��. .. � �r. � ARING DATE$ : A /c? 7 3 ��, �,...� APPLICANT 4 eos s, A& 4,&Ay OWNER" SA -E NG ONE. SIC C A vX1, A C -t t,. D. /;a ocn 13 153 (VZ e. <,51e< H CIA P 24,3,0 Ar-, m BUTTE COUNTY PLANNING CO FdMJ S SION SIX ,��. .. � �r. � ARING DATE$ : A /c? 7 3 ��, �,...� APPLICANT 4 eos s, A& 4,&Ay OWNER" SA -E NG ONE. SIC C A vX1, /;a ocn