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HomeMy WebLinkAbout77-47B 6rd 111r tr-i7uvr 7011CALUATip1v Mnitimunf Larthqunk4 irriclalli ed _ Fauna Il li,Ialor Magnlludn) in County Intensity Esllmatnd liodruck tRedltilo+� lL_ rrl. Acceleration lrr Count Distance Cleveland Hill Mnxlmunt 11v-, or N�axlmum ultra nY Fram jaunty 10 Milos Lon Rf n 4 0, '� "^ --,fL Dom County Q Strike 511 Ndr i, I 4 *-Y+, . Rom Midland - SvO(ror ' Vlll VIl a,45 -0,6g + O,i 0 Miles Long � C,l vorasrlko Slip 7,7 6,0.6.9 VIII -ix Vill 0.1.0:2� F 40 MIn usty Active Fault Heyward - „ 0,1 0, a7 s 160 Miles Lon , U Souln Sauthwast Active Fcult S 5.rlka Slip 7,0 �; 7.0 San Andreas Fault Zane N, Vil V1 0.09"0. * 70 Mlles 200 Miles Lan r section 1f1 �' tl.Otig 'saulfrwest iX-'irlka Slip 0 3 0 9 Active Fault Unit CK-Jhce • llenoy Lake Vii VI -Vit 0,05 4 95 MUos CNt, 100 M11es Long S - 0.Ohq Southwest 7,0 Activa. Fault Russell Valley 5.0-5,9 VI11 VJI+ 50 Miles 10 Miles Long O,i-0,2g + O,t Cast 615 Active Pauit Foothills Shoe Zorro 6''S Vil VI 0 50 Miles , 069 a.0rlg East Active Faul} 1'10 M1105 Long - Wends S. of 113 Ix 5`7 VllfSo c Into f?btentiali yliilows 0•6.0.90 0. 25-0. 4g Southth Count + 40 M40 Long y Active Unnamed Fruit Near Dunnlgnn 7.9 $.0.5, 9 VIII VU -Vitt # 18 Miles long g 6 ?Alteg West Potentially Active I -i 6,7 4.0-4,4 Vill hl Sutter, Butte VI O,tl5-0.15g + O t i G Sn1all Faults, 2.4 Miles Luny 5 i _ i g ^ 70 Mile's South Potentially Active ! 5,0 4,Ou4.G VI ,A Co'"' Rtingt+ Thrust Zano V -VI O.iIS-O,tlg �. 0,2 " 700 Miles Long g 5-0 Miles South Potentially Active Big Bend Fault Zona a+25 4,0-r1,� IkrX VIiI 0,2.0,259 0.1-0.12cJ + 95 Allies tarsi 9a Nilies Long Potentially 7.1 + 6,01 ix -x y Active Camef3 peak. VIII. -IX 0,5-0.Bg 0.2-0,39 1rt Count 132 Miles Long y Potentially Active 7,1 f 6,01 �xwx Moloney - Dagwoad peak ' VIII*I?C 0,5-0.ag 0.2-0,91 Borders gaunt } 200 idile% Long 0;3 610 y potentially Active Hawkins Valley " X..Xil Ix -x 0,5+0,559 0. 170 Miles Lang 15 + 7-12 Mlles Enst .. Potentially Active 7.6 6,0 IX VIII 'See Appendix B for deiinition. 0.2-0,38 0' 15-0,2g ± 25 Miles East Potentially Active 4 t Ieidar, Ro rzr, j Geology, g 1972. Afa�imum Fxpnctor! t?adronk dccalarattons from Earthquakes fn C alt/ornla, California Division of Mines and llousner, G. W, 1955,. Intensity of Earthquake Ground Shakia 4 g , Earthquake tnDtncertn9, ,Vow Zealand, Volume i, g Near the Causative Fault, Pro eedtn a 3rd World No%"ll, B. F. and Schultz T, Y I COnjrrnncc on R, 1975, AHonuatlon of Atodiffed Atercaiti Intanstt ivtth b7stancc o Se(nanoloytcal Soctety of Amertea, Vol. 55, Na, 3 r Jenkins, 0. P. 1962, i pp. G r1�Gfi3, from tiro Epicenter, Buliettn of the Ci,otogto Alap of Caltfcrnia Chico Shoot, California Division of Minas and Geology, Jennings, Charles, 1975, F'oult Atap of California, California Division of Mines and Ceology; 5chnatiei p. f3., I�Seed, Research Center July 1972. Aacelarattons to Rook for Earthquakes to Western tlr,'.t s. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmos ed States; Earthquake Engineering Terrestrial Rata Center, Earthquake Data Pae. Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Data service, National Geophysical and. Solar- of ground shaking in Butte County are probably the Hayward- Calavoras faults, the San. Andreas fault, tho Midland-Sweitzer favltt the Last Chance -Honey Lake fault zones, and small unmapped faults at scattered locations in the. foothills and mountains of Butte County and tba surrounding area, The Hayward --Calaveras and San Andreas faults have recurrence intervals such that seismic activity of magnitude 7 and 8 can be anticipated every 100 to 500 years, However, the long distance of these fault systems from Butte County should attenuate the ground motion and produce only moderate intensity ground shaking in the County. The recurrence interval of earthquakes on the Midland- Sweitzer fault is not documented. However, large magnitude earthquakes generated by this fault can be anticipated and could result in moderate to intense ground shaking in the county. The degree of ground shaking can be expected to vary with the type of soil; however, a Modified Miercalli intensity of VIII could be expected in much of Butte County. The recurrence interval of the Last Chance -Roney Lake fault zones is also not known. Ground shaking from these faults could vary from moderate to severe depending upon the typeq of soil in the area. The maximum credible earthquake in this fault zone is considered to be 7.8 Richter and could result in slight -to moderate ground motion in Butte County. Local earthquakes ' could result from movement on small faults similar to those of the Cleveland Hill fault, Geologic and seismic data indicate tlrtit small faults can. exist throughout the foothills and mountains Of Butte County. Assuming these small faults exist, and applying the "floating earthquake" concept,earthquakes could result in moderate to severe ground shaki ng similar to the ground shaking from the 1975 oroville earthquake, ff. PREDICTED 2VPL-CTS OV EARTUQUAXE-53 Large earthquakes are historically associated with surface ruptures localized along the Main surface traces of striko- slip or thrust faults. Geologic data indicates the general displacement of the ground surface along a fault in Butte county may be horizontal along with some vertical movement. The break pattern is typically expressed by an echelon pattern of ground fractures that trend obliquely to the overall trace of the fault (this was observed at the Cleveland Hill fault in 1975). The fractures normally displace from a few inches to several feet, and the surface zone of major faults ranges in width from a few feet to several hundred feet or more. Based upon geologic evidence and seismicity data, the estimated length of surface rupture for a typical Butte County fault may range from 6 to 25 miles. Locally, branch faults may also move, but movement on these lesser faults would be much more difficult to predict. There is insufficient historical( geologic, and seismological data available to make a realistic estimate of the ground notion resulting from potentially active faults. 1. Ground shaking The character of ground shaking from a postulated earthquake is dependent on many factors. 1-4ost important is the character o I f the earthquake source (type of off8ett,magnitude, location, size,of rupture, and stress drop). A second important factor is the distance from the associated rupture surface or earthquake to the area affected by the earthquake. The third important factor is the: type of local geologic Material. (Housnert Strong Ground Motion in Earthquake Engineering.) 11-16 To predict ground shaking in butte Coljnty the fin't stop is to estimate the b0drOOk motion at var'" 5 locations In the County. The bedrock shaking amplitude :dor Butte County was approximated by usjnq data proposed by Greensfel.der fcr the continuation of bedrock motion versus distances from the fsault. An essential consideration is the effect of geological Conditions in -the near surface amplification of the shock - waves as they travel; up '.through the layered ro2k and soil. There are not enough g' geologic and seismic data available in Butte County to accurately estimate seismic: or ground response at a particular site. Therefore, estimates are based upon data obtained from other localities in California: The anticipated maximum ground shaking intensity across all Of Butte County is vlll on -the- Modified Mercalli scale; however, the intensity could vary locally from v1I to IX, depending on the type and location of the fault (see Table 11-1). 2. Liquefaction Liquefaction is defined as the transformation of a granular material from .a solid state into a liquified state as a consequence of increasedore--water p pressure (1'oud Lique- faction, Flow, and Associated Ground Fai.lare),. Liquefaction occurs when there is a sudden but temporary increase in the fluid pressure between -the soil grains caused when the weight of the overlying 'soil or structure is temporarily supported by the water and not the soil grains. The method commonly used for estimating liquefaction poten- tial is based upon the E% ified procedure for Evalu pt#g $O l�Liquefaction Potential, by Seed and Idris, Journal, of' Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, (ASCE 1971j, This 11-17 a� procedure was developed for ol,f, .in sandy soils w4th rel,ativ densities lass than 40 pe,rOent deposited in relatively Level areas. Because the slope of the alluvial plains surrounding the Sacramento Valley is small., this method can be applied to most of the valley area. It cannot, however, be applied . to sloping ground of mountainous terrain.. Us'inq assumel soil parameters and a moderato intensity earthquake, it is concluded that granular soils with relative densities less than 65 percent that are located beneath the free -water surface have a high potential, for liquefaction during moderate or strong ground shaking. The liquefaction potv-ntial of the Sacramento Valley can be generally summarized as follows: Clean, granular sediment (particularly sands) below the water table with a relative density of less -than 65 percent should be considered to have high liquefaction potential during moderate or strong ground motion. * Clean, granular sediment with relative densities greater than 90 percent should have low lique- faction potential even in strong ground motion. i Clean, granular sediment with relative densities between 65 to 90 percent should have moderate liquefaction potential, depending upon intensity and duration of the ground shaking, site conditions, and the textural properties of the sediments. Map I1-2,del,ineates zones estimated to have low, moderate, or high liquefaction potential.. The zones were derived from geologic investigations of the unconsolidated sediments of the Sacramento V'al,ley. The liquefaction potential of granular xl:-"18 layers was estimated from the available literature at the University of California BaxthquaXe 'ngineeri.ng Research Center regarding relative density, water table, lithology and seismicity. ,areas paralleling the Sacramento River containing cleat sand layers were estimated to have a generally high I'quefaotion potential. Granular layers underlying the most of the Sacramento Valley have a slightly higher relative density and are thought to have a somewhat~ lower liquefaction poten- tial and are classed as moderate risk. Clean layers of granular material of Pleistocene or older age are of even higher relative density and therefore are esitmated to have a low potential for liquefaction. Areas of bedrock throughout. the Sierra Nevada are assumed to have no liquefaction poten- tial; however, localized areas of valley fiU consisting of Recent sand and gravel alluvium can have moderate to high liquefaction potential. The zones delineated in this investigation as havit: lique- faction potential indicate only general areas in wi the liquefaction may occur in clean, saturated, granular layers. current data are not adequate for accurate mapping and do not provide an indication of the extent of ground failure that night follow liquefatatiov The 'estimated liquefaction potential of each of these tiones is based upon limited soil and geologic data generalized to include an entire map unit. Thereforer Map 11-2 must be considered approximate and invalid for direct determination, of liquefaction potential on a`specific site. The map does, however, indicate areas where the probability of liquefaction exists during a major* earthquake IT -19 3. Seiches A seiehe is a periodic oscillation of a body of water such as a river, lake, harbor, or bay resulting from seismic or other causes. The period of the oscillation may vary from a few minutes to several hours. Seiche effects have not been recorded ipF any of th4 reservoirs in Butte County t~ha.t are within the jurisdiction of the state of California Division of Safety of Dams. The assessment of hazards from water waves is very difficult due to the limited historical data, and geological knowledge of the areas surrounding the reservoirs in Butte county. Crude methods are presently available for assessing the amplifying effect of the coastal. topography and for mapping potential areas of inundation from dam and reservoir failure or from landslide-genora.ted waves that may overtop a dam crest. It appears, however, that water waves resulting from a large landslide are a much greater seismic hazard in Butte County than a seiche.. According ,to the TJ.S. Geological: Survey, the near failure of the Van Norman Reservoir was ,due to liquefactica and landslides during the 1967 San Fernando earthquake, requiring the evacur.tion of 80,000 people below the dam; 4. Landslides Zn earthquake a.n Butte County ,with a postulated Richter magnitude of,6 or larger could cause landslides it the area of intense g ound motion near the fault. may- Landslides be ek -tile could if the postulated earthquake were to happen during the wet season and in areas of high ground water levels,or saturated soils, particularlyin areas of moderate or high landslide potential (see Safety Element; Section III). It is likely that existing Landslides would lrj�ve 11-20 renewed or increased movement and that new landslides- would occur around Lake Oroville. If- the postulated earthquake were to occur during ca dry season and in areas of low ground water levels, the amount of landsliding would probably be much less. No landslides wore noted in reports regatding the 1975 Oroville earthquake, which occurred during a dry neason in an area of moderate landslide potential. 5, Dam Safety There are 26 dams in Butte County which are under California Division of Safety of Dams jurisdiction. Of these, 18 are earthfill embankments, three are gravity concretei three are variable rad;us concrete arch, one is rock embankment, and one is hydraulic fill. All of these dams are inspected each year by Division personnel. The Division of Safety of Dams has no knowledge of any dam within the County that could presently'be considered a safety hazard under the Division's seismic evaluation criteria. 1'aulp II_7. SrXSMlt3 SAL'BTY 1ZLrMLN VINDINGu -- POLICY 1, Butte County is in an area of known faults and recent seismic 1, zr,Foriir klre public of current IMPLEMGNmA'Y'ION activity, Xwttm�Ith of seismic curren in 1. Approve and publish this plan all parts of the County. clement. Y,eep the information: 2i Tile only known ncti.ve fault in 2. up-to-date. Butte County is LIAO Cleveland Hill fault near Oroville. A Take into account all .known seismic inPnrmation Jn making 2a Consider the most recent 3rifox� number of faults in or near the County land use decisions. Avoid ma ion on seismic racers in all zoning should be considered potent locating schools, hospitals, and subdivision decisions. Active. The prow ,9.ty of the San e Sall and similar user to known fault Andreas fault sl' ,esti is generally significant in oValuaUng ureas, seismic risk in the County. H I -I I b Require appropriate detailed N seismic investigations for all public and, private projects in 3. xhc� area around the Cleveland Hill 3, locations of known ,seismic risk. fault has been designated as a S e- tial Studies Zone under the Alquist- Follow the polici6a and criteria established by the State Mining, 3. Exercise a l�ProVai authority whit Prialo Act, effective January 1, 1977. (Chapter 7, 5, bi�rsion and Ce,ylogy Board within the Speciti;l Studies zone, respect to all real estate devta- lccupan and 2, California Code,) thinstruct,ures.eci human occupancy within. the Specie] Studies Zone, as provided by a. Portions of the Sacramento Valle 4. State law. have a generally high potential y :for liquefaction sarong Consider liquefaction potential irs making laird use decisions.. 4' Require appropriate design of a tnejoa earthquake. structures susceptible to the effects of liquefaction. - N Rte Section XXX SAF-M)t ELEMENT 5 CONVONT$ Title 'age A4 GENERAL IIl-1 le State Requirements IlI-1 2. Planning Relationships a. LaAd use Element 111-2 b. Circulation Element 111-u2 c. Housing Element 111-2 d. Conservation and Open Space Elements 1:11-2 B. GEOLOGIC HAZARDS 121-3 1' . Objectives 111;-3 2. Landslides 111-3 a. Characteristics 111-3 rD. Distribution III -6 3. Subsidence III -7 a, Characteristics 111--7 b. Distribution 111-9 Erosion IIT --9 a. Characteristics 111:'-9 b. Distribution, 1:11-10 5. Expansive Soils III -11 a.. Characteristics I11--11 b. Distributinn 111-12 6. 'Vol.canics 115-13 7. Policies 111:-13 C. FIRt HAZARDS 1II-15 1. Objectives III -15 2, Hazards IIT -15 3. Fire Protection Services 111•-17 4, Policies 111-19 TABLES Title iia e .9 ITT -1 Geologic ,Hazards stab -Element (Findings, Policies, and. Implementation), IxI-1' 111-2 Adequacy pl Fire Protection in Butte Counter Unincorporated Areas 111-21 111-3 Eire Hazard Sub -Element (Findings, Pot icier, arad implementation, 11i- 22 sy Wes, UlmSection III $Anny Pmr.,MENS, A. GENERAL 1. State Requirements Section 65302.1 of the Government Code requires county general plans to include a Safety Element "...for the protection of the community from fires and geologic hazards including features necessary for such protection as evacuation routes, peak load water Supply requirements, minimum road widths, clearances around structures, and geologic hazard mapping in areas of known geologic hazards," The Council on Intergovernmental Relations 1973 General Plan Guidelines advise that the Safety Element should include an identification and evaluation of safety hazards and a general policy statement which establishes measures to abate and protect from the effects of recognized hazards. 2i Planning Relationships From the standpoint of hazardsp some of the bounty's lands are more suited for certain activities than others. . Policies and ordinances can be developed to make sensible use of our economic and land. resources while :ecognizing known hazards, The Safety Blement ela es to 1 of ger General Plan elements, the Land Use Element, thp Circulation Element, the Housing tlement, and the Conservation and open Space Elements. a. Land Use Elemont Hazardous conditiotSt a prime determinant of .and use oapabil3- ties, are considered in the LatdUse Blement, The Land Use Element designates appropriate uses for lands determined unfit for development and human occupancy because of natural hazards and the sod to respect those hazards. The Land Use 9lement can also advocate that development within areas of high risk consider all aspeo+!3 of the hazard, including safeguarding structures and natural resources. The identification of natural hazards cr.n contribute to the development of standard*,/"an �dyp�,Iicie8,r regulating the typet location$ and intensity of land use in relation to the hazards. Land use controls can also prohibit come types of activities and developments that may obstruct access or endanger life and property. b. Circulation Element Pe-ten-.t-i-al,ly--ha,za-r-da,us-,n.a,tu,r,,ala,cond�t,ions affect the location and design of circulation facilities.— In case of a 'major A - emergency or di8astert evacuation rout's and major transports- for tion systems must be located, designed, and maintained _ for ---t-- mo)aility and safety. ,%'~ standards and safety, measures an be es:�)::;rii�ed f or,_alj--c rcul ation systems in hazardous areasAs—Opposed repairs- or T.,e--QOas trut., t ion should be considered- when- new, road-.proj ect-s-laT, e- -proposed. C, Housing Element The presence Of natural hazards will limit housing type, cost, and density. I Depending on the degree,of hazard#,new housing developments will need to incorporate within their design any special hazard abatement or control methods and 111-2 incur the costs of doing so. Development of land considered "acceptable risk" should be encouraged, while land, unfit for structures for human occupancy should remain: undeveloped. d. Conservation and Open Space Elements . The identification and recognition of hazardous areas can lead to policies aiding in the development of open space and the conservation of natural. resources, Land determined unfit for human occupancy can be preserved fox agriculture, for the enjoyment of scenic beauty, for recreation,, and for the development of natural resources. B. GEOLOGIC HAZARDS 1, Ob,'ectives The primary objective of the Geologic Hazards sub -element is to prescribe policies to reduce loss of life, injuries, O property damage, and to deal effectively with the socio-economic disorder which could result from, geologic hazards in Butte County, Secondary objectives are to: Map and evaluate known geologic hazards. Provide general criteria for the development of other General. Plan elements. s Heighten public awareness of geologic hazards. Landslides a. Characteristics Landslides are a downward and outward movement of slope -farming materials composed of rock, soil; artificial fill,, or combinations TTI_3 thereof. A similar but slower movement is called "creep." Landslides, in the strict: sense, do not creep;however, creep io related to slope Astability and the potential for land- slides to develop. A landslide may move rapidly as in a soil or rock.avalanche, or it may more very slowly for hours or even weeks. The volume of material may vary from millions of cubic yards to ;Less than 1 cubic yard. The landslide movement normally results in the development of cracks, ridges scarps, and faults, all of which may not exist or be easily identified in a specific landslide Landslides are classified by the U. S . Geological Survey :into several groups ('U.S. Geological Survey; MF 493). See Appendix C for a description of four of the more common landslide groups. The formation of landslides is affected byr Type of material. (Unconsolidated soil,, soft rock or surface deposits generally move downslope easier than consolidated soil or hard bedrock. Structural and physical properties of earth materials. (The orientation of layeringr structure, and zones of weakness of most rook and sediment relative to slope direction will greatly affect landslide potential.) Steepness of slopes. (Landslides usually occur on moderate to steep slopes.) Water. (Areas of moderate or steep slopes with a high ground --water table or seasonally high rainfall have frequent landslides because water commonly decreases the resistance to sliding. water decreases the cohesive forces that bindclay minerals together, lubricates surfaces along which slippage may occur, 1l~l-4 adds weight to surface deposits and bedrock, can cause volume changes in the material, and mixes with fine-grained unconsolidated materials to produce wet( unstable slurries.) Amount of vegetation. (abundant 'vegetation with deep roots tends to hold bedrock and surface deposits together, thereby increasing ground stability.) Proximity to areas undergoi;lg active erosion or man-made cuts and f Ills . (Aapid erosion along stream courses and reservoir shorelines makes slopes in these areas particularly susceptible to landslidi,ng.) ° Earthquake generated ground motion. (Strong ground motion can trigger movement of marginally stable earth slopes and loosen hillside materials for future failure. Factors in the identification of potential landslide areas include degree of slope, type of bedrocks type of sail, amount of rainfall and previous landslide activity (mostnew landslides occur in,aress of previous landsliding),. One of the most important parameters is the degree of slope. An examination Of slopes and known landslide areas in the County ind-icates that•most landslides occur on slopes greater than . 15 percent with very fete on slopes of 5 to 15 percent or less. Because of their Physical and chemical character,_ certain' bedrock units are more susceptible to l.andsliding than others. Also important are the types and thickness of soils that tenni to develop over these bedrock units As a consequence, two: adjacent areas may appear to be similar in most resi'sects but may differ greatly'in landslide Potential 'because of bedrock or soil conditions. 111-5 The prediction of landslJdes at a Specific site reqUires analysis Of the complex iAterrelation$hipa of all of the above factors as Well as a detailed Onsite investigation. Because such detailed 5,nCormatiou is- not available in Butte Countyt the identification of potential landslide areas is preliminary and delineates only relative slope stabilitie' bi Distributlon There are landslides in Butte County, but they do not appear to commonly occur. T here is, however, a potential for land- slides in some areas.. These areas, shown in Map 111-1, are described below. The areas of lowest landslide potential in Butte, County are the generally flat lands of the Sacramento Valley; however, there appears to be some landslide hazard due to the potential for liquefaction of soils bordering the Sacramento River and its tributaries (see map 11-2 in the Seismic Element: of the General Plan). An area of generally low landslide potential lies in the hills south of Oroville and in the generally flat uplands north Of Oroville such as the Paradise area, The slopes bordering the flat uplands, such as the slopes around Table Mountain, are highly susceptible to land - sliding. The areas of apparent highest landslide potential lie in a north -south belt through the mountainous central area of the'CoUnty. In this area, fairly well developed soils overlie impervious bedrock on steepi slopes which at times undergo very heavy rainfall. The slopes most susceptible to landslildes- are underlain by older metavolcanic rocks which have undergone ,extensive deformation and deep weathering. Areas of granitic rocks and Tertiary sediments in the central region of the County also have a high potential for landslides. A rto;f�n though the granitic rocks are of an age and nature that normally result In stable slopes, some steeper areas have been extensively deformed and weakened. The Tertiary sediments subject to landoliding consist mostly of sandstone, claystone, siltstone with minor conglomerate shale, and. lignite. This rock groupi found predominantly north of Oroville and known as the lone Formatione is generally overlain with older basalt flows and is exposed only where the basalt flows have been eroded, such as around Table Mountain. 3. Subsidence a, Characteristics Subsidence is a sinking of a large area of surface materials in which there is no free side and the material is displaced verticall; with little or no ho.-Ji,zontal component. Subsidence, usually as a result of man's activities, is fairly common in California. Generally, there are two potential causes of subsidence in Butte Coun,tyt ground -water withdrawale and oil and gas withdrawal* Ground -Water withdrawal subsidence is the most extensive and the most damaging in California. This type of su ' bsidetce has been found in large areas of the San Joaquin Valley and in some areas of the Sacramento Valley. Generally,. subsidence is a greater hazard in confined ground -water basins and particu- larly in those that, contain compressible layers of silt and clay. 'Subsidence hazard is also greater in areas where initial lowering of the water table is occurring in valley fill alluviums with layers of silt and clay such as those in the Sacramento valley. in the paste irrigation demands in the Sacramento Valley have been mostly supplied by surface waters. . Now, ground --water pampage, is increasing and there are extensive long-term declines in ground -water levels in a few areas, There are recent and on-going studies of subsidence in the Sacramento V'al.ley. Thence studies, by the California Department of Water Resources, the U.S. Geological. Survey r and the U.S. Bur- eau of aeol.amation, show that measurable land subsidence has probably occurred in areas of intensive ground-water Pumping cOmPrising approximately 100 square miles north of Willows and possibly a third of the valley floor south of the Sutter Buttes (Lofgren and Ireland, Prelims nary Inyes�ticra- tion of Land Subsidence in the Sacramento Valle ). As much as 2 feet of subsidence apparently Yas been caused by heavy ground-water pumping east of Zamorr•,,. At several locatior4s between Davis and Zamora subsidence exceeds 0.5 foot. A U-S. Geological Survey report states that localized subsidence, possibly caused by natural gas withdrawal, has occurred near Corning and Arbuckle, in most of the valley, elevation data are inadequate to positively determine if subsidence has occurred, f The amount ofVround-water withdrawal ,sem -'�-�� depends primarily upon six factors: 1) the magnitude of water level decline; 2) the thlckness of the water bearing strata tapped; 3) the thickness and compressibility of the silt--clay layers within the verta.(*,,al sections of ground-water withdrawal; 4) the duration of maintained water level decline; 5) the number of water withdrawals in a given area, and 6) the geologic structure and general geology of the ground-water basin. The damaging effects of ground--water withdrawal subsidence include gradient changes in roads, streams, canals, drains, sewers, and dikes; damage to water wells result.%ng from sediment compaction; and flooding of low-lying, areas. These effects should be of serious concern. Many of the public facili,ti:es and systems constructed with slight gradients could be signifi- cantly damaged by even very small elevation changes. There has been subsidence at 22 oi'l and gas fields in California, Even though most of these sire in the Los Angeles basin, the potential for subsidence from oil and gas withdrawal- exists in Other areas of the state as well, Differential subsidence, a common form of subsidence from oil and gas withdrawa)., generally extends beyond the producing area in the form of a shallow bowl* The subsidence takes place in much the game way as that of ground -water withdrawal and the effects are also much the same. Subsidence caused by gas withdrawal alone does not usually reach magnitudes comparable to subsidence caused by oil or ground -water withdrawal. b. Distribution Land subsidence is a potential hazard in Butte County. Areas of Potential subsidence in the county are confined to the Sacramento Valley and include local areas of heavy ground- water withdrawal and the six producing gas fields shown in Map TTI -'1 * According to investigations by the U.S. Geologic Survey, the areas of heaviest ground -water withdrawal extend about 2 miles north and south from Chico and in a 1 -mile radius around Gridley. The amount of subsidence that could take place in the County will depend primarily on the amount ,of ground -water withdrawal. The likelihood of subsidence resulting from large ground -water drawdowns during droughts should be a major concern to all agencies responsible for 'I'le COUnty's water resources, public facilities and economic Ll -being. Erosion a. Characteristics Erosion generally involves two distinct activitess wear and removal ofearth or rock material and transport from one ,site to another, Theerosion, process includes weathering, 111-9 solution, abra,si.on, and movement. The level of erosion depends upon the soil texture and structure slope, vegetative cover, and type and amount of water runoff. Longtermdamage carp result from sheet and gully erasionr ti wind erosion, erosion of stream courses, and erosion of lakeshores, Depositional damages can occur on flood plains, rivers, lakes, and strum channels and drainage ditches, The construction of roads, reservoirs, and subdivisions, farming, and logging frequently accelerate the erosion process and exacerbate the damage b; Distribution Map IXI-2 shows the degree of erosionn that may be expected in Butte County where the protective vegetation is removed by construction, fire, or cultivation. Using information from the united States Department of Agriculture Soil Conserva- tion Service Rend General Soil Maty of Butte Count, California, 1967,£ thele are five classes of erosion hazard. x None, Slopes less than 2 percent, with subsoil permeability ranging from moderately rapid to rapid. Slight -- Slopes of 2"-9 percent with permeability ranging from moderate to moderately rapid with weak soil profiledevelopment. Moderate - Slopes of 5-30 percent with soils of no profile development to weak profile development and slopes of 9.15 percent, wit1r .moderate profile development High Slopes of 30-50 peroent in soils with no profile development to wear profile development Ili -7 and slopes of 15-30 percent on soils with moderiA,te to strong profile development. Very High - Slopes in excess of 5Q percent on soils with no profile development and slopes over 30 percent with moderate to strong soil profile development, Typically, the areas of high erosion hazard are underlain by volcanic and metavolcanic rocks, The areas of very high erosion hazai:"I are- typically underlain by granitic rocks,, The areas of high to very high erosion hazard typically have a moderate to high annual rainfall (approximately 30-60 inches). Soils of the Sacrament.o Valley arc, typically of the slight erosion class with slight to high erosion classes along major streams and drainages. The areas northwest and south, of Oroville are typically in the moderate erosion class but contain isolated areas of high erosion potential. The eastern two-thirds of the County is typically in the high to very high erosion class* The areas surrounding Lake Oroville and extending south to Bangor and Ifurleton and.north to Richard- son Springs and Stirling City are typically in the high to very high classes, The tops of the basalt flow plateaus and the volcanic areas near Butte Meadows and L7onesville are generally in the slight to moderate erosion class. 5, Expansive Soils a. Characteristics Expansive soils are soils which have a potential for shrinking and swelling with changes in moisture content. Extensive damage to structures and roads can result from the shrinking and swelling process. The volume change of the soil is influenced by thea moisture content and the percentage and type of clay minerals in the toil. The three classes of expansive: soil generally recognized are: m LOW -- These soils range from sand to ;gilt with varying amounts of clay mineraiz. The soils include sc,ndy clay if the clay is kaolinitic and generally ha,=e a shrinkage: index of less than 5 (sand and gravel al,.luvial deposits and dredge tailings mak,;. up a fourth shrink -swell class which has no potential for volume change due to moisture change. This y soil group is commonly placed in the low class.) Moderate - This class includes the si.l*v clay to clay textured soils if the clay is kao4initic and also includes heavy silt, light sandy clays', and silty clay with mixed clay minerals. The shrinkage index is generally between 5 and 7. 0 High - This shrink -swell classification includes clay and clay with mixed montmox:illonite. The shrinkage index of these soils is generally greater than 7 b. Distribution As Map 111-3 shows, expansive soils exist over most of Butte County. ;Soils with no or low: expansion potentialarefound; generally along stream valleys and on steep mountain slopes. Soils of high expansion potential are found in the nearly level areas of the Sacramento Valley around the popul=ation, centers of Chico, oroVillet Biggs, and Gridley. --7 G. Voloanics Mount Lassen, considered to be one of the few active Volcaroes in the continental United States, is located about 23 miloE, north of Butte County. The last series of volcanic erupti�jns at Mt., Lassen between 1914 and 1917 deposited volcanic ash aver a fairly wide,area surrounding the cone. Localized mudfloi�s were also deposited in stream valleys around the volcanic cone. There is no record of any significant ash or mud deposit reaching Butte County within historic time. While geologic hazards do exist in the Lassen Park area, the possibility of mudflows, flowing avalatchee, or volcanic ash endangering the people of Butte County appearst from historical and geological data, very remote. Lassen volcano is being studied and monitored by the U.S. Geological survey for seismic and, volcanic activity. According to Professor 4. H. Williams of the University of California at BerkeleV,p the monitoring system can provide an early warning of a potential volcanic eruption, 7. Policies Table III -1 summarizes the Geologic Hazards findings discussed above', states the County's policy in response 'z -o the firid,:ngs, and outlines implementation measures. TAbld XT1-l. GEOLOUC ITAZARD SU113-1=3MLTNT FINDINGS pQt�IC� T,M(?L MGNTJI'TCt N tLTA.�,,ON 1. ,`Fre idanfi.f'iration of 9"logic hazards is in the public in-- 1. ,rarotm the public of 0010 is harzrxds.. 1 I. J.-�..._., Approve and publish the hazard tere;st. maps in this plan element. Keep the •inP.oa.�mat3or� up to �iatr., 2. Geologic hazards limit land development capabilities. 2. Consider geologic hazards in 2. theI)etOInfor de'valopnlona at Land trst�, !lousing, Ciroolatian Causer- a ppropriate uses for high hazard `teas. establish limit; va"On and Open Space VlamentA, on the density and type of dove- lopment permitted in high hazard a. The risk of landslides is greatest in areas with 3 Consider landslide pa tent.ial in 3. areas.: Require investigation of landslider.ovirw Slakes c,vrsr 15%, weak rock; or private development. and public FdOl Citic+s in Potential for prcposed development. and high rainfall. areas rated 4 and s on Na xrx-2. p review findings is environmental 4 'Thr removal , review and subdivision review. H " of surl'acc� zein and wGtt6x 4. Consider orasion i�att�ntial in r 4. Roquire investigation of erosion � ' va�•c.es yt3y varies b slops:, soil, vegetation, prooipi,tationpres"L .evic�w at .and publicprivate r vat a osetnrmz�us taotential for p proposed development. findings in environmental and development. it is Mrated hid), and vary ��iqh an M+7� ill -2, review and subdivision review. greateat tri areas of granitic rock. 5. Ground surfs singe and cause sivnifica can l thane damage �n, $, .Protect a ainst subsidence Pram 5. Monitor sinking as necessary. areas wF.yre there is e;r- tonsi,ve withdrawal of ground -water �vitltdra wal and ail and gas withdrawal.. Consider subsidence potential in review of ground water, oil and gas. proposed withdrawals. Many valley areas with clay soil ;ave a high potential 6, nrobact development in valley Ca ' shoes 6« Monitor shrinking and swelling for SLruotural damage from with ex a nsivo seeds. as necessary. Require litigation soil shrinking and ,swelling measures for.large developments and major facilities when there is a high potential for damage. C. VIRE HAZARDS 1. Objectives The primary objective of the Fire Hazards sub -element is to prescribe policies to reduce ices of life, injuries, property damage r destructi On of natural resources, and to deal effec- tively with the socio--economi C disorder which ooul.d. result from fires in the unincorporated areas of Butte -Jounty. secondary LInj ectives are to Map and oval.uate fire hazards Provide general criteria for the development of other General plan elements Heighten public awareness of fare hazards 2. Hazards The immediate impacts of a wildland fire i.nolude Loss of valuable forests, wildlife, watersheds, and scenic resources along with the destruction of homes and other property There may also be injury or loss of life. secondary impacts include a reduction in the value :of land and the further degradation of natural resources. Brosi.on, for example► results in siltation of lakes and rives, increased flooding Potential, poor, water quality, and a reduction in desirable F aquatic population. In recent years, fires have been more frequent in the valley" than in the mountainous areas of the County. From 1971 through 1975, an average of 679 fires per year occurred in the valley compared to 306 in the foothills and mountains (see Appendix Table C-1). Most of the valley fires have been grass hires near the more populated areas of Chico, 1XI-15 Durham, Richval of Biggs, Gridley, and Orovil.le, and along the main roads connecting these communities, Although there have been Newer fires in the foothill and mountain areas than in the valley, there has been a dispro- portionately higher number of fires per unit of papulation in the foothills and mountains. This condition is probably Y due to the more hazardous natural combination of dense vege-tatiori, dry woather, and steep topography which encourages rapid fire spread, (The critical factor contributing to fire spread and in -tensity is the density and distribution of vegetative fuel, especially brush and forests..) The number of fire incidences in the foothill and mountain areas can be expected to increase along with an increase in recreational activities and residential uses. Map I11-4 shows the areas of varying fire hazard severity in the non -urban and unirrigated areas of the County. The fire hazard classes were identified according to the State Division of Forestry procedure described in the April 1973 report, A Fire Nazard Severity Classification system for California's Wildlands. The procedure allows delineation of areas of moderate, high, or extreme fare hazard based on natural factors in wildl.and areas (mostly those undeveloped areas in the foothills and mountains of eastern Butte County.) The Division of Forestry procedure is discussed in Appendix C. A significant hazard to life and structures from wildland fire does not exist until a wildl.and area is developed and , occupied, Not only does the introduction of .human activity into wildlands increase fire occurrences`, it also increases the demand for rapid response and control of those fires. The rapid population growth of the State's urban areas, accompanied by an increase in affluence and leisure time, ha.., resulted in a.dramatic increase in the number of people 111-16 visiting and enjoying the recreation opportunities of Butte County, For much the same reason, the County's permanent population hag also grown steadilrt. The problems of yrotecting life and property from fire hazards have increased signifi- oantly with the growing numbers of residents and visitors in the mountain and foothill areas. This trend has been somewhat accelerated by the development of take Oroville, which not only attracts large numbers of viM.tors to the areat but has also created intense pressures to develop nearby wIldlands for year --round residential and commercial uses. 3. Protection Services Information on existing fire protection services, responsi- bilities, and adequacy of protection was derived from the Butte County Local Agency Formation Commission (LAFCO) report, Fire Protection in the tinincor2orated Areas of Butte Count, (July 1975), and from interviews with the staffs of local fire control agencies. Fire protection for the unincorporated areas of Butte County is provided by several agencies. Two unincorporated areas, Paradise and El Medic, have formed fire protection distric#s. The foothill and mountain areas (State Zone) are protected primarily by the State Division of Forestry and the U.S. Forest 'Service. Fire protection for the unincorpovated areas of the valley (Local Zone) is provided primarily by the Butte County Fire Department (BCPD). BCFD is also primarily responsible fot suppressing non -forest fires (structures, vehicles, etc) and for the protection of life in the State Zone, BCFD is operated through a cooperative fire protection agreement between the county and the State Division of Forestry. The agreement places responsibility for the administration and operation of the Butte County Fire Department with tho Division of Porestry, while the county maintains policy and fiscal control. The State -County organization operates 23 firs stations, five lookouts, and 33 forest and structural fire trucks. The headquarters, maintenance shops, warehousing, and central fixe dispatching; faci,litleo are in Crovill,e. The State also maintains an air tanker base at the Chico Airport and a Forestry Conservation Y Camp near Maga.lia, All, fixe agencies in the County are tied together by a well operated and sophisticated communication system. The areas receiving fire protection, from BCI" -'D units, State units, and/or volunteer fire companies are shown ,in Figure 13:1-1. The valley axoa, which is protracted. by 11 fire stations (including cities) ane! eight volunteer fire companies, is divided into three; protection units by the LAVCb report, The Local -State Zone: boundary and the area :served by the U.S. Forest Service are also shown in Figure XTI-1. The butte County Department of public works reviews proposed developments for compliance with design standards and regulates street construction to provide for safe circulation. To provide for safe ai4d quick _access for fire service and for evacuation, the Public works Department sets standards for maximum cul -de --sacs length, maximum street grade, minimum road turning radii, and identification of reads and buildings. even with these recluir-ements, problems of road acc(:ssr street naming, and house numbering have hampered responses to,fire by control agencies,, subdivisions, land divisions, and use permits are subject to review and approval by the ,County Fire Department for conformance to fire safety standalrds*L I New buildings must conform tothe Uniform Building Code (UHC) requirements for fire: protection systems and minimum fire resistance of materials The County has not adopted the Unirorm Fire x�x�1s Code, a complementary coda to the 'SBC. The Uniform Fire Cade regulates the mointef ante of projZ trty and certain dangerous and hazarai-iu-• activities. Fire protection service is adequate in the two special fire. ',ection districts of Paradise ,and El Medio-. The duality service in the remaining unincorporated areas is described in the LAVCO report. a'Qual,ity of service is fair for areas within a 5 mile radius of the 11 fire stations, and where there is an adequate water supply and few exposure problems For, the most part this included area within the valley. Several key areas without adequate fire protection include the west side of Chico, Southgate Industrial Park, the community of Hono t, and scattered residences in the outlying areas. structural fire protection for the mountainous communities is either marginal or non- existent. Areas receiving marginal, protection include the Upper Ridge, Cohasset, Clipper Mills, Forest Ranch, and Stirling City. Areas with no strucutral fire protection include Bald Rock/Berry Creek, Feather 'palls, Forbestown, Garbo Gap/CQncow/Yankee Hilit and pentz/Cherokee/ Butte College." Table 111:-2 summarizes the adequacy of protection based on :dire company equipment and manpower, response time, and water supply. Table 111-2 also 'includes the fire hazard classification for each area. 4. Policies Table 111-�3 summarizes the Fire Hazard findings discussed above, states Lhe County's policy in ,response to the findings, and outlines implementation Measures, Y Y'AI Yli °.r i'1'I 11 l I � � 1 • naY ��q•4'w\kk DE SAEIILA� .,. VOLUNTEER CO. U.S. FOR CST SERVICE �� �� a��y�.Y�`ti`�``�+" ` ,r Y COHASSET !; „« VOLUNTEER CO. �' � r N I CNlCC4/67UR.t AM RANCH r';� �` .7 FOREST �- i STERLING -CITY z PROTECYION ,*' r,. UNITi .� '- � • ..7 rA ;IWC U.S. FOREST SERVICE p nA 'fl PARADISE FIRE {: red t w.n.iA a •✓,•,.PROTECTION DISTRICT a ; * w •♦ w �.:+ r p`"�h JARBO GAP%CONCOWI WEST YANKEE HILI. '3 CHICO ��, Y I nY PENirz/CHEROKEI[/ so � `r, u { y tlr � "'' r40-1 6rE COLLEGEINDUSTPIALY+,.;,0PARK ,BALD ROCK/ ` L, BERRY CREEK H r 1 i , �, R •,p r, „r a k;�,j"i.�6r9 "L U.S. FOREST wz.tk A� s" x4� p b�RVICE e , t r 1 a r t `ax rcarnek raw �`f' FEATNEft kt y ern FALLS z ', - 'h J.tt 1� r,� F,JRpF�YbNH R MILLS } tg tk fi revL r ' O lii f 7w J . IL.._J LIPPER MILLS yA '.rt r p VOLUNTEER CO'." r`' 34'x' n,ar r7ca ,,1 I `rr t r w r, r v.agt rF iPr FOReESTOWN I RICHVALF/EIGGS/ r t r GRIC1LE1t PROTECTICIN r A„r r d , x : y EL MEDIC UNITS ' alG � ta+ r' Ful rr� PROTECTION DISTRICT OROVILLE/PALERMO/BANGOR An'--., G llulit'� r r J: F a PROTECTION UNIT r t -ri7,,r t,,ky t HONCUT FIGL URE 191.1 NOTES I, BUTTE COUNTY FIRE [DEPARTMENT AND FIRE POTE vTIll�, VOLUNTEER, COMPANIES REAS 2, VOLUNTEERS AND STATE QIVISION OF FORCS'T`RY _. SAFETY ELEMENT 3. STATE DIVISION OF FORESTRY BUTTE COUNTY GENERAL PLAN SOURCE, [;BUTTE COUNTY LOCAL AGENCY FORMATION ", COMMISSION. JULY 1975. FIRE PROTECTION 1N PI ANNiNG &1?'AJKA THE UNINCORPORATE[ AREAS OF EIUTE SCALES a. „ .La �E:PARTAtENTrN COUNTY. �` 1r'a 8 MI.. Totfiu 111.2. ADEQUACY OP FRO! PROTI CTJON IN 6010, COUNTY UNiNCO11110HATO ARt; S ARCA PRIAIARY 5V -_I CC R17511t7NSC TOW WATER SUPPLY sYq*ms. FiRIi HAZARD 5FVFi11TY2 Af)rOUACY 411 ROTCf 1"IANj County Pint Wit. ��:�s• 1, Chino/Durlt m 4 UCFt) stations + Milority of ar+;a Chico urea. « gond Mostly low West of N. Chico C Durham - 2 Volunteer Co. within t0 wiflutes Ourh.im « Olt fife simple Hwy 99, Moderategood. Remainder for first en+Jine - firmNo others to extreme efist OK far simply fires adequaw. only, 2, Richval4/ 3 OCIT) smtlons + Soma as Above Richvalo - Inadequate. Mostly low Rlehvale =hood nrcar plggs/CrtdWy 2 Volunteer Co. No others, Extensive hydrants. Remaindor - irrigation OK for simple fires only, 3. Oroviilo/ 4 BCP0 statlons + Same as Alcove Goan systems In Oroville Mugtiy moderate Adecluata near hydrants, Palermo/ 4 Volunteer Co. urban area. Several with areas of high Other areas - OK foe Bangor other $mail systems. 6 extreme. simple flros only. Volunteer Fire Company Areas 4, Cohasset 1 Volunteer Co, Some as Arrive None - 2 storage. tanks. High 6 extreme Marginal S. Do Sabia 2 Volunteer Co. Same as above Paradise Pines - good, Mostly high Marglnal No others. 6, Clipper Mills 1 Volunteer Co, Varies - generally Merry Mtn. Village - Mostly high Marglnal beyond adequate good. No others. village area. Independent Protection Districts r. Paradise 3 stations + All areas within Good Varies Very good Volunteers 4-7 minutes for 3 engines txeelient. 1, El Media 1 staUor, + All areas within Good Low Fair to good Volunteers 2-10 niiriutes for 3 enginas - good. Mountafri Communities 9. Forest Ranch state + Varies Several small systems, 'High 6 extreme, Marginal 1 Volunteer' Co. 10. StIrling City state + Varies System In town. High c extreme Marginal I Volunteer Co. 11,, Janata Gap/ Side only None None High & extreme None Yankee Hill 12, Pentz/ State + Durham 1525 minutes tram Butte College - good, Moderate to extreme., Marginal Cherokee/ F Oroville Station, Durham 6 Orovilie No others. Butte, College �, nearby' stations. 13, Bald Rack/ State only None Lake Madrone - system High 6 extreme. None` Berry Creek in towr. No others. 14. Feather state + N.D. A.4 System In town. High s extreme, N,D,A, Fags t Volunteer Co. It, Forbestown State only Nona System in town. High None .Other Mountain Area S. State Div. of Varies Insignitteant High r extreme None to -marginal Forestry 6 (Primarily Wildland U. S, Forest Piro Control) service See Figure 111-1. 2Classltieation according to the State Division of Forestry roianrt, A'Fire Hazard snverity Classification System for .Callfoenla,s Wifdlands, April 1973. See hazard ClaSsds on Map 111.4. 3Defined by LAMO, 4 N data avatlobte: Source: Commission. Firs, Pralectinty in the Unincorpnratcd' Areas of Flullo County, July Fathisrr � ns 1975, Recommendations for nBeuttt rtCounty � s t arc from loon 111-21 meevla XXX' -X. 1`l1tk." HAZARDtailrl,i!F;MLN2' I'tNC►TNG POLICY lt�[kx.t:M1 N't~A�!ICtN 1. Mast of the County has a 1. Wo protection ,from fire 1. Consider fire hazards in all natural fire hazard of hazards a consideration in land use anti zoning decisions, at lcaat moderate severity. all , planning, regul a torts environmental review, sub - Nearly all of tho foothill and Capital improveillant divioton review and the pro - and mountain areas have hazards of high or extreme Programs, with 8poula.1, Concern tar "high" Virion of Public services area., of and severity, "extreme" biro hazard. 2. The number of fire e occurrc+nces 2.' »rrevide adeyuake fire pro- Z. Identify present and future is increasing along with the inoreasinU numbers of visitors tection services in all areas limiLs of adequate Eire pro- and residents in the county. of population growth and high recreation use tection services. culde de - ve10011011t trr those areas through zoning, and development review processes. M 3.. Rcssialantial developmetat is 3. Limit development where natural; 3. Zone high and extreme natural occurring in the mountainous the fire hazard's are high or extrema fire ftazarrirs areata which are t rarOUG of County whore until adequate Firer protection inadequately protected for I natarni fire hazards are high or extreme and W11:3 o i, provided. low residential densities only. tare prat eotion £aciliL•ies Provide no new public facilities that are mostly inadeclttt o and encourage growth in ,these difficult to provide.,, areas except -those essential to public uafraLy. A. vegetation is the critical factrar in fire sproad. 4. U:;r. Fuelbrakes along the 4. Require fuelbre,aks where edge of 0,evelo,ping areas and feasible with', "bi h" and In high and ' oxtrame" fire "ext=rrme'r fire hazard areas. hazard areas. a. Fire protection facilities 5. Provide adequate f1ra 5. . Construct fire stations as are lacking or margined in protection in ali areas where required to protect areas of some areas of the County, service levels are deficient. greatest need, promote the formation of volunteer fire companies in rural communities. G, Development in reservoir G. Limit development in 6. Prepare zoning plans for critical watersheds leads to fires which threaten cotnmuni,ty reservoir watersheds. watershed areas. Consider possible water supplies. damages to watershed inenviron- mental review. ravtt3 rT-3, PTR9 tll►7.ARb RLLMENT (Cantinued) 7» Y'.t,a;e control and nlipprea8ion in restricted by 7. snsure that water suppijon 7• Develop inadequate inadequate water sut�plies for naw development are adequate for fire fare protection standards for individual and prr>tact�o» purposa=, community Water systems serving new development. Apply these standards to sub- divisions, land divisions, and A. Access to fires by emergencyuse $• permits. Inadequat it often limited by Inadequate roads, rrsure that road access for new deve2oprnent iv adequate 8. Develop standards for widths, Fat fire protection purposes. purposes. and curves of new roads to permit passage and maneuvering of emergency vehicles. Require multi - Ple 9. Piro report and response times y accezrs whore feasible. are often delayed by incon�- sist'onuies and deficiencies nhquire or pramattt tlra easy nddO:ticatid of streets 8. Develop grtd implement a eon- -i in street naming and house and davoloped prcypurt.to�s. sistent Street naming and -house numbering system num for t he entirenumbering.County. 110quire all ' w names and numbers to be clearly visible. 14. Some human activities ?nd land uses have a high 10. Re uiata� q as necessary those 1Q. Hold Potential for causing fires. aetivitio-s and uses with a hlyh fire hearings to adopt the Uniform Pi;re potential. Code or modi- fications thereof. Section IV VIM NOISE BU,14 Nor CON"14NTS w Titla Ru e ,A. crNVRAL xV-1 le ,Stage Requirements IV -1 2, Planning Relationships IV -2 F 3. How Noise Is Measured TV -3 B. OBJECTIVE'S iv -4 C. THE COUNTY NOISE ENVIRONMENT IV -6 1. Complaints IV -6 ' a, Butte County IV -6 b, State Dr,+„oartm,ent of Parks and Recrel ion IV -7 c. city of Z=hico IV -7 2. T.raff io IV -8 3. Railroads 4. Airports xVw1 e, 5. Noise -Sensitive Areas TV --2' 6. Noise Survey xV2. 7. Summary TV --2 D. POLICZE'S IV -2.: TABLES Title IV' -1 Estimated :Annual Traffic Xnarease Rates on state Highways IV -8 IV -2 Traffic Volumes and Estimated Noise Levels for State Highways IV -9 IV -3 County Roads Witk� 1975 and. Estimated 1907 Traffic Volunta:s of 5, 000 ADT xV`-- or Greaten CNE,L Worksheet . for Line Operations 7V=-11 IV -15 .s IV -5 Ambient Noise Monitoring Sites IV -23 IV -6 Noise Element , (Findings, Pali.cies o and ,p�ementatinnj SV -25 Section xV NOISE ZMEMBNT A. GENERAI, w 1. Stage Requirements California Government Code Section 65302 (5)r as amended by Senate Bill 860 (effective January 1, 1976), r-equine$ the County to prepare a Noise Element which: "...,shall recognize guidelines adopted by the Office of Noise Castrol pursuant to Section 39850.1 of the Health and Safety Code, and which quantifies the oomm"AitY noise environment in terms of noise exposure contours for both near and song-term levels of growth and traffic activity. Such noise exposure information shall become a guideline for use in development of the land use element to achieve noise compatible Land use and also, to provide baseline levels and noise source identifi- cation for local noise ordinance enforcement."' Section 65302 (g) also states that the adopted Noise Element shall. „...become the guidelines for determining oompli s ance with the State's Noise insulation Standards as contained' in Section 10.52 of: Title 25 of the Cali- i fornia Administrative Code," This Noise Element was prepared generally in accordance with the State Office of Nolse Control's Guidelines for the pre- araton and Content of Noise Elements of the General plan dated February76`. These A19`� guidelines outline the.,. procedures to be used to OOnfOrm with Cal:ifOrnia Government Code Section 65302 (g) Accor41ng to tlae Guidelines, the Noise Element should guantify the oommunity noise environment in terms of nOi,sc eXposure contours for bath near and long-term Levels of growth and traffic activity,. noise exposure information guides the development of the Land Use Element, the Circulation Element, and noise ordinances. Noise sources considered by the element include highways, railroadsr airports, industrial Plants, and Cather stationary noise sources identified by the local agency as contributing to the Community noise environment, The Guidelines also state that noise contours are to be expressed in community n0iae equivalent levels (CN8L) or day -night average levels (Ldn)and be shown in 5 decibel increments down to 60 d.B. Noise exposure should be determined by monitoring in noise sensitive areas, The Noise Element M should, also identify the number of people exposed to various noise levels. Finally, the Noise Element ;should recommend Mitigating measures and solutions to existing and foreseeable noise problems. Public and private agencies conducting activities identified as significant noise sources are required by law to provide specific data o,y Present and projected activity levels as well as noise contours or a detailed Methodology for developing noise contours 2 Planning Relationship The Noise Element is a "source" document to be used in formulat- ing Policies for rather elements of the General. Paan including the Land and Use Element and the Circulation Element; The Noise Element also ontains policies regarding noise and noise abatement which will influence other public policy documents relating to the location of public facilities health and safety standards, construction standards, and community noise ordinances. IV -2 This Noise Element primarily addresses noise in the unincorpor- ated areas of Butte County. The analysis shows, however,, that . W of the siVnificant noise problems are within the incorporated areas of the county. These incorporated areas 9 are required to prepare their orcin general plans and noise elements. The Noise Element recognizes City -county noise problems because responsibility for abating noise in the urban ixiag areas should be shared. 3. Hoer Noise Is Measured The noise environment of a community has a base of steady back- ground noise made up of many sources.. The noise of individual nearby events such as a car or train, an aircraft or a lawrnmover is superimposed on this background. Describing a noise environment and assessing its impact requires selecting a measurement that correlates well with human response to loudness or to annoying characteristics of a particular noise. The A --weighted frequency scale of ,a standard sound level meter has such a response characteristic. A - scale noise levels are expressed in decibels --A or dBA. The measuring unit "decibel." (written dB) is used to express t he relative loudness of a sound. each time the intensity I a sound is doubled, there is an increase of 3 decibels, and each time the intensity is multiplied by 10, there is an increase of 10_ decibels. Masa people judge each, increase of 10 dB to be twice as loud. Ldn or CNDL are descriptions of, diurnal noise levels. They ' are a weighted average of daytime and nighttime sound levels, al1AL ITATIVE SOUND LEVEL DESCRip,rIONS DECIBELS OU'I'oOOR LOCATIONS ._. LOS ANGELES —Srd FLOOR APARTMENT NRXTTO FREEWAY LOS ANGELI«S -- 3/4 MILT" FROM TOUCH DOWN AT MAJOR AIRPORT CITY NOISE 't7 FHAt�iLEM (DOWNTOWN MAJOR GELI a DOWNTOWN WITH SOME METROPOLIS) CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY — 2nd FLOOR APARTMENT VERYNOISY —78 _, BOSTdN ROW HOUSING ON MAJOR AVENUE .J OISY URBAN WAS S MILES FROM TOUCH DOWN AT MAJOR o AIRPORT URBAN _. NEWPORT �- u, *�F30..�, 5 MILES FROM TAKEOFF AT SMALL in AIRPORT LOS ANGELES — OLD RESIDENTIAL AREA SUBURBAN SMALL TOWN, A 50" �s Fes_ `I...LLMOfiE w• SMALL TOWN CUL--de-"SAG QUIET, SUBURBAN `eaAN DIEGO - WQODED RESIDENTIAL C ALIPORNIA--TOMATO FIELD ON FARM OUTDOOR DAY -NIGHT SOUND LEVEL IN db (re 20 MI IV- aitPort. Thera are no residences hear either tram and trhera have been no compl.ai.nts The auto race track at the fairgrounds in Chico is very noisy t t x imes. Races have been hold during summer evenings. once a year there are boat races on the Thermalito Afterbay which produce noise heard in Thermalito. The Butte County sanitarian's office has received very few noise complaints. There are occasional complaints about the blasting and heavy trucks associated with rock crushing opera- tions; Most of these operations are in fairly isolated areas. Other complaints about industrial activities have been about in -plant noise. No complaints have been received about the Western Pacifica railroad classi°_ cati.on and switching yard, though this is a significant noise source. Some complaints have been received about barking clogs b. State Department: of Parks and Recreation The State Department of Parks and Recreation has jurisdiction over Lake oroviile and the Thermalito Afterbay and Forebay. Noise has been a minor problem on the lakes, but is expected to decrease when the Department begins measuring boat noise to better enforce existing regulations; co City of Chico The City of Chico ]Manning Department has 'received numerous_ noise complaints concerning sorority and fraternity parties at Californiaa.a state Una:ver . st x„ y', Ch�.c.n. There are also occasional Problems with rock concerts which talo place in the 'University's football stadium or near Big Chico Creek.The ,rock concerts are not held as often as in the past, so this problem seems to be diminishing. The southern Pacific ]railroad line through the City is a major source of noise complaints. state Highway 99 IV --7 In a noise source but not a major noise complaint problem. Since the Highway 99 :freeway was constructed? several high- cost residential, areas have devclopod adjacent to it Complaints have been made about noise from aircraft in the Chico Airport Traffic pattern. Most of those complaints are related to -the high peak noise levels from commercial Jet and air tanker takeoffs and landings. 24 Traffic Traffic volumes for 1975 are shown in Map XV -1 for the six State highways within the County. These volumes were obtained from the Traffic Branch of the California Department of Transpor- tation (CAL'TRANS) . Estimated traffic increase rates for -these highways are shown in Table IV -•1. !,able XV -1. ESTIMATED ANNUAL TRAFFIC INCRLASt RATES ON STATE HIGHWAYS From 1975 (as of 11/24/76) Hiclhway 32 1 %/yr. @ Glenn County .Line 3.5%/yr, West Side of Chico to Highway 99 1%/yr. East of Chico Highway 70 5%/yr. @'lube County Line 4%/yr. @ Orovil.le North Highway 99 5%/yr. Highway 149 _3%/yr: Highway 163 1%/yr, @'Glenn County Linc 3t/yr. East. of Highway 99 Highway 191 2t/yr. Source: CALTRANSr Traffic Branch, Marysville District Table IV -2 shows 1975 and' estimated 1987 traffic volumes for the State Highways in the County. Table IV -2 also shows thatonly two State Highway sections will, have traffic volumes IV--$ 7'dblO XV -2- T'Rl VVIC VOLUMES) AND RS`.lIKATTU) NOTSt; T,I3V1;LS 1"131 S�AT'L i11 C11WI y Rea I'L 'Section 197 ; ADT7 1r's1:im�rto� 1987 ADTI .,.a�.. trom 'xntn 111ghway 32 Glenn Co. blest side of 6,.800 7,400 " t3,r�h�Siac eil'r Line Chico Wast side of Chico Rte. 99 11,600 15,660 "fligh-Speed" Rte. 99 Tehama ,Co, 2,300 2,530 .._3 Line Highway 70 puha Co. Line O,roville 11,200 16, 800 "lligh-Speed" droville PIUMas ca. Lino 8,300 11,620 '"High- Speed" Highway 99 Sutter Co. Skyway 11,900 17,850 "lii.gh-Speed" Interchange Skyway Interchange col,assest Hw Interchange y� 19,900 � 29,050 ' dor o ndories atod b ufrt�d boundaries cohasset Rd.. inter- Tehama Co. tine 91000 13,500 "high-Speod" change Highway 149 Rte, 70 Rte, 99 51000 61500 "High -Speed" Highway 162 Glenn Co. Rte. 99 1,200 1,320 __3 Line Ate.. 99 Rte. 70 7,500 9,750 "High-specd" Rte. 70 Lower Wyandotte Rd. 16,900 21,970 Inside incorpor- Sted boundaries Lower Foreman Creek 8,700 11,3.10 "High -Speed" Wyandotte Road Road (End of Rte.) Highway 191Pearson Rte., 70 Paradise4 . •550 51460 "high -Speed" Rc"ad Notes; 1. These values noise are estimated as of 11/24/76 from 1975 ADT figures, Estimated contours by CALTRANs are based on these numbers until more accurate. data are supplied 2. Maximum ADT in this roadway secticn. ADT is average daily traffic. 34 Volumes less than 9,000 ADT. IV -9 above 20#000 ADT in 1987, These sections are within itoorporated areas of Chico and Orovilla. The noise contours for all State Highways with volumes between 5400 alad 20r00O ADT cannot be predicted using , the 'State office of Noise Control methodology which applies only to roadways with volumes above 20,000 ADT. Using an Office of Noise Control "rule-of-thiLimbb quIdelinot noise levels for State "fligh Speed" highways with $400 to 20,000 ADT are estimated to be: L dn - 70 dD within 100 feet of the roadway. L dn - 65 dB between 100 and 200 feet of the roadway. Lan - 60 dB or less beyond 1.00 feet of the roadway. County road sections with traffic volumes greater than 5,000 ADT (1975) are listed in Table 1V-3. A 3 percent annual growth rate was assumed to estimate 1987 traffic volumes, Again, using the office of Noise Control. "rule -of -thumb," all road sections with traffic volumes between 5,000 ADT and 20,000 ADT, have estimated noise contours as shown below for varying speed zones. "High-speed" Roadways; L dn 70 dB within 100 feet of (40-55 MPH) roadway. L dn 65 dB between 100 and 200 feet of the roadway. L dn 60 dB or less beyond 200 feet of the roadway, "Low. -S -Peed" Roadways- L dn 65 dB within 100 feet of the (typically 3$ MPH roadway. maximum) L dn 60 dB or less beyotLd 100 feet of the roadway, IV -10 ,` ,'`. � �< _._ u.. s� Skyway is 'tho o�ily County road pro jecL,�d to have traf:-to Vol- umas above 20400 ADT in 1987, Ustima"-ed noise cont otfra for this section of skyway between Pearson !,load and Wtg-0*a*'f Road are shown in Viguro IV -2. Those contovro were caloxla-ed from the state office of Noise ContrO. 46thodology 110'.1mation of Community Noise Ex2osure in _Terms pi,p4jy7pLiz Average gh Level Noise Cop -tours. The contours s�,ow'ri in Figuro are based on a generalized day -night spli�; in vebiclo volume of 87 percent day and 13 percent night. A ,tom;'.n,iJ day and night heavy truck percentage of 4 perc.ant or t,,is low speed arter.ial was assumed. Nomograms njekl in the ,,-stimates aveivi"'Ra that the to dway is levol, with the slaellaut terz%"%n. Peak traffic noise levels will be above the L ., noise levels disjussed above* For examr�lef automobiles can Create noise levels of 60 to 70 dBA anJ trucks, busese and pi,crtly-,.,Iuftled autos can create ;levels of 70-$5 dBA at 80 feet from the source. In Summary, there are, no significant noise problems associated with State or County roads in the unincorporated arias of the County, Based on the limited data available anal the CNEL/L dn Descriptors( projected increases in traffic volumes on these roads should cause no Significant increases in noise levels. 3. RaiXroad8 The main tracks of Southern Pacific and Western Pacific Rail- roads have consistently high noise levels,, Both of thesea ,tracks carry heavy freight traffic with as many nighttime as daytime operations. Rail traffic has not changed in the past 3 years and is not expected to increase sign i ficantly over the next 10 yearso For dete!rmininq nois,: levels associated with the typical operations on these two lines, the methodology presented in the Wyle Labora.torieu report, Assessment Of Noise Environments Armed Railrc)ad o era,tions, was used, Table XV -4 shaves the - two main railroad lines with each line divided into categor.4es according to l,angth, speed, and grade The Composite CNEL at the fax right of Table XV -4 summarizes the projected CNNL"s dor each category of track shown in :Figure XV -3. t Categories 1 And 2 include the Western pacific line that runs North of Oroville through the Feather River Canyon on ascending and descending grades. Categories 3 through 6 include the other sections of both the Western and Southern Pacific lines. Column 15 in 'fable IV- shows the r predicted CNEL at the distance specified for ,each category taking into account traffic mix (supplied by the railroads) and other train -related variables that affect noise levels. The Wyle. method assumes that there its nig noise attenuation by topography or buildings Figures IV -4 and IV -5 depict the CNEL noise contours for the railroad section categories. 4, Airports Airports,a:re significant noise sources and careful land use planning around them is required. Both the Chico and the Orov'4e airports are within city limits, but 'the _lands around them are unincorporated.. A.ircraft:, operations at these two airo p its produce significant noise levels that impact surround:- Ing Properties The orovil.le Airport has no scheduled air carrier service, but it is suitable for that use in the future. The City of oroville has been requested to provide noize contour Projections for the airport (see Appendixri) The contours will be incorporated into the Noise Element when they aro'received. 611 TAI3L E IV - ------------ L WORKSHEET FOR LINE OPERATIONS a.a L. ri f op n, t' F V. qµh 'f4 Mxrr.v iLlkr ,.p -,..� s.•. _ J J�btMioft frqun t n "do lit r r upr L.. 1+...1 r.11 A41 t71 - .. N.rn(kahon Y ) y.rrJl Y.;n.nyl }rrr * 'k} ryl x111 m..-•er,.:„�.e...�,a..� I p71 nbr rp, sP1 Er .Ih I$! }° r" "rn• N I Will I m„ t , +'141 Y1(IT CnMpt?SI)C CN[L AT u, II[il y}IU,N. nrdk�` INonr♦ Yf r, n,tr Isayr. 114 fl ,,.r Ya HrIFe, SVA ii�rU- mrc��rarrrprrWAI +� Ch. t i k r r n dA`i' rrm nr 1� rr rtU'• , i ,� t,: t.,t .I ,: ? ri F'.1'![S a� ClitAtiPC IFJf1I[AT 01 it rner,r l� do ", 1 afar„Evr 7 rW Wl1 CYN PcfV�ra.i�y+1{ n N. r %•/�.�.u.:+._+ .. K. + nfur Nr Ild? ,1'al f181 rivl «n{ w+rx Y'^' >.»K ._,.� to how r<. C.) 'T "arta rw _ YFNa ilstl,t. Ji ,�..,, y, ,. �,.>, � ,� .., -L-�.• Y�] ,y(,i ,� .. .- _ r%,J „guy,.,•.,. +.rwYa •,ra«, r: a.. yJH, r� r �IAK n .J1 •— j,.v ,+r.�,F-� l A.-/J�. 4� /..� . _ > t• )..� ",,•x.a4,X..'.Itr: .��.r... - Y� �” `"""'."Y"". 's''�.F`-. '.:,,:�:.....,�r..„�.. .,. - ..5.... !rlr1'.�� ,r��.��•. y!� �,.,�,�',,.. _ �7 <� +��,. i>. _”" ' .�..,...,. ,' � ._..� >. •; ins /'� �. �.�.�<.,� � i r „ps. •r,.iY) _r> «: k. .—., . r; . , r , � -� „r,. �'� .�� ,a.6�.I f ,Mr. rr .9Y 4.i zi r«,,. .'vNw• �x �• •...� .,.u„ ty �� � �. � .. <=«ra:>.., 44— r-,,— f t'Ni P r t • � ,_. ._„f, ,.,� >+« N L u.swY,F �. w+,fE.b _ .'a I'T:va !;.oah ». ,:y F rryp+;«f ,g. _,�.,Z -Tf It,c M w .fir ,> 'IrirNt. ink,, .» +»..g aV �5_ }. r ., _..., ... _.. ..-.+...,+.. A .x xr• 7"A+ PPAY itug )€ r, jL�. .,r{r. �1 ,edr c r The Chico Municipal Airport- is a major ,source of noise The airport is situated north of the city on Cohasset Road (see Map IV -1). It is a general transportation airport 'serving conventional and jet general aviation oper4tions, air tankers, x and commercial carriers. The City of Chino's Municipal Airport is the Only airport in the County with scheduled commercial flights. Considerable industry is located on the eastern side of the airport property. The airport is located north of Chico and the flight path for general aviation takeoffs and landings passes dear resi- dential areas During the fire season, the airport is used extensively by fire -fighting tanker planes which are very noisy. The major noise problems are with takeoffs and landings of scheduled �r carrier jet aircraft, ,let takeoff and landing approach procedures are established so that the planes skirt the northeastern part of the urban area. This procedure has reduced the noise problem, but reportedly the aircraft do not always use the prescribed corridor. Vigure IV -6 shows the 65 dB and 70 dB C&SEL contours for the Chico Municipal Airport as provided by the Federal Aviation Administration for the Chico General. Plan dated July 1976. The 60 dB CNLL :noise contour required by the 1976 amendment to Government Code section 65302 ,(g) was not required for the preparation of the Chico General Plan Noise Element. The City of Chico General Plan says "The area designated for potential, low density residential developmeTit in northeast Chico (approxi- mately 1-1%4 miles from the end of the runway) thus falls outside,the 65 CNEL contour, that is, it would be exposed to noise levels less than CNBL« lV-19 t Ile �a 8 WIM aft ado pa 0 s y0� Ib 3 R i 0 a • ^S r " A y r a p # b die U + e Y b HICO MUNICIPAL nur wed Kn! eras r¢tr wv «NM n`.M. 1 d UMM,11 � 70 p sr.1 tttn tt+! aee`Cw. [xv Ksd. �rpe �+�'af ^wr .� 1� �'` MSR .. ��r��✓ F- '< a EATON'RO. ° 55 CNE1_ , 70 CNBC MU "i IV -6 . , AIRPORT BOUNDARY CM CO AIRPORT :•... �• AREA TO BE ACCIUMED IN FEE TITLE FOR 04EwAR ZONE EXCESS LAND -• TAKING AREA TO RE ACQUIRED IN FITS TITLE . MOISEE CONTOURS Owp {{ yrrn, NOISE LTTE COLNTry GENERAL PLAN SOURCE. Airleral Aviation port In st ict Office, e, Burlin eme, California, � December 9, 1975 t OCPAP d£xY NO R V8I Q ]N e C .. ! z5�sao ..m"uu,..,.,�« e Ft.N� i TV -24 ................... "However, in asserilng airport noise., the cnm methodology( which is essentially a means of averaging individual noise events, should be esPecially viewed as a guide rather than as a precise and definitive assessment of noise impact. This is particularly true in Chico, where the single event noise levels associated with the DC -9 aircraft, and with the larger air tankers,, can and do annoy residents who live in the airport vicinity, The CNEL evaluation is particularly limited in situations such as'Chicolst where there are relatively few flights in a day. Thereforer recognition must also be given to the importance of single event noise levels." The City of Chico is acquiring property within the airport clear zone and 65 dB CNEL level to provide limited short- term protection of future airport operations from encroaching incompatible residential uses* 5. Noise -Sensitive Areas Noise -sensitive. sites shown in Map IV -1 include the Butte Ecology Conservation Center, t tte college, public schools in unincorporated areas and'411:the edges of cities, public and pVivato rest homes with occupancies over 1.5 persons in unincorporated areas, wildlife management areas, and the,Peather River Hospital in Paradise. These sensitive receptors need adequate quiet to properly conduct their activities. 6. Noise Survey A community noise survey,was Conducted in December 1976 for three purposes; (1) to measure the noise environment at typical receptors deemed noise -sensitive and located XV -21 outside of the tdil 60 dD °noise levels 4enarated by major noioo uourcos (road.ways, airports y railroads) ; (2) to provide information on mt j=car noise sources where t,)r di.ctive results are 3 ngertai+n (rai,l,road maintenance and switching yards) and ,3) to define ambient noise levels in representative areas of the 0oanty. The --, representative sites listed in Table IV -5 were monitored to de." t-_rmi ne Ldn noise levels. Measurements were taken at each site between 700 a.m. and 10:00 .p.m, , and between 10.00 p.m, and 700 am. A. -scale readings more taken at each site every 5 seoonds for periods of at Least 10 minutes with a Gruel. and Kjaer precision Sound Level Meter, using a 1 -inch condenser microphone with a wizidscreen. The instrument was chocked for calibration before each monitoring period. Meteorol.o , oal conditions varied from clear to foggy, with calm winaii and temperatures from 45 to 66 degrees. The calculated day -night average: levels which indicate typical levels to be expected at the sites can be applied to other similar locations in the County. The measurements taken at the Western Pacific maintenance and switching yards in Oroville show high levels at nearby residonees. 7. Summary There have been few noise comp ,lai.nts in the county and most of these involve it -city noise problems,. The unincorporated areas of the county generally have :Low noise levels and most of the noise producing activities (motoroycl e tracks r gravel -crushing operations, etc.) are sufficiently remote from popi.,Iated ares to cause few conpl.aints. _'Phare are very few persons exposed to toise levels above ars Ldn of 160 dB in the unincorporated areas of the County., Railerbadst high -spored highways, industries, and airports currently effect few residential areas or other sensitive receptors, 1VM� VabI6 SV -5, AMDIENT NPISB MON11PO ING SITES Facility Namet Ype of i'ac 1 V: Measurement i,ocation Ldn' M z SoUrC-01 ,9r 1) Railroad maintenance Western Pacific Shops in 70 dZ yard CrOville; measured at res ,- dences across the street 2) Railroad switching Western pacific switching 62. dys yard yards in oroville, measured at resi0ences across the ' $t.rea Sensitive Areas 3) Rest Horne in a real.- 8dgewood Care Home in Para- 41 dA dential neighborhood dise; measured oil front lawn 4) Community Hospital in Feather River Hospital 51 dB a residentla.l neighbor- Paradiso; measured in hood hospital parking lot 5) outlying school orButte "allege; measured on 51 4B other facility in a student center lawn rural area 6) Rural community school Durham 1, ­ in Durham; 56 c;B measured in parking lot, near Highway 99 1.) Rural community school. Richvale BlOMOntary in Richvala; 61 i1B near light industry, measured in school parking lot school activities in near Highway 99 progrosb Q) Suburban community Las Plumas high School in 57 Gg school., school acti- Oroville measured in school vities in progress par%inq let 0) Wildlife refuge near Veather River Wildlife' Manage- 40 dB an urban community menu 7�reaj southwest of CiroVille; measured near Pacific Heights Road 10) Wildlife refuge in Grey s OdgO Wildlife Manage- 40 d1l rural area ment.Area southwest of Gridley,; measured 'near Liberty Road `i Source: CR2t,1, HILL,, T Decembor 1976. IV -23