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84-6 DEER HERD COMMITTEE 31 OF 33
1k`rp.1lba't F.'.'�`r OF FiS1t ANA b1;1'1t1 II ltitnlletts, ;°btllle Mailfl'1j�Iti. forilst ran.tri°s, ti)t1I`iSlllt'll+ and 1't111t'liC�lS ��t'�' ISIiCI°➢�a 11LIi 2l'lY'j1I`tvii^.'�1 mk !� �'� �s11t 1 �' and bitei;iato the 4'+)l1IIt1 0S Sbti+lt� itt'1las uta t1t•rr iilforlltatit'll V"``ld hV OMON' ThToY+tlitt"ilk' ���` iguos `f Glut kill tori 1."r3omtt "11111 l,k)III til. iii portiolis of 101 t11v '1110,jiI' t1t'+"r l'i1b1 •1S 11.1111 flit+st of tl t* 11111 iYl tatleS tti Lt;' ar Iblltiri'stgud till! Ifit'tJllTlatitltt kin'1 L'llt'tl 1 a l't+itt 1111 r1'it'1CS Bud111 t:.°il rA't'dl1'tiS, p Ckt:ll \t.l� ;11512 .tc'tl iI. 1w I" ,1 tritit'aS;tt'i'll Clll'11+'Y' of t11ii 'Sttlt+`,i `t �,l:rt 1 Ili' c',ti•filli3tl+ tl+,er t'b�r^l '411 as a sindi ;�1<a,ifl'F ("ui111tk lYn Point. )t, 1...111 it11 ih'.'tllsitl+' 1112 t1,;-; tidi't1 Lira1"ldl'll i" lilrCk illi 1.11E >it! 1lEt•ilAsitl� lFl°lI'1G 1tit` 1tD".^fxr.y,,tl t !t R'. t ivt \Ylll'C'+t, +Ii11SY14t7Hvt! t,aLl^ ('ali lruhl, \1 •"'S ultra fit+! alti'Ytt ! t1"p SL"'1 a. 1I1111111tililbs liC as 1111111 111 l i'tt »11L` s. 1 Pontk "fS F1'till 'ltilt:4 tq lk.�t�l to M loll 1k ranoisoo ll"14 f ��t1.5t 511 L1 e" 11111 � �,t b i salltifC�'Istt . n Alt 2ts l `.t CP41, 113+* 1 ort1D t'ir,lst 1't.njpt s, illlat la"ttl` t . t'x=� .►1 100s. CoirpVal.on of Rocoided 14ornlal;'bn on Door '(''..itb+`S'•i1" Yl -..;,Miall !t'atD'vtli as t'inda of the His Of the 111.1�t�POP, �enttAO { , y,4fu' illi^.�ti.t3k:e' Il .111¢1 t.,i? vgi'nul 11.;1111 fll tl,t, U. �. 1„rlti 1t y 1191 A lty 11 *.A11 '2'iUlv!`a:1 ti,,l .iti 1..i'@.i11;L'' 21'111+rte 111 tit11 (ltrt 1n11ltfl f 1 there , r „ 1111, blvq 1 a tt 101it. ,,tt �,di*'tl 1lil3t 11),11+t1' to b 1"1 4t a`. Lit,t1 i ilt 1't tit tl' ]il' iri + tat 1121 t �'jiri]7�'r1 lIc1E.Si1�t" +1 +1; AL's Lzvf i'llt 1111'11, lient1t1t ino inid Sall".11 Ll,Irllara Coillltitr;, Li'tlk� �+r 1`1'lift irulatir,I1 Neil, Wlitili± All' L;YI 11 kil';�a5 °tA,trr ranrla 1'1+1 itc19'i 111'9 ai3, : taiitltlllal Alam '11'C'rY' tibltllfiod 1t1vaalY it' After f~i t+ •" r a,•1 r.` 'u•+t� at!,a yl':+a1'�'halll lllitiQhllt 1111"vtt41 hllfliIii111 1 dl a �1. �•,l ,,1t2't 4115 t to ta1S"i"'a " 1,1?��;+.•� ail a 1t' Z,�, M. Fish and I i1t11i1t tir 1'111 ,Plat ief { '' tI 1 i5 ".ill ,tn' • r^ + kni� 1 icllkl .�t43tI «t�t.'i?.ti,i t, S'Wli1 ('SillSCl`i'atit,ll �k+i'1' �+t i1t 1 " tai 1'�ItD't°4tl'\°1 t:l l+l iwii :t of Lit°41^.'ikf' i area " t ifilrlN, -111111 t^t11111f tli i.I ..lib i4i,"y i aC' t3 t, t1'+^Si 3a'ltv1;�,. �,:v'3'l`itA��l LAl'k1t31t•11tS Qr tlitl,iilfrN Lt+a,'�•1161�t1 �, +'Sttlilaltt"� tltvftt'tt1 ltiltltj ^�. Ii 1 i:;!' Ce'k7wair1ll Nrflt*.. ti ^Ilr,» 11.'. t lett i t e. to 1,;'µ'1a111+Dr. low "ANN" 141321ttbfS,. i11u1 0111"l` "Pas I11 inttki t 9`,y t altn't:1 V" k *. µ1t u12j ateJ 1il'itlltll n-volti`v A ipplivil Slf.jlgir" n, 1 4,..lia1131+1 l,al Fi'1Y1a1'tl tl. t �11a'.lil'ib1 its i`t"�lirlts f,lttvl! Ckllltllt X.il"� in ">rte?e ews A 11."N COW -An I1+11tr1'dl W4 11'1111 itll'al, ilvr`'ilbll 11111 1 r vltattisll, mot.,,, lt;'Lryt`:" t^,^l2+aYi ^i'S llll`1tllllil''t C1f �Iitivl'11t flMtl St1ltC` il�kkrilt,`l"-S Ltttla .�.t. a .1 . t„ > 1 r . t 1 1 , `'31111 lGl.i�Hhe larklti.t l: ti i1'f Cr }a,Vtil lIl'i rtvll ` it ttltSfl 1I11"' t»t h� .1111 ^l l.al.tl . 1',!1°pi(,'I`�� 1:1111 11111°tliliv+ 1'C�i+lr'llfv 11111~1°tjllr�ilfi, .....1.p, a .ctrl+•tt+11 1Y..,Y ,t a I1A�61,'• it S1il 111'1"115 1111.11 11111t'li '. dlfti1tYor t'tlkld,.k 1. a 1 i t11t1Urs+l+t�l °`"tt'11'D;�1i' y1;t;kl 1Y2lS 1lvAMI niltl 1l wa fo ft'1'llt1G. 1, tl itf`tr ,1..liltr kritta,.l Ott. 117 do 111"="1"t 111�i Iliµ t1�trt '1AAYS 1lllltir All t�11f1llil !lilt lU1lt.ldt°111; Tititil. r 1.1:11,1 ltl f�ttl' Voit 1«t rilti�kll l'illltt'S 1 Ptil1i1111t1r U �llilil:l�k'2" tis C1t'L'1' 117 rd 1')wl11 ". rat& of 1,1tleltst "111+151 Gild falvtlq� 1 blt'k11111ts lrrrt41ati M, j nM MglV of 011v11Iati 111; ill 111`11.• ikt'1`ti � '1'11"tip t i ih° tY Y1tt'�:+"^` I and 1wriClbltu t, f tirollnotivitti 1 ol'v* lit t'1ht+1r� Alit bt, ,.vrrtr t,111(It1 1lii1S. (111.111"l til �'ll'tlt 4iltiS 6Ivtor,a Heat:" I 10 1111x,11 1111 ilDte w , ,k. 14 a'rt a "�ta1 krill;;?0,Q ,,tl�ry "ttlkill� a short tillie it 11'Y1s tr+itisi111t' til *,.It ani \ 0 ,r't'll1'1't 131' CALIFORNIA 11131t 111i1MA i bro,all pit'l iry of rA' lIGNT 1100"�ltflililillit'k11y"'Ill1Al�onvil1S, and211a1ifiY'�"t1113P11t ill' 1tl� ,mq in 211111rea undersintlt+' even 1hout"lb I"xavt tIaht Soldont '1-tolti jtt� l,+'itilitbe'tl• Range Stoveys' 1: Lu,S4fl e the We arta of Pact, 11'inteP` r itl",:t� )Vils firti�rllliluatl ' 113;11 in l•t of ;lit' ralhi.° lljiall 101MI the Hord is dept-lulttllt tluvilw the I`ttaS" 1.1'ittkoal part. All the year),ainl -,in +Jti'1 lar vstiulatiftll (if + ouditlt"a anti Ms11 'al'daik!if 1' rwde blAng standard i"an-ve sarvvy, lural 11115" 1`�111ki31Yus 11^pre r. v on tt'lt. unit f �krt.Jlr,f rud tl "1121 y1trC.t t11I 1i 3ile1.4 11 Nrt ill at Na l Olt, t'tiw'Ili i,.l I A.v! s ull+'t't"Ilill� the bicatitlilf land :11411th, soil ty 1v. Sohl i'1gI11ltifin, A'ui„oatil`ta e�+v11111tmeitis, and the condition trentl of the rwiae area _hPifl ; 4111"'tr.'ti r i . L -a",make jhwn�rafltis were talker of 1511.11 ttN'tii11�1..�+11;111 Sa°=1t"C`+ 1t tkl to i3llourilwd �i1• h die' l�tl h on tilt* at�,r111 Mi Una 11't�rr ►i2b1`1balill y lit�?tjl" W1Y1 ill t1E' vVinii►iilg eover dlstritlatikiil and the ovol'•4111 lay Uf 1111` imul. '1t1'e valive sill -Vol- niethot1.q Nvere ftlltlid to be fihtkflil i'tl :."4V'11114,, "t l'Lttilter d thtt tQ1`i' t+d ta[+i'tlrC en itbms thorn emild beblit lint•tl rroin vosui1tipet illc`a 1!1111. ILA+11'1'1'vrt «t mnt; fouli that 1: m rllil e 1 ala X111 s now0-4y7fj�N- lit 11;b;.*ratt�rl4, deer 11prtl lailge! . "3.hoil' liSN H,L' t�nw -,Vw+ Y?tl:`1A1uklt i'k1vaka+l°' inlited 131' the �llllposAbility ill iiilA?t.V 11«11^4s tt1^ ^'11'fit l~ Ca. LCoy Wow nutg, ' nrte is ill 11tP tinite ar;lilalt?t'. Est;mallnq Door Numbors 1. 14,14'�il►tp,ssible toobtahl �it:unrato i91for aintioil at tlo"r 11I111111Qb"s� frit r, 1y,' w" aline and three 111".1 Il-lt perlilit a'.1,11at t'tkllSll�ilb+„ 112 ttl't�r'1" ttf ° 1 Sto 1Y1111d �rst till,' t'1 't°I* 11111 lath' Liu' ElIt ` 1V'111 rl tltl'lllJll+'," l ttS.1 %M wuja fo the yv ab" �'t'i wiT it'll 14"lS available ill Alit, ht'Liz�enleellt a +" i'r ��► ;11111 t� arw files, "1"tar tz 11111 ::i?llt't'S Wet', 11sed '.S 1111 hitlo, Alt dvI1N*,tV. 1 1* rt=l xzln4ilitl lit'tlrt'1I1 111.1 and 1*r�1`}lbtlti`itm in btbtn , sh it hyl b -II *;.+l od min tt! od to L'tittIliAo jlitfll:41bins ill dirt"t'lau t'tl unots of v>tbllial %,p.. '1`1""'"411 vi 1 ere el3r.+:totl and vevi od till Ik. 1losii tk'r" t�t�lkl a, yl'i�s th*s and ill.'*rumthm t+,ltliblmt frmu ilbte'rl'it mN The i3ka''1 kt+Jye A VA, :it 3111: 1lr p ntilltl�ers areLDyBIt`it 121k�i t' Llit,11` it, 11!v vllii.jl'N,.vr 1111 " l' I pill !tion., and rllllge% - - Herd Compasition COWS i'. ll rid+'l'11t11t' information 111111 watt tratllorf'+i by direet tttt�s�1`1"lititlll t' t¢ar' tFa°c l' ilii'Il1St'1i'11t. L n uITer of deli vu11111tlSitMI t'llil'tts W0174' W,k'il n! a 114�% parks tit' tilt' tatat, `flit? 113 tlbhl tisvd ill luA-int." Iliemi 141, *+U110tsrpuy Axisr to that 'f(I'lud ultlat g9lia'vSst�tll in filo aL111111iino horst %b"'.?!`, Ivor wer+' .ittbsdOed by !:r ckupS, itii St'i`ll, 111111 t, V' ll'i.Sk' t�' 1,C1aa; 11'klrt' nireal ill wli.it`li eyera hidil"ikillal olilitl ^lie identifit�t i. lit �111Is '41 V it ".�^"^ lull .:rl4fal 311.11 1111 bit t'"iriltr! t'111S,i111nttit'11 1+11`1111 1111 t+111'ilSned Vi.' 1.110 t•i W' 'Sivinir 111C blllllllittr4 of tlirist" intli't'ltlual.,; nitfiell Wore 1i11YS, rinatllly l�t% ttltAitll'�tt 1314! ti 0a Subtf,`va:on of boor Range Wo'Reg+ons, Uniff brid Sub..unls a taji�tail evallllXPtiou MY V "11'111 sIll'1ev, the tlmr rilllilm it 111118400 W1.11t11$11i1 "+'11111 hit" llibllliil;mc 1"t' I1nIN ll,l "I lipot m atiti'lil Awr Erni#ililtittlms ^" tar.rti'1. in Ike pow ail' ail' -oratory llt'k"r, 'divis±Atli ("alltl LIC Illlldo till the basis tit' q' '1S"v c",3t"k+lb til �t"j,llll`a1iF \t'ilitill` r1311'�tts, Lt R'ilti lttrt Litt4ti11t11"Ali.'11l Illi ±t? dvtt'l'•.. uAllt' nuarlatifal routig 111 till` field but ill 1111i't ar, l'3 stI.Nvivbl.1 ilifQ0111,11 it'll J r CONTENTS �',litlt ;1 Vollipliatioll UC hi'vor(Wit tllflr root l toll ou Alver - IA 1'�liilldt rl}; rlrt'1' mlliltit'l,4 • -.. _ ._.._ - 114a•11 cirluliii.itiml ruutrt4 tufo rot i1iu ultits 1)ud ruh ureutn � Iliillvi•,l,iu of 111-V raliv , ii aul nttinr. 111,- lTo1,ta i lt•` D2,111t 11, CA TA Vt)It's 1A.. it y1i Yi'iit. `t)ttll.•ttl. tiliArq.-..-. "T t,,A c.itlliilit lit Al'u'vielili tl tliitiPrr 111111 tt'11.11`I`+ - i " hl•tll�lnb ^ l'o};11ri1ilt iirl$Iliat 1tr'1"C 1)iii Iltsttt•,tM^i 12 cVevt foil devi' Atr It it rrpitllt.tt it Imtit itlk -_ .. 11I 1.ptrr+trrl; c011111rtitit111 lfatit whltpr4 _... .. - . •. .. ,.. _ %., 1 lutz,wrll l otu'll 'i.l;rtlttliill -._. _ � ,i i'mnit l4'til•?;lllti Iedit P11i111 Dt it t'l'1 lot it I, t .. ' � sit 1111 I'l V•,1--^ttit, ttl'IuaA"} llttYl harrow -... .... .• .. - .' 1a ,�;Al'hyt li omit;.1"tls'tit _ » ..... ... ..... . 1'Ntitrtil 1!t' rll•1"r tirt'ltlit00� "allge tal•lm"; t'lilttl"Iti111'luT,. lli lll'Vr i]Ir!PC.I�i` +. .. .. - ... 21. 't by decrease cif dtu"- lifter 1,l1.i:1t;1'tlllt`1..C'1r0,N, AND oll801101 poJI111411101i r,trrllatr+t"al3ti In+ � .Willllilt' thita t itltt 1 ri'vtAtirC 1 {'ttiull'rll ili l�"l'1lua till,rt1't r tlltlhi.l•1'� t7tttj Olt- rA' ru4"i'A'.� Ilrcr lttilltber4;%till lirilait'irs- 114-- tli'rd'; 111111 ru tl'Rrm'— _ Nisirril t10.1sr - Itiuip, WI lir Sult'F: ».r llmwso . _ .. ttltF'J`r it:l5tti <�Ula ..... _..... .. . „ . ......... •tli 4A - ill^T'i,t 4.1 ltilltl;c11ri1V1tt"trt; .. "-� .'"' . tti srit"rialli\` t"Sl.Tt plChiA ..,,A I \fitsl'lllintt , ..:. .. ..,.,._e........ .,_ , Y •Ti Ilvowq(� Is ltniit;tl Ott 8nLTjW8fl1rr'a1\ t,tl STATEF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME BURErU OF GAME cONSERVA1I0N GAME guLLETIN Noi 6 A Survey of CALIFORNIA DEER HERDS T61r Ranges and be ro roduced in other publicotionso '(Ills builetin % not copyrighted and thors anct California Deportment of Fish Management P roblE ms provided due credit is given to the dvho and Game, _ By \41Lt tAM M. LONGHURST, A. STARKER LEOPOLD uad RA`;Mpl�iO >+. DASMAHPI J'USEvht o" VfRif�RAiE zooloi=,Y �tiVER51TY of CALIFORNIA. BtRYELEY l ars r� q ua>wi. Gf N i S s ID �i -T. h Y r STATE OF +CAI.IFORIM DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME BUREAU OF GAME CONSERVATION GAME BULLETIN! NO. 6 A Survey of CALIFORNIA DEER HERDS Tkeir Manges and Management Problems By WILLIAM M. LONGHURST, A. STARKER LEOPOLD cnd RAYMOND F, DAs,UlrgN MUSEUM OF VF :',`.UTE ZOOLOGY UNIVEgsi ly OF CAll. oRN1A, 92R� LEY a 1952 Ae and antler Point Classes 1964 Fill t ¢e Sa�ple No. PercentE Percent of Total 2 pt. 1 3 t. 4 + t. Total d 1 16 21.1 100' 27 35.5 70.4 22,2 7.4 3 11 14.5 54:5 366,4 9.1 100 4+ j 22 2.8.9 18.2 45.5 36.3 100 i Sapie 76 _` 45 20 11 ._ 76j t SUGGESTED fiEADII,*G I,ISfi FOR Ilii-SERVICE TRAIT TING The f0llocling list was selected for background reading. It includes material, on the Itooret:own Unit; California as a whole; tr repos t qn an intensive study on a deer here; similar to the one here, att e:;cellent ter.'t book- in ook on wildlife in general; a discussion of a longi; history of management in Arizona; an example of an esion or- ,dont; in a current sports periodical; and the Forest Servicc 4ianual and Handbook., 1,. Big Game Habitat xtanagement flan - Sloat beer Flercl_ `Crnit. Pluinas iJational Forest. 1964 2. A Surttev of California Deer Herds. Lona Dascann (Game r3u11et n N,. G:13G ohurst, 1,00pOld and of fish and Game, Sac-rame to, 1952, freelifornxa DOpartment 3. The Jawbone Deer ',i,II:d. Lea xld ps. Riney, McCain and 7."ev4s. (Game Bulletin 4:13§--pp.) :.a ,ufornia Department Game, Sacramento, 1951. o>Fish and 4. Our Vildlife LeS,ac5 Durward L. Allen, Funk and t-,agnall:s Co. 4,� New York, 19 _;'T op. , 5. Venison Ste,q. A ,ion of Arizona's Deer ttanaeement Program. Bill Sizer, Arizona Game and Fish. Department. 1963. 11 pp. 6. The Deer t�;ar. Ben East. Outdoor Life. December 1963. 7. PSH and FSiM 2600. 8. references Listed in 2663.,2 R-5 ,Supplement, list. and in the above 9. Forest G7il,dli,fe ManafXeraent Flan.. Plurlas 'National Forest. 19,6a 10. The Black-tailed_l<eer of the Chap._ a, and Ra}rr1. Richard D. Taber TM�ond F. Da;smattn. California D+epartmer►t Of Fish and. Game. Bulletin No, 8' 163 pp. 1958. SLtGCEST7075 pOR p.LFLN r?.�vD .i.�F_ r.�VISIO�T As VOL, see flaws in this place, make. notes that ou can later be used to raprOVe 'Frere so the plan and maps Y t st„��e�3t•^�1 PLU1MS NATIONAL 70R1',"1't Ranger District IrJV MORY OF DEER HABITAT YMPROVEME-W PROJEC 7 3 THAT ARE NEEDED, Improvement Nems Kind Location Land Ownersh Approx. Acreage Priority (In Pencil) Indicate it Project Work Plan has been Submitted Date Project Completed Outside Coo erators Include all imi3revwments currently listed on project work plans as well as other desirable mprove:,ents that are uacded. is a short farm (263 ycar) action plan.. A-.l1G APPE-NDIX Table of Contente ;;;s=IO Habitat Irwprovement Job List A -Ob Suggestions for Plan and rap Revision A-0 Suggested Reading List for In -Service Training A-1 Surveys, - Deer Reported Deer :ill A-2 Age and Antler Point Class A'3 Surveys - liabitet Browse Specie Occurrtnce A-4 ticCabe Creek Transect Oata Rey Brovae, Condition and Trend A -S Kanaka Peak Transect Data gay Brocsse Condition and Trend� A- C Little Bald Rack Transect Data Key Browse Condition and 'Trend, A-7 Curulative Pellet C'oun't A4 Annual t,xtil igation. Checks A`9 Craving Allotment Map A-10 A-11 Fire Ristory tip ,Sooretown lierd Unit Map - (Inside back cover) A-1 - 17 - l D. Joint Publicity Plan When a.,,y wildlife netts release is prepared by the Forest Service, the unit Manager of the rypartment shall be given the opportunity to reviev, make suggestiots, and incorporate other portinent information. t ,y r c. The Busch Bill Report is prepared by the Popartment annually and sum-,arites conditions on the unit ircludinR public atticut:z toward. ,improved deer manage tat. Conference with the Depurtr-ent`s Unit 14annger during; full herd counts will usually suffice. If' this conference is not held, the District Raogar'3 recormcndt tions should be rade by letter through torr jo,:est Supervisor. C. Meetings 1. Forest. Service - Department No scheduled magtings between the two agencien are planned in relation to the Ixooreto' , Unit other than Liw afore- mentioned corterence on the: Busch Bill Report:. 2. sportsman's Groups - Clubs The Oroville, Marysville, Quincy area sapports the following groups interested in deer =tnagez: at: a. Feather River Rod and Cun. Club - OroVilla Contact - Charl�-y Cooley or Charley Ryan., Oroville b. High sierra Sportsman`s hssoci.otion - Quincy Norman t;hite - President C, Berry Pickers - Greenville, Carl Evans, Pres- d. Yuba-Feather Sportsman, Challenge e, f. g These groups should be contacted and efforts made to ma.inta.+. active interest and ;,upport of the objectives, 3, Vocal Fish and Gare Comes fissions a, plumas Co, - Cecil Koenig, Chai=an b Butte Co'. - Jac1: t.ci iljop, su ervisor, Orov'lie c, Yuba Co. 4o Co, Boards of Supervi.sort, Chamber of Coerce Livestock Associations 15 - �IIa +AL PLAN OF 14ORK 6, RESPONSIBILITY LIS LEGEND A. Directly responsible to initiate and esrry out Vork B. Assistarice respoLIsinility C. Cooperative opportunity [UnitDFG Quincy S.O. Dist. f"_ 14- - C C Man Daysferri- Jobs Date per La Porte mac C C Dist: dist. Dist. A. SURVEYS B C 1 Deer B C a. Fall Hard Composition Counts Doc. Jan 5-15 C C b. Spring Herd Composition Counts April 5-15 G C c. Special Surveys B C A B C C G 2. ttal>itat - on established transects A C a. Pellet group counts March 30.+ 2.3 A A b. Growth Index Neasurements Fall t A A c'. BroWse condition ;and trend readings 5th Yr. -Fall 3-6 A A B. R &;"ORTS 1. Collect data & write Busellbill Rap.ert January — C 2 Su=ary of habitat studies After survey 1-2 A C A. 3. Project r:ork plans Jan. 1.5 1 A A 4. Maintain :gaoreto%gn Unit plan - ov r 'll yea ly! 0»1 g B 50Annual ts'i.ldlife Report May 1 � K r1 A S? } 4 }} 7 tit{] ] OVyv �? S� AD. j SELi XNG l° ANACEI-It `T » List Specific j cbt in Annual Vcrk Plakis D:11y 365 1 A 14- - C C A C G A � C C A E B C €3 B C B B C C C A B C A B C B i A C A A C B C A A A you recognize the need. Vic information on this sheet will ba suz�,rized as needed and will be used in revision of this plan. Additions, deletions or changes will, be furnished in much the sane utay as Forest Supplements to the Forest 5evvice Manual and Handbook. Results of surveys :,ill be added to the plan each year. M Action A. Timink Timing and responsibility for regularly recurring work ,is given in the _able on, ch^ follo*ting rage. i3. Selection of Specific Current Jobs, Habitat improvement projects are selected by thO District Ramer (See FSIs 2630.32). The Supervisor's Office and the Department tL Fish anGame Unit Manager are available to assist in select - it and evaluating these projects'. 1: Job Lists A current ;ob list of all proposed deer habitat improvement projects shall be maintained. Apaendi:t Section A-00 is res�e-Med for this list. The list will include all priority jobs not started or co,pleted. 6:hen jobs have been complete -d or priorities h2va dropped theca out of the picture, they should be deleted. A matter list, of proposed habitat i=provervent projects relating to all Forest wjldlire species is located in the District rrrent - nan appendage to the Forest Wildlife Habitat Manage'mcntplan: 2. Reports A. Submit request for financing high priority, direct habitat improvefent projects by January 15 each year. This is the basis f"or requesting, project funds ftc: the .Regional Office, Select projects from the inventory maintained in this plan (A-00), Bring Inventory ups -to -crate each Year, bi Report habitat i;.proyeMent acdOr-plishr-ents by Fiscal Year on Annual Vildlife Report, Form F`.5. 2600-1, which is due. �y l each year; E'. Habitat improvement projeCts should be on the basis of: evaluated in�i�t►iclttal?y 3. 4. ability to create edge aIbility to increase forage production ability to provide ai access and Cher++b:3aidhunter success. In icie"tcrsx� .; Cost benefit constructed ratio: benefits of recita improvements on op to manually constructed eYuble 1yniz,zl� D. Sell,inprovementa on Cu �►#t1 .!p; ek'd Deer rlanaRerent Program terrain. •- ., rwzm l,. In Service The Forest Service the De is committed to the Department' Fish and Game a cooPerativo efturt W• partiaent s deer far fostering and only %,+hen key management aal icier. This i ootzng and active y Forest Service Participation persun;nel displa possible To in deer her y an irttt zest facilitate this interest and habitat Of published material and part:ic,pation mana9cment.. Di.: rice is included in, r a brief l.istr transect her8crwnel are responsible PPendx;c page �.� a'easurements. r -or Dakin Ranger Of the Department They should a g the annual brc;rse in rjakibg ssist th•` Lhl t , b beer herd ri..nagPr 2, Public Cates Zt�a1� comPosttt.on counts P Forest officers biological should learn to etra'luate and gical data and related info the tinit Manager .a;. - the ger and the De t�.tzan obtaillable fzrcin be encouraged to Partment. .she tin • . Service has a PotIs jcypite at meetin s rt 3�3anager shat td Wildlife re for s g in Which the Fore,t. he.bYta4, subject r.:atter dealing G;n.tL t9at;o releases should in habitat iraprovemenemphasize progress and accor� cooperation. , surveys, re5aurce coordination, pI shmer!-s deer r..anagecenths� stlould Stress res enation 11 x ith sound. Positive.. a:: . An informed public xs reasons for approach to s#;ouZd be recom„^ended changes, an public". rsr de to setylt OLt and i'nfor ar grous who have been acture in inluhose an effort of both' good and b In ad legrslatian o acing the enactment Revision of n deer management, plan The second page of the page suggestions or corrections a -0) i celank., or map that Record on this ynu £eel need itiprovertentan , to areas of the ate these at theltime n B. Su�S 1, Via-- cit There are seven permanent broc,?se transects on , Discrict, and three on the �=err bac District. , are . standard I t !tl Tac Forte /40 acre circle plot transects ��� �' transects appro..it^�tel;y 1/2 chain intervals. ctltf� g1ts at Field Guide pp 144 and 145). (see R-5 P%arj,r �c Analysis Plats are.. numbered in se uence = begin t. ith Transect NO, 51, tt�'th the S o t a t tic. z d tttlt and 2. beer Ito herd compostion counts have been made due to inaccessible terra ` tltc sample- zn and difficulty of obtaittin p Efforts should be made to devise a a reliable in- a reliable sample to supple ant Method of vita n- Habitat: Improvement Present data. The Multiple Use Act of With other v ldlife 1960 has given recd resources. gr ' as Otte of the gnitian t'o deer along oblems encountered on thisruant Natio-.Jal Vore;st G to challenge the si:ill grid nit= -are of manager. f.;ith the high imagination of the most a r"agnittide range it beccy g percentage of private ardent resource es evident that the iatiartal Forest lands be unaged so that bat 'Winger realized,. h direct and, indirect benefits to dear are Timber harvest should be V' =ntairi openin^� . plenred in s;zch a way as to c on key T, ds that ��zll r,aterinll * create aj y t•rnter range. 3 increase the: ad,� in locatingg Iaproved hunter access should b@�� effect access roads. Cont Control criterti in coniferous stands an tr .� - o- hardjrood and at lei -iter tangy should be clearly e;raluated reserved f0t W-ildlife. oa1.s sltot=ld nota be oaks Per ",0 acresy ray ureas. rer.Mved or girdled on VieaV3' stands of �'ancLl� stir vystds . and madrone should be problocks � pr�„ade additional edge• This clear cut; in strip ., ro;.sr..as and also eniia ;aii ben+fit deer s n e hun4er access, by Cappicing, of gall) bVtr=ature brotrse should prove be- forage pt'oduct:iori, beneficial to terhanical means of brotasc�> , topography and stce :fess MaY construction is liriite use of fire as a eep of slope` 'These? d due to Muachanical rrushin in habitat iiztprovei eitt,�eefa tors limit i and/or pt in areas Vthere p ding dd t be done, B. With only 34, percent of the winter range in rational Fare-,. ovnership direct habitat improvement work ort Cho-$. lands assumes major importance and must be accomplished wherever practical. This shouldinclude: Z., Brovsetgasy construction - Cop;p cing of overmature browse 3. Gearing and control of tanoak and madrone. 4 Creation of permanent clearings where needed,. 5. Defer planting of trees on key areas 11*or foreseeable future. 6. Coordinating all timber harvest on winter rtitigo including the careful selection of road luc.+tions in, order to provide better access for hunters. 7. Continue annual deer habitat surveys and studies in cooperation with the California Department of fish and Ga—Me. This should include a tri a ato rq present knowledge of migration routes and1-1 the1 extantiof Wintel` and sutrcer range area. A search should continue to determine browse species adapted to planting in this locale, VIII Resx�r�nsibil ties The Forest service is responsible for deer habitat Maintenance and improvement on National Forest lands and the California Department of Fish and Game is responsible- for the Rtanagemetit of the dear herd: The table on pa eMa further defines resPons ib I' ties and areas of cooperation as adapted to the Irooretown Unit;. VIxY, Procedure A. Financin- since the %acoreLoz n deer itet:el unit analysis had not cottmtenced at the time the 1963 t;Og (�Iolutne of business Report) was cople, no �;llow,+anco, cr pIan or permanent transoct. was . mtet� report: The 'GOB may be t:odified, tiocJevet , as m:zde ntho a result of inclusion of these itecls in the F,' , 1966 If the current baso a1lotJance for reCunnual wilfre sppor cient magnitude to cover the br entwork s noto£ine needed to crake the annual .financing should be inectionand�measurementscalled fog by this Plan) AdditionalDistrirequested on. Form 1300-3 for the Ranger ct Malnagerial Account. Project worlt plans sulCmitted by the District willprovide a basis for financing direct hat,: ;;at %rnprtivetrettt taorlt. ll Fire control coordination measures relating to dear 1,)Jll be foun-i in R-5 Supplements to FSH 5151.66 and in the Ranger District Multiple Use Plans. D. Recreation The I-looretown Unit area has long been subject to r-,odorate roctes- tion use. Completion. of the South Fork Project of Qjc aqID, and construction of the 0-roville Dam and Reservoir will pl4y an important part in generating a greatly increased impat from recreation use. This can have a tc.zofold effect on the deer hard. Anticipated conflicts arising from homesite and urban developmeaitt; IIhich remove land from winter range till reduce the size of the deer herd and restrict deer movements. On the other hau",d) there should be an increase in h-unting, pressure, V.1hich sIilt be, benefi- tial, ,particUlarly if hunters are allowed to harvest uurplL's animals, both male and female. But increased hunting pressure under the buck lat-i cannot do the job and will only riesult in continued imbalance between the deer population and its, food supply. Recreation coordination measures relating to deer till be found in R-5 Supplements to FSH 2310.21) FSH 2321.42 and in the rZanger. District MIultiple Use Plans. F, other Coordination betweendeer and other uses can be found in applicable sections of Forest,- Service Manual) 11emorandum, of Understatdin,,_-, with State Department of Fish and. Game, and FPC license No. 2088 ect, Pro South Fork %_ � i Article 33, page 8, Wlth subsequent, ammend- ments. Tile latter refers to, construction of deer escape ramps and crossings on t4'ater transtaission ditches. VI. Objectives Generally speaking, the Objective of any resource taaa-oemenr n, plais to provide for the maxinut'a sustained yield of that resauree ,,t*thout dar.age to other resources or values. Vlhile problems on the 1"'boretou.'I gait may be compounded by land ownership, topography and itactessi- bilityj they are basically the save as those of other Wlestside Sierra herd units. The breeding herd size tmist be held at a level, in balance with, the datryitg capacity of the key winter ran'*,eo This can be accor—plishea only through-, A. Harvest on a planned basis of both male and female doer to ve the annual, surplus and remomaintain aL more desirable natio of bucks annual, N is in non-use status. The cattle allotments ,:: currently used by 680 cattle fore2,90$ cats months. y occurs between 5/16 and 10 31. All li:vestocl� u;f; months % Of this total, ti. -e 1,770 oow permitted on National955. Farest land is only '?'0 ptrodat of that permitted in 1955.. Loss of grazing capacity in tranoitory types grot.th timber overstory and old age browsetand h due to second been, recognized by both the Forest Service has long permittees tinny gratin and the Crazing ranges that former) g Permittees have voluntarily abandoned y were considered good cattle range, Five. allotments have been for.-,,�i?y closed to Page A -l0 shows national Forest grazing. 'Tito map on distribution is a grazing allotments, bivostoci in areas of heavypr�cent problem and some eccess'VO Ltso occurs concentration. Conflict with doer its on suer range is minimal at the present time, capacity may create problems in the The c-l�cliquIr father reduction in livestock use. future that "I'll ,:itotre targe must �ivestoclt on "ttn�tsitory give ;nay, to deer as the capacity declines, Range tqana;ement coordination measures relating* found in R-5 Supplements to FSft 2 o to deet will be Ranger District Zqultiple Use 'Plans. FSH 2243-2tc., and in the. B. L Early destructive logging practices helped create a habi favorable to deer but also compounded the problem ofdeerapressue on the limited tinter range. With 66 percent of the tinter t�zr.a:�, in private otrnerzhip,, it is illoa' -+ logging practices a+ ad ., illogical to assume that present tiny adjacent national Forest lands can contribute a substantial a,,ou,It of habitat lnprover�2nt, there are opportunities to enhance the winterHOweb direct such areas ve'e by no doubt habitat irtpraVn-»ent„ Tt is planned to survey and inventory in t..e early future. Y Timber found 2.nagement Coordination r:easures relating* in. R-5 SupPlemnnts to FSh 2413.2 FSH to deer will be and in the Ranger District Multiple Use'2 62.1i' FSH 2473 Plan. C4 Fire Like logging, fire has played an important role in creating favorable Leer habitat. A fire record reap can be found tri ,Appendix page -1.1. Between 191.1 ana 1965 Chore w X23 neo acres in size which have bu2't!�a sere 89 fires h ..d over 150 square miles over Percent of the herd unit). t�ith current technology been l methods and iiia contra , the incidence of large destructive fire$ has Significantly decreased. It can reasonablybe fire will continue to be a factor in creating hbitat pbu�edtshat importance in this regard twill gradually. decline, _ 5 L i 1 $•Cl—IM—ate To main quote the ti District, the area iultxple Use Management Plan heavier precipitation andcaribed as having tr_. _tnilok tlat La Po.•te Of the Sierra Nevada. longer wet season der tOmPeratures, State --- taas ib5 The highest preci xta than in to re;t Valley weather inches 'n 1.910 at T, �' tion recorded in the for 17 station has an �,. PorL-e, The Stj:4'A)err�. Years of record. average precipitation o from b5 inches at AVerge annual preci 87 incites P, of the 10"? elevations to over b0 P Cation ►"�txiges elevations District: Heavy sno;,r inches over a large: above 5,000 feet, Packs are the rule (" significant amounts Prec'Pitation is s occurrin from October through r, usually In Occurring in September and June. S �.a,� t,*th rain often "The combinatliion of and mild c generally deep, rich $o; �aate make this one `1, Etcav If the United statesof ,,i the better ,y t)t:ccIp4tation C,=ykztnbrt, gx:owng areas H The herd consists almost (Cd�saileus entirely Roclt hemlonUs eplumbianusof Columbian black -tailed deer y t -fountain race have ' Occasional c �r the adjoinin been seen, and the G; crosses Uith the Rocky Ttounta nDox"'n ovine unit produces find some find s area an. kt .hemio�us), pecmens of. A study conducted b the y the. University t Department of niversity of California, Population of dish and Game conserslativel in 1952 for past IO years tile rnumberely O f bucks tai. ion the unit. mated a has averaged 357 annual) *. prom the During tEte _ Y. tsee rlpFendl:) 1;ooretown )3nit A fets deer occupy the t•; indicate that snot o range yearlong. inter the slo f the migratory Observations to dateill deer usually tinter as high on Feta hard t,�i . • permit: In recent fainter tiers to force due` years there range. Hocxever, to the loner ele • have been. dot -7h completel- , every year a portion Of fvthe Of the mie �`' Thi s is �'pPare•ttI the her does Move from 10' erel.vatioosd y the firstwaveothere is also wall se f $uMMer range;, Conve tra nter the deep snow and co «:ent of the deer rsely, cold, rather than migrateFtoul3tiott that hazard V, Coordination lot.er elrvak• ions,, A: There are ten national rlooretotan Clod forest grazing allot txents r' three shoe unit, Of these, seven are within P allotments, " the allotm the by 2,924 sheep for the sheep allotments are ciizrentis and i 988 sheep >~onth$ �' used Rnglish Bar S� aliokment Inspection Area Deer Days Use Per Acre Little Bal Kock 148 Kanaka 'Peak 1112 McCabe Creek EG �,'eighted Ave. i OL" n Fig. 4 rail Riper and 'heather Falls (center distatice) from S)�stt�c4 e Lc ,Forte, atec ebo 10 aa nr g atit tot the t eaaN . �epGlt $at, r -b erLsa a e Use •r, s as X011 ediOs' t o the his o deep has deep he �lU typ the so L� on hes a t 1?ett sr5 South hoz eSG��et et el 4� �xiLcveGhetOx h ° Vis` tie at ' o� the area Soy d lay year-, sod a� yoxk tahi�e the �xarilt'Co;,e the n,, tixs. Sou �ti5 totim uthc es aL i es o Lat1 c a clay roam deed sandy enexa��y ozk tt us aaep ectac% dor the I:oto Sediuca attetn a L end S°`H a ,b}' d dot - C, anyona zess��te I at a na,e E aL� Fav e axac ted r �noem s to the huilria �tce yotl�' 1 it ch y a }{ > Acces ua�t�y ladle Elie ale e i�ddle b�� ty • conse4 e 'V�3_ .4C -C of t`' �riacr of tta' IS 5� s o 1 Th. s p „ess and tea to toot y l%s et tecc en Caen. ec1 tu$$ed t 1�''� lig • C tie `�41' et b eYn�i_t mss atav -'y 1i$ to ryanr a rs hake n$ y � 11 i'xe�n Y at the e lcnovYn xoblecn c addti naL aeex gory e doe yo bud no a aUp t �n e}es " Rack ot yoY1t. ca etpb' Supp b se ape t� baba Iti dla to et tanz �e co eetred ow neat ezn i.11 e south 7 e s r VL the &e to Fx ate oUria ctea bet�t atai'cca but 14�es gE oe o� dam t tame enS EkCcbe. Gte Leri Ga+1 tray e,pep V�te the rhe tic ecei muse a thee n d� h et to y axaas a eek d g� o lc� e o'e Ply' suppot�" u, s a vi a t ea 50 rhe ri the u he cyo h 5a s1-ap au°`as s t�h Y �axetY th t t e yottt �etPta s�.•otaee. oa71 and decy o the �aintoni ,atele ,-,, le co ny c� o hatd�ao ov�de th t aa NIz- rig : v'tt ty E n s}.oeshitelae¢rotlhu pus) end South Yiias o,ti lt'..ort 1G c v e 000 us Guriee bxoc4s i''�" stip t1111t:. p� d ��rh uGlibtus ' . codes pec►a t d»seet5 Cpm ric�hdl o dcjn , ; nri p Col end$ eri ot�k acc . 6 s Leric� . .usNN v ate dot eictU' 5e rhe bti c sects I�n o£ ya e A by ot6 � . ntots'V Teri " ena apt 5peG� e� yec at a s cee t e ��e�` o -o ' .4A oe l" ecl end ease mcr the ea in. S c sari bl �hcd. 5t,y� L opt ut bto atee a Ga to Bst $i �� eGts �a• �ri1.1 k un j.t j 5 h ed on Su�,at E �' e tt C`a Et rta ost�bl an ect e t�t'e t11 weret ie te��'et Tv at, lccri a the ttanse cupula $ su p upper" count' vias xbu�s�1 Y Appelva ana '10 odd'�e cteu bnr count$ an Sc pnlLe- is �ouri t colovrs n , w Fig. 3 Bald Rock Dore - upper Elevation of Winter longe. The western boundary extending south from. Big Bald [tock to the Orovill,l reservoir (under construction) and south and east along the ridge from Stringtown Mountain to Sunset Hill and Woodleaf; is for the most part, an arbitrary line. it is recognized that deer wintering at this eiev,,Ition are not confided by barriers and that a certain amount of intermingling occurs in the foothill area between the ttooretown, Sucks Mountain, Downieville and Cate Beale Units. Elevations range from approximately 900 feet at the Oroville Reservoir to over 7,400 feet at Pilon Bear: The deer winter range almost entirely in the Upper So,.oran Life zone and below 3,kO feet elevation., The sun=er range above 3,500 fe,,t is predominately Sierran Transition '-,one with. so4e Canadian 'Life zone found Principally on north.facin; g slopes. The area it in the t4estside Sierra Subregion Intermediate Zone. Pour Inte`tMe;diate Units, Rerri=ac, Gibsonvi.11ey South Fork and Challenge dOMPtise the major pate of the area. Waterfront urea side-, roadside and special zones are also found; "anagement tiirtction for intarradia,te zones, places water prismty in heavy snowpack areas with timber primary elsc4here. Wildlife is secondary, Wildlife was not included in the lJultipl.e Use 11,sft for the. Challenge Intermediate ,',zit; This will be revised to provide that 14ildlife has pViarity on key winter range. 4 5 I�r. bescrinton of i{an�e _and ,Herd A. Ran^e The Tfooretol!n Herd Unit eneor:passe,s an area of a 565 square miles. St is about IS hhx�zrtate]y extending from PIr, C miles aide and, 30 r:►iles long Plurras Count l•'3rer Ont and .Milson Point near Feather River in Buete°Colueenne of the Middle a Quincy, and South forks, Of these tr;�o strew„ within th1J^z"lassng most of the watershed area. The location, area and la Map in the back cover andninothefoll is shtab, on the Herc! Unit following table: TABLE I Ap ro:�iznate Land Ax ea and (� CS,-n� ship Of Mooretown Herd Unit Suer and; tti'inter r�anoe - - �••� " °ounaaries of the Unit are based on field studies and observation of deer movements b of Fish and Gepartment are personnel, Y Forest Service and Survey exce t Bour►daries are based on the�Stater4ide p in the area near Croville Res�S Cate Bulletin N., 6 ehotjs the ho rvoir, and although this figure a rd area to be 760 squere miles; appear, to be er'roneous. B. Land Status About 66 percent of the wir-er range is made up of private land, posted to hunting or tkespt'ssing. This is a difficult situation. insofar as winter ran,;e haoltat improvement is concerned.. A proposal to e ;chane certain lands in the Bald Rock-Fe,,tther rails-Forbestoim Ares, is f led in the 5400 Land O nersi'�i.p - Boundary Adjustment propo : Xl of 1953. Consolidation of f0darn'l o;-nership is desi.ra'•u, in most instances but, in light o:C present conditions ti -n- the d.:velopments over the past olovon }rear_, this proposa.'. ;;hould receive a very critical revi:c!t4. The area supports i.!:iportar.t deer habitat and no improvejtitrnt should be planned r. ► TWati:•nal Forest lands which are aubj(s�;�; to exchange. C. Recreation - Urban Dei+rlonment The construction C1 Oroville dam and reserv:o;ir, as t)ell as the recently cowpleteca South Fork Project of the Orovil'l,e-Wyandotte Irrigation Distrii.t, has enhanced the value of prtvat;e lands as suer home sites, and for the development or expansioa of small ur'ozn tracts. As develolnent proceeds, this Will Create conflicts with deer. D. Nater Traans aissic 1 Ditches Open eater ditches or flu::es now existing or planned for construction by Croville-N•- ndotte Irrigation District cut throc`h a major mart of the present hey winter rank. Provisions have been and sl~,.uld continue to be made to al]cGt deer to cross ditches. Fool eaevation of the Oroville reservoir when completed *ill be appro.;icitttely 10' vertically below the Miners' Ranch Canal. Hence, the area of tinter range bol©t; this canal t. -ill be insignif cant and its loss wi;l,l cause no problem. Froposals for enlarging the Fotbestotxn.Canal should receive careful consider-3ti.on relative to deer crossings and escape ramps; (See P*'hotos Pigs, l s, 2) E. R.arne Condit -ions The ge eral unsatisfactory condition of painter range and poor quality of forage, is a primary factor determining the condition G:nd Size of the MOoretotm deer herd, F. tteed`ha decd Site The ,SFate,*ide Survey estimated the size of the Xnotetbtm hard at 4000 head (Based on 1947 spot tall information), The present size is not known, but the deer population is liltited as a consequence of ttj. aforementioned range problems. The herd is apparently* declining at the present time due to the d�teriora inE habitat, 4 I. Preface when deer become the subject of study or of conversation, the impact of expanding human population Pressures inevitably mL t be considered. With each successive generation of hunters and wildlife conservation- ists, the need for manipulation of both herd and habitat bocomes increasingly critical. it is our hope that this plan will provide the resource meager a tool through vInich the deer habitat can be managed on a curtained yield basis to provide its proportionate share of deer to meet an increasing human demand. k 'xx_ Introduction Very little specific infor—mation relating to deer habitat in the Ilooreto-.m Unit can be gleaned fron early records of the area. Perhaps the most concise account is found in "A Survey of California veer FIerds" by ti. Mi Longhurst, A. S. Leopold, and R. F. gasmann, part of which is condensed here in an attempt to shed some light oda changes which have influenced present condition of the habitats Original deer populations aware moderate or only locally abundant in the high Sierra and: Central Valley. During the latter part of the 11th Century, corwiercial hunting, livestock competition, hard hinters, and urban development drastically reduce the deer population over most of California. The conservation raovev.ent which beg -an at the turn of the century reversed the downward trend in deer populations.. Changes in natural vegetation resultitrg from large scale logging, minitig, and fires had drasti,~ally altered the habitat in favor of deer. As a result of protection afforded by the conservation ;sovtrent; the response of deer herds was i L^ediate and spectacular, By 1940, the better deer ranges were fully stocked and many were overstocked. After 1920, Forest t.aragement practices nftd better control of live stoat gratia;; on tyational porest range tended to stabilize the deer habitat for many years. At the present titre, competition for forage between deer and llvdstock, is not critical: l owever, this may become a matter of concern on the nooretovtn Herd Vnit in the future, when ;this transitory livestock range filly in :with trees and the carryin, capacity deelinesW XII, major, Problems Ai tnderharvest Deer as a resource are severly underharvested due to: 1. topography- and inaccessibility-) 2, virtually impenot'rable cover of unclerbrush; and, 34 lack of balanced harvest of both reties. , PAGE 14 LK. Action A. Timing B. Selection of Specific ,fobs 15 G Schedule of: Meetings 16 D. joint Publicity plans Y? Xi�k��nria, A TABLE of CONTENTS L Preface PACE II• Introduction. l TI -T- Major Problems 1, IV.,� Description of Range and Herd A. Range B: Climate 4 C. Herd V. Coordination $ A. Livestock 8 B. Logging 8 C. Fire 9 Do Recreation 9 E. Ott her la Vr, Objectives A VII, Respor,>sibxlities Zo Vim Procedu;;e ll, A4 Financing lI B. SurVjeys 11 C.• Habitat Icaprovemen.t 12 D,Selling '.t7eer fIarlageti nt (Public Relations) 13 1. In Ser -Jte: Pubi,ic Contracts l E. Revision of plan 1 13 a; BIG GAIE a HABITAT MANAGEMENT ;PLAN MOOREI IN HERD UNIT pLU►iAS 'iATTOIJAL FOREST 1965 - 1966 Prepared by: Range Coftservationist• U. S. Forest Service Pitmas national Forrest ' Resource Staff Officer With Assistance of. Gary .yonroe, Unit Tanager yalifornia Depart-taut of Fish and Gare Lnda,e the. Guidelines of;!' F.5 SLipplereiit. FSH 2624.4-7 Stith Su q:estions by; '0. Division of R & 14 L F$anagement William Q. Dasma" rY r f k� Abproyed Qy Forest Supervisor `A ! 5 = Rejiona.l Vorf.stdrj R"5 by ireel dccr (C, ervus Riney) T. x-955.,:luat,g condition of Yee=r ir Zealand. Iie* ela-0hu_s), kith special. reference to heZea d ,Tour. Sci. lechnol. 36(D-5):429-453. S GasIrwi7 x, J B. Law, �3 D. A. Jaye '. 195 f -Robinette W. L. J. $• e d ,t'r. Jour. ` Differential por tality by sex. and ale Wildl. b1S�t. 21(l) :l-16. Kings deer herd., fay prodsr:�L,ton and, surriv-0-1 Sajwasser, H. J. 1972. North tis 29 pp• shelf. Ca jf. Fish and G=e, �W..5jR, Fragrress Report, ' ress ^ovate scats as an irdi,cator or ui.Sje of fa'w p Calif. Fish. andGaur-e. morta]3�y in thL :north 7Us deer herd. 0 y,orphologica development and agirZ of =LOe and vhite- Short., C. 197 34(2):383, -388 - tailed deer fetuses. Jour.. 4tldl. rpt. a lkr5. Ecology Exnd �.�agew-{e;►3 Tesx , J • G'' iii e- ilec f deer in the Ll 7o Walker. '•as t� of Tea�as . t�l3- 1 ��nt • of �; 15:02 PP - Van I' and H. P. neNd,r, 965. otar.lcal caWpos'txo:n of sheep and Van. �,,+ne l• ��.i �.i.f:. 36(l3) -)465 -49P -- cattle cattle diets an a Wavure a..rl ran' ��� Verve L. J., 1902, far' ity of `ri ite-Uailed deer fE-Cl min relation to 8 nutrition. Proc. gatl. Vnite-tai? ed Deer Disease . l :15 3 1C:3 "'�' � 4 , growth of �.=nite-tailed deer . E_ ec,, of Tltl�__r-1Cn as $ (:OL'I�x �- �• r Trans. No. Amer. Wildl- a_►td Nat. Res. 28• .7, IxLrluence o e- per ental diets o.1 �n3 te� to led deer re:+�d'action. 'I Ms. Yta>. ?.der. Wild and. Ila'. res. Co`nf'. 32'405-1120- 190' 1971. North . cs deer hetd d `Minter; F. A.t G. Ashcta: grid W. ? U. S. Ste�•art. S Lept . Air.+ • �+%�r+p' SG u a U plana 10 S • . . s d i 7 r I l j M 1 45— Lrj—ERkT-URE CI'. 1973•, Collate deer r�.nage=ent, Outdoor Calif. ! Bischoff, A, I. 1951. Lit.itatioas of the bone marrow technique in determ nay 34:205r tion in deer. Proc. West. Assoc. State G=e and Fish Comm'. 3t�20.5-210. K 3 1958. Productivity in some Cala.f Fish P-nd Gor:i a deer heads. Calif. G--=--. 4+C,-�) :253—vqo Broiraing, B., R. W. Schulenburg, and 0 Brznetti. 1973. Rail -road Flat deer study. Calif. Fish and. Gaze, FR 7-52 R Project Report 49 pp. 194$. Breeding season and p-1-oduct%vity in the XZterstate Chat J Deer Herd. Calif. Fish and G---,e.l) CInee,,'j �. 1949. The use of corpora luwea for dete2 incidence and variations ..n the fertility of t.�it� ovulation Cornell Yet. 39(3):282-291. - iled deer. Das=i n, H. F. 1952. Y.ethods for estimating data. Calif. Fish and Game, ..2225-�3.gtians frog X11 :rne p,�c�x ioP.ghurst G. E. ConP_ai aid F. �i lter, A4 .V., W. rfo M � --3,Y M. Anderson. 1972 r � ' c-' applications of simllation trodelin in M.:waeL.en��. Proc. Nest. 3 w'ilolife Assoc. state G=e and Fish Cam, 52:30$.-320. Hu -4-011, P. and L. G Bro-,r an. 1959 Er�b�' A ryo�.ic and f,.t?1 development of the ��ule deer. J'ot'�r. �'ildl. ?•��-at, 23(3):295-3a4.' J�"z�`� C•� �'. L. Robinette, a--4 n A. J(ste:., raziZe coniiticns to male deer herd � roducivit1. Bela�oon oi' sumer Y-9=4-4) 2S(Z).54--6Q. Y+ ur. Wild1. moo_ df A 191*9• A a.sd. Cotuity Alrtn_mC. Oxford thiv. Press) 295 pp. T R . R. MC'0ain - ,: �`j�"�ld, is a, s . T. a ylilev, t t � 8.iad .i.r • lei, is � Jr • 1951- Deer Herd. Calif. pith anal Gly Cane Bull. lid, 4i T`ne Jawbone I.o g' r ! t X39 P� • u:,s�, W. Iii., A. S. Leopolas and l2. F. Da=,ann. 1952, Caliz"=ia dee; herds --their 95 A survey of Cali Fish and Gate, Game ,Bull. ho, 6j 1 6 pperaent probleas. JL956. Ttxe Barton's »- 1� Flat 'deer ,herd, Calif'. Fish and Gatae ' �.� Rro'ect R, -port. and b. D `e `- 97 A California i't•.tti, ]. 0 �" flora, U C, press, 1,S$1 pp. Ransom, A, H,�' 1905. Kidney and marra-4 fat as indicators of vhi condition. Jour. Ftildl. y't;�t. 9�2�:397w39 . temtailed deer Reproductive biology Jo#.tz . Wild1. yet, of White-tailed deer in Manitoba ; � 31(x.) :114��.23, Habita-V zodifications conducted specifi "'�_erlsive Wdegs the social. call -Y for 'vild-lifle are pre_L%jbit-;vejy bear are not onl,,f economicn -benefit derived froz, ,.hem justifje4 lly and aesthetical the C Nevada, they are also capable throug, benefficia.1 Ost. 3 h t JAI the Sierra tha3 ram9e ir-PrOve-ments, ),-,iSh P-toductivity, latiOus are not reaulal so exPensivel.,' Provided for them Of AamaginZ Present Californiu"' to OPtil".-lize the it theit pope- V Ao huntin,�, prac.L. I`P-�Se resource ratj, "ces Prohibit herd re*g�t,LOA and 4-he_e"e' range jmprov& er than mxiraize 4- Q !n fire rwige e a -I' 11 be s ating every good ne*4" as dL�� pja.,j, i1a site. Until and r Oro�ed OZLO allowed to regulate U U 0 Maulate deer Unlesto ba and Op hunters are acreaZed b '-Ipo�A '-' and t-'lereOY achie 41 —1 --um deer sock` rat achieve the double benefit P��'OJec'Ls should not be d�one. Clbangin,�; h,.=, - e) habilat mnipulat. require nh--w legislationting practices _-ill V�Ott lie ion to eliminate ikely vild-) 4 -re the archmic Busch Act L rranagezrzent in the State. as a factor in "JPe overriding factor that is, Of course il must accotgany the nee deer rA a good L U 11 Iducat na%., ne b t'ind a," Understanding"0"1 P-Mg—Mm. designed to instill, 3 Proposals ecological PI-ocestes. present PLI)�j,c rxe Public increasingl,y a13-, 0b t tihtmt' t0teOS"4ry fo.- complete"lng, and, proposing Pntlerless hunts, sentiment is deer mzagewent )4hich Will be U:1rOrt=at1,ejy the.. ) '"-"I Mott certaitay areate controvetsy 'vay to get" by this Problera fbin-rarci approach is -'Lbe o st-might is no easy educa*1,O:2 progra4 t1, v ere is n2y reaso:1--ble an hoAest J�Jtho. absolutel�r n,. uA, k. such at 'public or ignoring the :,,,,cving OOMPlete deer as misleading the' '��aY of ever achieving to d4 =J, -,l sh our rw date to 111---mge the S VLU On4, s t,ildlie resources ., ,S I Iii to tbank- the folio.,.:; -- DPG st 'b the Study: G. Ashcmfl. desi %laff pe_��Sc;lnej for their to a .1 �,Ith data collec,io.,, a --Z'Ied '-ad lirected field i QlOns U j1d im, f, - ltigabiojs P�resezta, it .6 %jja,.L IVOZ Q �h- $ ed P -,Id clarified the ide.C-15 IS report as fC0:1 habits &M?l _s f 0 _j s V-1-luable adv, Broi,-n offered P ce ar 'd cr,t'. c ing per Imed -�Ztly Ca�-e t'I'L01,19h with an ezc6 I- Ism abd 10 4. - ux-,_ host wienecke, VOrd vile -1 it irapor- assisted :with ves,�tat� was most needed. icn sun --31 - > how to do a tie . -Y$ and food habit's, B. Htr.tt-li' and W. clz,;, cro�sv and 2dVened o�� tc, e, t t , tried to it." _�tires �;jth , 0, BI 1—'5vit9 theza in mlzp at .0,oil 4 ze Q his stories; deer POr t but ij. �ry and kepb U8 ij business Wcc4s and V. C,�,stje LO v �s gre,,�t A. e38 With essential sty ��orked 0.1 nutrition analysis .plies during; 13'-Ithb-t7f and -LT. Azevedo helped clarify the last Year; '�4-lezetrv'VOA;iand P. cm,,tzjhg necrC.PsY rosults. ) - Hagen assisted S Offered advice On blood work, �jazy 4 assisted in 4 -be halp: R, Bert ,ram directed trap d and I Vish to tLIAk them for vI da, L, ri, Ing and teletetry vo-k- their F' - fuss s U -a s OU.-, " nee " I Of the becrop8ies, W. Sje ezan aticl Na s and collected field -fart V-,Itlable in helpj 1?, J. v gave general field assi8tknce t4d _ng on m!V ren UY his land the AaVide Provided field hel,0 at th) G6 eab aid it various odY� rz� appreciation olle&g�ftes At California State - tilzes. and respect Univor8ity Freario vi "a ' for L--9-*'Y • Years: B. Tribbey J 11 have -c6:Lo' turned " Y L=- "-as One Of those rare teachers 'i�ho have me on to rm j 6 tlli�'i'l as 'Vl-e H- Uk�iter and 8 ire vay '0' influenced t!jy entirlessor e stntd Oft graduate ork durins the ins gas t�y hlped t:A- underst d U 10 at ra 5 Yeats of the study. w Co",%).-Ikers in the field, itista' and 00 pattto and H. ana their adVjce� C, Clayti%", veke sj:j and Co. ark4zY were the n �wis �Q �,,CrgI-I&-oa�. 2� .i�•'u2LcXA 1- to fa -,-a drop, i e �,zs ,�h rias s . tat 4y y i �-� 1 Lr3.• differ In a Vi en C's reo natal o ta.L �v Mae _Vtnb CM .. 'r xe)ati�re duality, Sur•- su^' ba o� ,.. year bet�°eetl head :.gra. bier una.tsa it 3 ke2nix-9 fora c C,,s 7.ibtle "i -'ring fa�,-as probably have adetiw:te -�-x-`--' , d , ., prey. i; o.l on nerrboi } e. � y occurs Atex A�.lb-tts� 1 on the sur.,ti�_ � ,rtal ii -y r L but the. cryptic 11%tUre of fawns anti fak-ns is a. passible r,ortality ,.ac"ors, s tint cd;�otea are the scascit of both deer anal. coyotes r _•:ts i t unj.>, c , ons ble Or the total lass. Fain occurrence i,� coyote a��ta )irobes).Y� responsible esp to a large decree, As deer move to wirltcr x re -?resents scavenging, fell. fava health depends o:l hi h e~lerastf go avaj o�-v �' � f a as Last vea .ft poor the precious sprin3� �-n good vast years l.abl.e, ul rel �-1�s of mi gp-ating a., -,Is exceed for, d.st years energy red ,� succw".� to L1�eutr S ve little sto -ed__ ene�..� --- - ed the fa.tns ;,11:ieh�l� __ [ [al h' se r g t iy or -Lance or the Otis `t 4e ,• � . � d.LY'iIi , = fais model Places c �� x ria pctober, and M rch =d April and on rti --aulo;l co_�idors d�:rin the re fc;-g p dt ctioa and sur-.�ivWl are t-1ost cer�uin)y suit yp._,ly r ,el brat it c"I.n be shoc�•n e a car��ns. ion 'o,. tl--1y factors, ana it is unlikely importanti. ones at i• t t P and to kaat arta;tt �rO thr, Mt specific g t're ecosy,�te sere-� wicll fine t,n rte, �.e are not, hower`er, in the br!SLneSa Of _z t 1ao� f or grereral area S ani Conditions t�C,a t FiG ctixl La f x eCv t0 1 fare we =z F .err ,. See T'•.?-�!'�',tr5 aur e�nL•ire fob object As ru_i•se a....d u_l&1, , , f ,�,�f , �� ;s` �o a in achieve a gen-rJ. 1 �, .3� .�e=, of -e ivy C be clzsszfied by i,.e ste;,er�nt �a--g V•en �.ldland resource. 'T range ae the bent.iits dem d d by tY the , .ost i T�oT+0-nt to the Forth �Ci nes �,{ `"anci a eas ,d ceted y this sty. lor,,�;3ng, time are tho - - most �s ectad by rp c fire) deer deer hnra e,uh1i.s w �, �, L'.r'v1�i` ,C� tP e1=r.: � -t S sa. U 4y - •til �•t iG.,::F`1-j • ey LL'r^,, ,e 17.'�:t� ` 1 tae j Qi2._.�..ti. ,.,�.u,.uu.,; t -v�."TL w. �•4; racit� �,y ..aC'r �'s�«�C , i8gns in fall,. and cnt-g.__�.�.--- --..-. ttrass an.'`L does i� s?rrlg------ '' 1 t 1 "i • �1 •i -t = ,Ll.�.l�•l �,47J1\ 7 l.l� F 1«;� 1+1.1.7.7 1�vd r+,;,; :ter L �•'� t _ £ecrcatio�l �. zevel.opatrerlt is a job hot of bu.ilc'' `Ig rords into .+� ♦,yam Y�/.� y.� but a �,ru7.]:ai-,,-? ;..ecept�v�.i; f :.1-lbo the.. st:i.l.l. lovely 4V1:11V1 $ uftlovely human Mind. Aldo L,ropolci ro�>fe: ,ea s that the new, a�ha.sis of deer ��.wwgeW�* Ca,,.' fats ra Bertr Wy-r..) tsL �i f rt end habitat stip is One of nct3"�pS4yyeeer i4"�`7Cn'G using p:re3 T•nere feteare to acni eve the best recr* t�tvo -aiichsC of our assist eco-�let-e�deer e nt,o a � jor findiings of this 8-uc, n . cr,e overria g factor th. , �:sb be �letaertted too succession tsuccess of 10 bene -fit � 1i1TeE Li^uby�l,&t c7�1_Cavlt3it5 nvOlt+e 1Yi0forih iTIG..._Cl2 S i C31 Of earl` deer. Winter rat4,6, 9 shotAd o nam ,. , . ;, pss e.t;e to o:�wr t t',lgra, ion holdir',, ax. ' shotti.d Seim. 5t '"�'S r.' ✓a I"r3 L t w 3. r �". Uil v�'SeP» 1w�»G'11" high 'w`G�� :'GUei1v1.5r ZWr�t'1 uL`!t `a'u O� t�F'1 , 8 to be periadcs?I",T disturbed by oo:�troled Fixe Or cetectivc 9-a boK^or • :r.. - taro successi c:l. ran'.'e wxe a the bes`c stwaa� cc:1 iwla'l y te, h�hit�L� �: a'i�fitats51v`�0�'1ttt;al ...4rr, . rea�.ti gcW� ... sa.t�s fbr seer '���('i.thli�a�{,��-;�,{�ry� y�� ,� dimer benwfz�;s 1• ; �ro„�eci� n,� W Vh�'M.r�•: t y, ` l� j�.t`1,�t4W. \ �lL Ver y „ • " •ice 4 J.n{'yy.A J ox 4h 1'�."v7i1.111�' L1G.b }�n�t''�I of id desigftin+b Catsv, o Create �`:..1,in envirb=ent U.ti; M..:1.mize area o. ecuVr;�es). i 1 browses on Wintcar ranges has left two growth fors, sm Ll clu=s std :W, $e hi -*a nea bushes 'crit,` =as4 for --V cut of reach of deer. Uere coria be no da b -W that poor quality and ou--ntitY of key bra ses on these ranges his lowelowered deer cs rr�-in cap— — ed r A "stxateg?/ o migration" car. be seen in diet esLlysis, and habitat cubser- vat--,ons. Deer :moved off NL1vat--,ons.er ranges as (orbs and cy-casaes begazzi d? D..tq_ in rot do aid increasing in fiber. They l, w�. 17b"sL''S wereweret"7'71^tl�s' --' --orsenina forage conditions b-1 ind as they MoVed to h,= ' r elevations wiere spring growth was at an earlier s to e. B. ear . c,_ l €; � 1,3r � deer a.z� n�v' ej.o�,y.. the mi;:ration corridors in I,I1 foyrce, usL �pa a.�C=Lholding areas while they wait for conditions to i.zrpy'vve shec-1 of them. Browses =st dominate diets at this time (we have no diet data directly from the :.4gratiou corridors) as there are virtual-ly no forbs or mosses on the overgrovi holding areas. By early June Trost re� deer have z3 their su er ranges, wbznre they can :feed on. browses and (orbs that a --e h.is�:er in pxotein. thin at they have had all: spring. Both forage a.•zalysis and doe condition, data attest to the nutritional plane itmrovemeht as deem arrive on the suer range. Interspersion of vegetation types is also the key to good su=<-et habitat. Dee: forge on logged areas, brus'r-fields,, Meadows a. -:d riparian sites, but use n2tu:e forests and dense older brush for cover. Riparian sites with cod co=os rearb forme a -e Dxiu`.e fa«w:!1L1? habitats, Y As fa,tns beoit ttailing, does the, use the wane habitats as the Lature ani=1s BY MCI_ 0^tobYr, high Mountain storms have pushed higher elevation deer do-,ra to the 5,500-5,50Q foot zone, where they hold ui:'h deed slrea3y there t til 2+Sve mer storws send all deer doYrn tot., :er x s. bo Qu_at-;5 . »,er ra�nao._ele w'atioa and weather, dP-ex ^ =n z 5- dors an theme tion the 52 . ? ra`u�es3 as in spring --__� _� , n SXiii'�gls P CO" �iiaii the rixdinza o this toL Y � �,_ �. 1 � � tnz.s s„ = y, t.,re ek�te; i...;:enx.:al results of others, ci7d ell feat -ares of deer bioloV, it is :pogstb-i �� CZ`ntg",r'ticv & +irthe th tical vo:r:.*'ling model of the North Kings C.Feer �e i d t>'ri t Will brovide 1::ta�"1Cv� to± lac r~anagers in their L"._ni ulat;;on da the Deer aid range resource, and Qzrection for future invent-- t' es OnS. Tae herd enters zit in good c=di -lot, probably because r�:ny of the d06*-' have had either o e or no falwrns to n`.t'ne through the suer. They consequently have him 01111£tio', and fertility res l-bLng in a mode MJte�, .yew iay e. low fat reserves dt tinZ winter months are probably not in.,urio4as to the. 'Fetus as lite e gra`A b is oeeu:� tag. B• P.s-orin the diet it proves an u. -inter rat es, b�xt the fora and ale class of ked brawQoes indicates a it -fie de�ficienc:4 Deer leave the poorest winter ides earlier trAd the butter ones, and consequently spend mpre titch on mi ration holding art -s. pt hi � .' ` "`--g----- The -holding creast gro,;YZn siLtes, have lart;el„v Mi On red to dense brush and second growth titber, a --i deer are forced to crow, o:zto ever smaller arras as they wait for sp.-ing to adr*snce. There are t O` OPIU61118 for deer at this st5.ge$ either s -t, Y on the area, and eat old ba sh and trees, or rove L, -'o kr;,ll~ past spring brov,dh ana eal- lua t yeAr s ' ;rc rth sad 17L14it.^a . It $ o lj J t ti t sone deer ,.haone each ccti.o n. Tn either cLse� int it sprig grog,-th begil-s on the rziatxvely �rrod _su.u..er x`�.nbe�, a r=�s,,,-;tL, era."�d�ie.��r oris encu _• e In spite of tvro to four V66r.'s of goad Forage prior -68- to Doe COa Doe conditions did 1101- indicate Stressy• in the adult. _ _ r, 4. 1-.a ire extent, r (I poor heR.l.th .t 11 age cnaied seaso l--?actuardot that a xcser. es s' in .a��w-il.d nerd. classes and collection "'a:r be normal Of A-�uctuations. it is -D , years s27r��rc�d the same pattern ohsib�e, az co;�se, t:.s.t thy: entire con -1 tion y is lower than ��.t fxc� a herd on n� p�wttrt�`�r1 but this regt i.res testis ° d ramie experiencing; higher z�a�m �u'vi�r sl, . =h �'onsistercy of fat reserve a predictable see On al -actor, 'orobabiy , orage conditions , changes st ggesicd responsible. the est iz�or`wrt cid. this ,herd, teas decrease ollok�n nEe occ'Lred in the s�,gnll'ican$ body fat after three weeksgo_�st'�er tion aid the significant st17)SC+tj12ent increase e. with deer gout par tial "oTeed" jas the Either 8=atiari vas so Stressful, fat losses Would occur or ., y clamed forages, that these were not si.a. •.• ;Lam..ge, or the Io�-ti1 Iir+.g5 mal is adegtL.a,e n4t3'it oLl to meet the metabolic c� :ion corridors pre�trit does k ....da Of the The high gziality of s ,=. r c f increases following r r` ,,Ze forage a n 19` 3 � s shcr� Rt o its hi �'a��c:�, tying �:ch time the raid ret reserve guest. nLuri-,jural de.: --ids. it is r� g=c`rtt9<i� fetus(es) exerted. ciencies On a range that Vii. fizcali; tow�.rre lctst3on ctnfi W last _l c-ka pre 3.nt does to cOuble elks. cif pz'e e,�sc�=. !,-%-Leed t �`r 1; reserves durjM& height gains 'Were r y, this i..;ur0;rement Pl i Ed that if fetal u:,opvim n, rt?su_1=,- } nutratlona-1, s .rz - hig r neo natal r lity the tress occu. c e Prior to arrival, 0n the .,. t su��.�r ranr-e L1.2t, and Nt-tri ..tGn 'r . to s X Pl.a.^t dominate thediet—at—eat �� � .: e. r;; r n �t .eat :igen tip p -]..". 'Ce F `%y�+rtyy»� v t+:'Ie p�'ilCit Of ''a�rn' F���• prid • c , Vyav Gil n�. - n T CL`, -^ 5 are r w-- _ ca -� r + . � • .-..�i't?. e Y1-'-�.,1Lt�. They are rnz �alarz� ;� �, nutrit.:ous� ar3 eerobtain the aul p;? their nutr�t�ol d the-,. Dora;, -vee it. 'd. show teat, gz rerz a cfio3ce, dietir ,,-t• a } �trr-i LiSe t to .1-^f Os`2ES together i rather hey t a an- =, 3.�. her t ke ..a meht is ' ►► sr --.1-,e o `eyy one`` s 5: - ed n a. ,� _ �hwt sro�- ..,-- -�, �� Me iwplicdt,ion to ,. seral .. •G ..w fi$5t7!'S.a 1-2 G2 Hatt- �t stages, �,�,11 Yic? d the best diet. Grasses car � S pro tided by earjy MOft Vhs but a r Baru-b—Z-0 e 4xtuse a; the rt.rd 'trrcugh karver The mrtr"tic,a.l pL r,e :a,,;. pzoteitZ of ,r' T es � r�eez in x•573 as deer migrated up l die- _ora,6 creased while crude fib the hill Crude contents shcr%"*d the sa ,,e trands �. er decrease , d `ole rtiv+o•i protein Values in ru,z � �s}aara I-bantain deer in a� n coz�ents �:za;r �.aslet 973 had laver Barnes l�ta_ii deer pare in tts;tr deer. _"urtherrare, the Poorer condi tion had d 1efa� their w a higher tut -en Fill. ratios Only k':.nter xa rg e Mier, and o2 four radio e� had su -i � u a ya�nj bac_ , Vhereas 1- v o dc„,� mea. -nim in f,-.1 c� fa . tLee Ir�aslett ra' a are not as zot>d Ss.'ne �`iycatio;� is that hi her eetra4io:� "ccs Cil Cr•CO� l.o��,er e3eti�a.�on +•ares � � -� ae ,ii�t-er xaWes 5essor,1 rab<tats and 1i tions Z:te key to Cid.E,s 5 �. «, ..r = SCS,,:,e .t eS2'y S$Ta 5 " t�: yu i.t� +axa Z1-. �J�'d 2.?n L? � ��•'. r •�__ ' JGC �.M w'v' �rJ ii.VvZGe esu p:L akyCsr jc'aiir C ..a.,as �e 37e ., 3 cam. F and coyer r , Q:2 •rt -n $ `gi n ri C! 1-'r; n `a peh %, '�St an t t'cb___ =oma �'.�,:r,_.�`s..'. �'ooalrnd e - :.� ; �h e �1 cE'11 y s.� _ ct't'Gh 1 ._ . �..,. _..,�.. - Q:Z -.So iitr iLid -js i. f?1.��/'1Cl]vl.S.w ..,:.. �, - z1...1. } zisnasE too; tality. yot=gzr ag4 class does ror their ova, , T are still using energy and t "`�.h and tre�_ fetuses rn. �- ., protein U.'Ider ^Nisi al fo':''� C, Ct,�Cii7j.iOnS t lev Y not receive adegtja.Le nutrition t would not prove detribiental, to Tetuzes iron W :u ; t doe . he possibility that, few of these farjns '" O'lly Lars `�'.ae does cSn react peak breeding .,1i,M iYB, htr„-evex "his "t g condition the o re"-ult � in the her being reproduc�i�e. �lo4a� year. in rhe 1,V poised to ts�:e advSntage of syr ihcrease csr=y.nt, cspacit While Y , in the absence or popul.,,tioa 1`c?u'.iieti%oii y na-L' .-ra. p��i1Q;1 0" h.Rr"rest j , - i� r-ZZO te!scLIrce. knere Y^• iu 1'�3:S l:Ze- it.. P�ossure on the lE.e-scale range disturba."�ces do rc4 r-�xte nflw deer �'� tat, tris pre;ssu:•e z asalts i7 a cow ctz; end s , 1t Cantly decreasing range Cv..ae ... ' oversi-Ocked deer hard, "Alere d-Ist • 1 I:.3"J1�i.?t %"i,`2 �12i`C�. re SpQ$t�+5 ouckl �`�"'rxGes d0 create the a:idiuior;l reso`t.rce. Y through higher surv�Va1 to exploit i .:T... ll v�iaw 4h Z 1. With 135 fWhIlls ver 100 do -_,.a ba the ground at artu_r z�ouths dater, end the pear occurrence of f� ;. , insz n� ,65 alive tko 1 CQyotO t =_+ period, � scats ,match- u e s neo r�,- . aorLal�� 3 s clear that t to 50 �rcent o the ta•4-a ? uY 'Verme (l�oz) found h, Crop the li-glhter, s=a ler f8r'AMS f'ron does on poor tteo natz�. x"` lity in of pr ems: nc;; R L=te texts fetal we t diets durz� the la.�t tr rester to a.:alysis of so-, t . � � vz��iation it the North X -I;s herd led _z. nutrit.on as a Possible cause o� ear Ac:-� o;;lEing 'rt fe1tal co - %0 on , ,.f fat, death. Ct"I �::v ,30�c�, vp:�,J2t''�ie S?aZC L` �.isiS requires fLLther refinetent 'we prObably Bei :�s aha: t 3uQi ��jzors regarding{�1fetal weights. The average .^� 1 ` �' '!` / � " gr=s at L1 i t l-, • rfl s ` { W h2aY1 @" .r 1' 3 5 than Nhite- .yter th "'oc.�r Y)au,.ain =ale deer ya tr_s. Variation about the s we.z P --,r u"a^ to be ue to different r :n e `� VISI or h'8:.'i-`et�n ."'�^ r• C0:2ZI] tlO of either betwve- a .. siral'e tigi-atcon 1... i�iL�S " L-1 1973, when al? (� a ...1Lt' ti`Ci,.,. 6- �u, idle p2"e4�7 Ctwd blru:�t w� L does � are taken A"•. , i .ucaulr" all does iicre i1nder Simlar @ilk"? . t~s �' �.-ath it'3seS d2lVelo-ted Corres�ut, -b H.. iL' _.tlu3l t`�- Itic,"s and ._ a other years is Proaabl - �-~ x�i ' High vAriatio l bet. ee*l ye,,,;•S and withizt 3' dt,= to 'the overridiftg e:Yect of at Siff -en 2" �¢ Cin 'w?l F,C;1;.u1^a asci i r+'eCtions in th? a • L, ge tilt G a .-lysx5 vechn q de~ons tragi s t . ib- c » �deer,. � ted beu��bn �etGl w•e �tlt and neo na�al � s cervi �� 1 - .d nerd at � t a;rh S`vii{`�i C'u1i„r th]S LRte. Inadequate .''�a_--p Shea, n _ " other -�yctol s, crudsnezo of fetal a� rw • research ccsa isoa With a control herd all conCribube to Un objet and lack of aid ;s^r;ia?3 t0 r thQds be. ,v pr ob:Le.. , Diet in 1973 dd hatfeve-r cfoundation na],}�sis :c ttl:`� ca�ar:,sons,, �r cve�ents i:ri fetalcondition' provide a fo ��+ atlon for anz1,y-is VI i:.onstrate the :relationships ls, b` es eutial to de In 1971 acrd lr72, a second cortalitp Pha^e oaLU o='c: to Dece=ber. Since iu did t �� 973, A after S to er ari tete, a.ne the t , ; s- c a no„ oc�tsr in 1973, it was not d a -. care Precisely Pit 3sibJ.e to aurir�, the secc�:d �:�ase " d Y Percent of su:-ter fw,Ktt succu bed !:!!Ase. the: rCilection oi' a s'treSS thatlst nou bare 0C*^w"-ieC� iA 1973. tinge sLccettjoh 'status k'as eSSe ltia Y*"' th'r'ee year-, R�, sp �r � in y i [�r..?'R iQM�;Y sur`'!". ��� • �� S.-•�].l�.l til R�. dam 1'' r-s1Gg� 8 ralhs occ�"ed zn x.973, blit over the jpr '.ham th ere i'Ias core £la ioi1 bet,4eell S t ti►b . 3 't g Susi. c ii sprixl x'siiu all Anti fall fawn zr~}-atit;l ;a_na �. _ _ u " s?coil�; oz-tality phase occurs d�lYizlg fall �, riilel G W131tr'3' i`1�LS. zu is fC "c3 Q Co: t^` itif} 2S oY2 t3�ose areas ,i •-• U oSS' 17lY e, factor of acorly) has been s .. sy s andlability of oak: rasa (ea1*e� d ` CyC�M We Dy Gi Ash t_vt U and 13, Dy �fi a���j~(per'.. l ..4 ra+•i". a Po:is�ble fattor, ♦ GOyOtE? SoAv a.'1" sis `�ex'u, L't=r•) Biu c `• r, the t: w y , dt.r3a the period shotd het aart local of, ;:�x�x�talit;�. -- t, 4 lumped does into tl,°o year ane, older � - comparison here. BTOVn•; 7 X73' Pence t nese values are used for Serra herds, -rt et al (1970 su, --Prize the rrost , st the North x;;�gs at 1.67 fetUs x� ccnt �,ork on have the highest potential. Eisrno^1' �c - �e" ker' &dint Gc appears to 1.7b fetuses per doe from the Se ,, (-.5 )' reported a higher rates, fertility lois. herd, howev6r, rk potential at and the absence oi` abnor;a erases 105- Nigh. ovulation indicates no appsreat difficulties *-lith th~ re I, min all ;agt classes parturition. pr'oam-ctiVc process trp to Sample Fetal Rate Fertility N1 Kings R.R. slat San Joaquin l 7a" 71 959-60 ,46 43 1.67 146 95% 8 =%1 Dori: o Yosegitc ia66 37 1.h8 i4 83�' 3l� . Yearlings 87 ings, bree Yea ae dz ti� r^ar 'tbs first tip t^n3 t;. o Veer does rt ril a been sho ,n by (Zcb7) end J I ^"nder et al. (1561] to be the mast ye11JIVe indicators of nutritional Lane inf' �' luences on reproduction. e fn s -tors (�7. Wiz.• c;i.nian.us vee ; •„ .... Ve�w r ------ -) •-z'liggs on high q=s1it + (�-J67) found White-tailed �h°se from raderste mets aver - Y diets averaged 3— 5 1.56 and ,62 averaged +79 fetuses. ., 5� fetuses h-hiLe fetuses Per �_,. 3 J- ltn,dor Ot al. (1451) found hemi) on, food s Yp S � g In doe from fiCc W Moun� airs AbxLk ns r rang in Tdaro aLd oar tale deer (Q, h ( 956) p s ot;ad only 45 Pet err es herd to the sout;� oi' �h� ���uses per ya�e..,:ling dor �roa z.. North Kings. the ..ar to7's F`1,A. 38 Percent t�� �..n_ng in all yearl, Cline ht—rdaea percent pre�.tazc the does eit�r � v -nom; i`•a� ter N,ox•ti Y :riga fairly go �a"condition.s tht�ze or>~ indicates as olds .x awe clns; es Yearling y � cai;es shows she herd fetal _ � "�,uct vi.I.��, as sell p�ducir YI , ,� ...te is wail shave t' l -S, Vi 1 b s� a. 3 jus„ s u.ga'ly Belo;,• the highest the st -ind poorest e1:. 5 be, �, � u herds. � a scale Of the north �t's ,_ . hib'rnesL f'fxSt� ��.� �+o�ald w^an.:� boat 4, pxnauctive p-otetit3a,3 t -�z eight tears of nutra tioiz stt± t. dexroOastra%ed�trie Co Tal rre1A4, as bei 'e dies with lilrrl• Y val. TIL" iliteraction o.� .L,:ctaticb rr? fan, a- d c� pro .ucticn ted 11 ss � en `n and fertility, Kith db - � .. � est and diet r-vnom ' cn 1-wtas�+ 'nutritlo "1, p e than n tsjn rot tu"�der laetaJ1,j6,1 s quality aete�•..iues ovula r , Qucc:a:ret_,)406 • , '�;;it.t�si'er�Y�� a to s r' a'o xnlrla du, s to + chie*"e .. lower 4, p � nt<trtien � » most ` rt�aatt, ��° natal �'a�,� s;�.gro �1,3asaeh ?,atest , . .a � Witter- most tauion Nutrition boits�g at ps.'tttrit cn, C'n hi h yea �. , - t •,. direct Pun ct ono fay.. ba ggor fat, is t,�+ tb higher .-r3y nu�r� tyrbal p �., a does • :eight L • ' - „finer su> ival ratesr � Pro�Uce �� &ncl ta�.ion stress so the .em Good su;,er food i i ' PrOdl ted the �,ew��tf heal• z xi um the fol?°�}I'{}� fall" �t i4es :Y�c.. + ° b "� t S I d �+ �[+ .""" SS their s -L , Q i'atiasl as � CtatYc:i strLss on , . Deer oh c4dera4e hi fa-,, t stir 1 .� does reduced the rose tk ^tienttort' p � nUial) tbu4 J of + s °n gest diets had a fair -� irodttc4 n t • '6 Ys that t e C doe r fa,�is died at r�i -ta Nit Ransom dOe„ �:c� able to r , t o " 1�7) round egad oc1 h i _ . e:l,r:;.ra� "'".�n'�l Cci 1�.� 6 �`ai2Qt�LOC1 . CCu1 +), re,%c4 t -4e a y ti t tiOC 1 2.515. 51 Ga tri "r3 , d G`:x$ 40 �.'e»r �"2 %n Mahlta� J-1 - " theI, 0I evE'a� Cit.il�I �!3�w�, ��t:7 IIi�li{1ry.I;u �C:t�'a 6" -,-,,Is each 1r�:2i1"iC1Lt5ll the 2r'artn �ti s ,� 6n t�eo rAxal reefers' wax •°ell be that ' ��. 1 �y l5b percent) ih > LOU 4 ♦I arl al ia1 t�4i i�L �'S5 ,iNt � � • eproA*d v.`^V e po4G . 1S a ue ' tlr �+ adK� vllk!tidr or .3�., f�� dict -s9 BY fir(? p2'Ot�liC�4 L7y y?u . QOCa Gr. � C:n a' "` i y d t..e �,�'o',thd . t t� r d CIA Jses 2^E.i 87,r yd, 4 ,y 4. "w'�' tt,`o iC i bld t. oea , nCi o 'u tb e•1at1 it is not ike1 the Nati G' , eris:ccd aSe -�'' t'�r�ti the'r`e, fs.t,�S SLr'f�2' i ..65,x.. fki ' 4 9C 07_Rf LL fVLLI INSECTS DFF Rll s o 50 o IGETA"rlaN ' 4 O C 'V'YPfT FY t J20 i RODENTS 10 JUE 1-15 JUNE 16-34JULY` 1-15 JULY 16-31 AUG. 1-15 AUG. [6-31' COLLECTION PERIOD Figure 30. txerare Percent occurrence of diet retrains in coyote scats collected from the Norte: Kinga deor range in Fres no co-, Calitcrnia in lo?j_ [5J 07_Rf INSECTS DFF Rll s IGETA"rlaN 'V'YPfT FY t i RODENTS d i /-i� B BI'l� F�"tYY N S 1 4 rl. �1( JUE 1-15 JUNE 16-34JULY` 1-15 JULY 16-31 AUG. 1-15 AUG. [6-31' COLLECTION PERIOD Figure 30. txerare Percent occurrence of diet retrains in coyote scats collected from the Norte: Kinga deor range in Fres no co-, Calitcrnia in lo?j_ Table a3. Herd herd in Fresno Co. coapositinn Calif„ counts rade on the 1icr�h Karn s g deer .,' , from 1971 to 1 � + 97,3 Year Dates ..:Sample _ -- ks �... Size - _ Comments 1971 1`00 7/9-7/17 33 z6 8/6-8/8 19 �7 all arias 8/10-8/12 28 15 38 e� 8/16-8/,Vg 48 31 22 ee 8/20 1 48 61 it 4 _ 9/1-9/3 19 36 18 December 177► 5 � 10 x March '?2 183 3� r► 1972 30 e 7/5-7/20 66 8/3-8/10 29 21 17 9/1--9/25 89 9 1? e► December 172 26 65 re 154 20 54 Duke Y ur% 11 ! 10 2S .* C� o��rn un�.1 March r'r3 z 3 13 3S all areas 1973 .. 34 it 7/8-7/18 , 128 7/24-7/26 15 4 Dankey unit 8/1-8/7 20 1d� 11 8/8.:8/15 17 n 331 8/16-w8/2,3� 40 � 27 �► 9/4 65 0 2� t e December 235 31150 ►i rr 2LF ,d ee e� 5 bpi '� 1 Lt.44 Crows w1i t �arc:h '74 21 63 all areas C�'.:'�'. �'.�.T'�•� ..."�,v, ..'-:T"'� ` ..rr.°:�::^s' :"'.-I:.'... z":?"t' ' ` i.: � :-......» .. ...:.i'�T� •.�'r� "...�".�..';.^`.s^+` ., e-.sn.plaxr:`.Li^.:�"`�.". .......,- f • h 5tth�tJ r t» :a.IV. CCWTRJCNT DALD RES. ry �, ...✓ z .cMrJt� j m `'1� NELSON _. i�-JaTN.. s t-{ r, c r ` (M O cn 0 ✓Q�C �ir�o RElft O PAR htriv. TJJLO ►'IJSJtON TOLE' RES. �� D rr = PATTERSaM..! /1 c .'o (u CMTS MTN.. � N f��• �"trCl� S RPrNF HILL f R. I 'r I1 1 t3R list?, F'ASC t 0 rr � • ..Fw.��i f PI v Ch . �`1 Cd1RTRlO N7 RES. "a PALE y f s 1dTrJ� rJELSON r/ vy = rATN. VP ra 0 �' .1 "O CR. e io .f cw. RT1O4.,tdTrl_- TULE RES. CJ R RI D O R atrr�v � HOFFIdltltf T r c, PnTTazsQrs AS -'f Fr � r i �! MTM,: s 'S t� oRTi-i KINGS CATs-� �r."� G��jr nRPINE F{iLG �'EE3D _ r+ego ��-� DEER ; ► itc <)161, fry t =�0, S R,GNCt1 RJA Er1GL ZA Qlf. L V d�`�,,lY ll' ✓� NO. I=ORK Klf�iO R. r' c° Q KINGS RIVER - fli general mideer r. the N- orth Kings deer herd rizure 25. gration routes used h� . -In Freano Co. , Cai corn a. r� . A` =Arc _' General areas in which deer delay during spring and fall :RiEr a�JLc S ir� hwe I'torch: X*inGS deer hord in �Frosnc Co., California, having spent fYoa 5-4o days on the fall migration depend,; :tig on summer range_ elevation and weather„ Radio -collared deet appeared to follow the same mid., tion relate in spring and Pala, end returned to within two miles of their trap site by early Dece:.ber. '&ut begins shortly afver zrriva"1, but est deer -3 spend about four creeks on the winter ,range prior to breed�r Fig, 25 sho•.is Seaera:l migration rc-mites for the herd. Fa,,.n Survival Of the four radio -collared fa -,ns, the collar broke and i.`O;1 off cnl' the a:, -n colla -red in 1972 (fate of fa,Am unkno-,,a). Fa;,m #34. in 1,973 left its collar on a bsr`oed Fire fence after five days of `'a.lu.blo ribaervatior►s on the fa:., -n (fate unknoti7i). in 1973 urs =st diffj icu,l,t to l.orate, as it bid under full forest canopy) and its collar -,,-as fauna with clu:^ps Of fal-M hair in la- to August, four weeks after the last kjj.o M live date for the farm (fate possible death)„ Falyn r1.8 survived to give repeated obsema— tons and a .Balt ;ration route as it waved to the, wintor range. Fat,:i sU_r_ vi -!1 for radio -collared does sho,md. doe �' ---�+;"' g �"r�ur year old: from Barnes 1-ountain, last T4s i'aw-n(s) eery earl;✓. Da, Ao, #48 and mt3.5, e11. three and '1 t: year does, successftily raised DOC X152, a three year old, Vas not observed �`ith a fa -6m,. Since three and four yo,,jr does have a him rate of 1"-j, ;txg, it seetS that reo natal fa,, -n xortajtynay iz2•r'e resulted in the loss of one of a set of toi,ns in so:7e cry os. Coosi tioncot:nts ta.�en du��,in; sir lg7l a=`�d 1972 3ndS.catecl a 50 percent fw'-,l loss by irTd September (Table 23). This promptea ai =re detailed inves 49a"vl on Of su=er fa- a loss. Coyote scat 'aysls wase _aZoyed . 197 ,.o deter- ne �.:a -ice of fa, -n tallty (Sale sser ) in press'). The Er lYSis sho,edd fa-,= tnrtala ty corresponds to fahming period, and falls OJT drastically by late August (Fig. So). Winter fang s' riv 1 in 1071 and 1972 s o,;ed a second Mrta7ity period between Septa�er and Dece�er. Fifty percent of su.er fa -,ms cued during th?s period, bLtt it is not rMorrn at this tine ��ether the loss occurmd priory curia, or after ni gra tion. 'i'he seco;jd loss did not occur in 1973 Zen 63 fa;,vs per loo does survived through Dece-. er hinter counts ;ere se crated by kter�: su✓un t ire x_972 and 1973 and :,_-veal.ed the Crown uAit to be less pro3uctz•,-e thLn-n the D?�;ey, unit with 38 and 44 fek-ns per ltd does iu lg 72 and 1973 cow. erred to 54 and 70 for the 1) ':ey uiait. Winter few survival in 1973 of 63 fayns per 100 does was nearly a twofold :Lncrease over 1971 and 1972 at 32 atLd 38 fawns per 100 does. Discusslos Tt ?t wild -life is 'erely SOM-j- .ih9 to shoot at or to l.00lk at is the i grosses ♦woof faller- G].+e..s. It o t�e:: represe- t �iiti �'�.if., reft(Ce bet,, rich Aldo lieoyol a Renrouueti7e ?OWenuial 110- North Xi.ngs deer herd has a high faun, pro&.;cti;on potential relative to other herds in tie,estate. Differetices in productivity betxten awe cl.aases tA' e it izperative to use care vhen comparing herds) and most a.trthors hive yr im bO h years. Deer S+3%teri=z Cn hi :.er elevations seer-ed to migrate earlier' E F* A thazi to-w?r elevationel2ur'. Deet' moving to distant, �tieih ele��ttiOn LL�r re-11 gas arrived on their how r ,!Ges later t'eaz. tse gest of tete herd. C As deer reach the summer, range (6,030 feet) in. Late May, tharc is very � rl .rse z:ox'o ra Ch, er,3 b� c:: -he t, cincaefoil and �a acelia m11 sh�a-'i moderutu to }-Raa�,r'use in forst ops_;-ir.�;tn<�, dear Feud to reacts o,7e ',f•s at 5� to 6, OCo feet b ; 'hold t rt.: re for t� to four weeks .sand rhe f pe'rio'. is trips to higher el—en---tions, prem; -zab3y to test Po agO cord tions. p We holdin- areas see= to be sgath smd �zst exposure disturbed areas _)east lo, r ai 4ialdl�ra_ the, .are rayprc3•t :beir4 oR.�r��-�r by bru n' and second r . . « - .. t, 4h ti=,'r 20)• They receive dear as early as nid April and hold r/ tnera as lase as eAr'ly jure. z R spring gro uh begins at hig,aar elevations (7,000 feet-) by rr.:.&-Tune and deer have a virtual caf steric on yon..�,g cutover Grecs. Browse seed:LJ ri: ;:s 'sha-,t heavy j.se as bi tterchw,.x *,, mrn:r��zn a�itpthorn, men leaf r.�n^�nit�i,, atopen :..nd �. Sierra currant are all highly premie_red. Parple nightst-mdej J-�h el a, and " gayo,;,-y4uj. are the favored fortis. As on winter ages, the owmridi.ng '{ cr. racter3.sti.c of preferred sur--er habitat is interspersion of habitat types. Deer use dense matin-e forest and brush for bending cover) arra voAture rN�!,to log,Sed a::eas, t$ead"Jxs and younger bush fields to forage. Bedding comarkly occurs ,thin 7:.00 ya d- of the forest opeui ng. TrackirLg of radile deer and fry;+ , signtxngs du 1L ' early jTILI r inejc3ve noes t?a� tibt lea their home range ' 1 to fa mi but do restrict their dura; ' "Ve Pausing p r iad. xs It Vas not possible to diTect3:{ determine precise f2;,-aing habitat, but if one a, is, v Lim to accept the assn: ion tIk,t a neWoom`.fa= �dll, S'alectL a hiding `� ' f birth f`t,a..zr habitat can be inferred. from favor s��t class to its p...ace o., �, '`"^ • "` I i = 3 bwbitai s. ra5,�r fG ,-:rs s=ere hid cw nture(i ani fitted Vit expandable �a T o Ct7l :'S� It `,,.'as paijp�:y obvious fa%,a hiding bdhw ..:,•r 'gas in 2 Pew-ra'v''.'��e.�..5� o�:u direct cor Vee-rarliOS, ev"c' Lflict vi-th the solar p3ti2r f nsaf`" l sSytihg's b—,.re ra._e, mac, e.loftog nth ==ark4d Ecru oflser. azo. follox-i_'; priorities of fa�.ir hiding habit--b, can be Sur.Rrarized.' �.;par ian site with`_. 200 -yzx-"S was co=on to all and probabl is esse'.,vin" • d 2. Dense covar. w- th expo>ed esa% ne -sites, Dose vabetatibn keax Wsd1oW , heav-i forest litter, slash pies on logged ar-aas�, hollov logs, rock �. piles =d thick brush vele all used as fawn cowr. rawas that Jumppe fror hiding co7er erre fro= 50-100 percen'l- dbac%xred from vieFt. � ' f habitat es -, as cc�,-=6u to a and nay `be relatedV. 3.terspersa:l Q� V: to the doers reqair=etts for nearby food sources. t= As faw is grey t`na gained st'renStu they began to trail the does) =1 by early r' RS'e�5tei ?r W ce t�'v?.i of cecr �u'p$ were co oialy seed) does t;ith fates; does Vit�.out falw.ts i . gro'r-ms of five to eig`�tt deer Wit buds in groap of two _ five deer. By z!.d-map 1.-ewer; farts used the sate habitat,5 as their AZ:s F:-ll tiegraticns began in mid-O-sober at higher elevations) as A;>ar1Y sto_= JZ S--A+i1 �Q the he 6,0.3- p1:sh�d deer dLoti^t e'levnzio,� ranges. b4er held at that eley vaticn until zaid-zov vber stores ptas`r`ed. 't;tt 'off the: ratge for the year , (%ble 22 and 'Pig. 24). T'riey arrives on wLtt,er rar4es in late tioverber ::56 Four to sirx Pmt;; dcz:ted deer diets a` �rlthouah deer picked tp to 'li, d� �4r L `' any given time '(1'vj} lc 1j). fir ens plf,ts in ari ave, g` n. diet l) four to six. s+e�-e 'present oven one n �- r.i dae� e_ cert o « the ..otl., Bo,-airaazce ( by species sbrred that only _ia J,,�-y t,n sow chess lora' N'11y when bittercherx-i doninatCd a d 1s' ,._ ,o � ,*�f~"C � .1ate �e s=---' .r vhen wun ai;j vhitetblorn dorai�-;-;�d, :rare; the diets con3ined to a single i �. L, le P-1 an't ..o a 1a.,.c,o degree ('abler l3 and 14). The? a =.mss no si iiic�37at "� r, Xa =c s 3 . � 1gn, difference betvee a Rede species �L'3 _2 �ai':ra�,,s3cc' �r�.rti'v"�'3 (�''IS. 5) nlE'U CO:.'�?t7ui 3Os'1 iii P� f� � Cu�' a_ Sly'} C�i A*?$ �-%`&" „�_. _C+:iti�c' c Vjr .� ' S Y ..�r5 G�1Lr1 a %f! winter iS 7� r 8; s00, -I c -s s r' leadej=s a,_� � ) t,U Svit0led to browse ea ed, end eventua- 121Y tu--n~d to brow. -,Ls �--,.0 s Co;::ro19tal,y by late k•l:y ('rablo 15)i BrC' ,se continued to gigs« 10d 17), catc suer diets , Ani'-1,v:s i -s ai 19113 diets sho'4s the sai-,-P- general leafed .f`i.?aree a=te M:�o� ez�e� items ani y patterns, Soft: eine z and broad . -• uA Nb ---ch and are ii. n Buddj.--Z live oak is alio bigz��,-� pxeferrz: but is r_ot ; z'a �O preferred. (Tab' ��) • B �d"'�y W i� live r � • 9 � �7 ���G x 4Lb L� 2' _y.e oak dominates the diet on-Loot,4il ,:. k-o-o;�).a..�c . mases, but brodiaea and roc. ',a x r„3'7oga,-jy are th~ tzi or diet it ers on Sher e1ec-n wt;,uuer -r=9-23, Selecli-vity is h S ?may) as deer are 1e� .vans .- the winfooci.s. B ster rake, �ois0.?j off:. cent cE r'i ?O?:ti1$ 40ni ate bower e1e-, w�iou diets, ulhile =rim a ran•' dor^ e _hither ele«V-ation diets. Brawses doaIncO "`pita and buc!�e3-o it, &'Y p`� rL ..ed early slt=dr range e.iets bei -n and a , Uuj�a a for b, gas added to the diet by raid-june protein c ;nte:�t ai' do,:dnant forage,-, Ims getera v Crude L' ti o:1 that pr i �a ,.�. "�+ , ' �•. high, and there was as _olein cOntent o1. dieU do --ii sa- n1%`$ 3 r end deer reac.^ta t U increased �, Spx-� Progressed ..d the sta•..u_r rs.rage SelecLi;yity fo - diet ca',.-ories shoxs stran� dea~i7�• - y -,. �`re:'zrence for bra—el, and fortis Z^ �-�, V h decreasi� - ,mss use are d '7c: essing bra -ase Lse F'gn 1b,i. dere U -ds a ganeral increas,_ (able 17 :and conten, a; cher ; o,12d L u:ae 7, (Table crude protein Lade aver a un �« e 18 and A�.1 � � g �zn..n M *lay not - r f ' g), U p vein Values be c'-:,;, sYg'n�y�^aaW cliff ertnnce bo-i,een t`hetz. "�,6n Sa ;Jle„ /.M/F1/ �<iJu s ':�1L'i`1Lain were lojfer in p�ro�el?1 than hose lxa:i x�'atiil itL..c�ii fl�i1 �p Lei.?b0's1C 5't1t7lS f'1a� F sle 4 none o, the a±a�s aj• ,.� tcaation's Pr�s� bt,t. during s E e si ixic�. vltr dxtaeren (i�zblo 19 ��d F ,`�,�d buy ; s ter ea i<n 1973 hard higher ruGi2u fillZaluaa than oidv�e 20 Fa*ntts r does (Table 20). ,' Se,sc::31 ;rb ytaL r�-eere: ce end ta.,ratio ur ta:.1 �Tuu$ en't i:9 b �. 7.« fo-b ar`t'.,3 cbYer on souti5 to ...� -�s for bedAir u. .�. R.�.^�f. P_1.�tO51L'`°6sDc-e-us E�:a:. reed &t t�2e eco"O. e � ' e ata • .d. There txa.; 'zL `a bettae„11 C�i. a 1s4�1e b • se use on winter r��es `}k— �bass«,lan3. brWse3 bei snriu;t + a ° Prior to rcicl�. �,� ch) F f ger k`hicu � . �► .� g'c�'�rtd �..ha deer use ,�erzased, $-f >L�.id•-Ap�-i1 1t�0 �ner�:ent of a` t4 labl.e leader w Vrz e b %gsed on uvd e�.e.: cea;iothus . aba ttai>h�” a.t S'c 6!--k Li�ifl deer densa t' `arec`�$ .a ...7'h re �,as the definite i thin deer �.�u.a_d .h t�e Used tore bto,tijce if it ;,as a,-ail«h e. By MU -4r -'I the winter rahpes are in full. stir Sig bL,g,' J.I to "test" the `,. b1 00 13) 'ted sorb die; are collared ager in tat^ Metra corridors. r ( rn e 2 deer " ' 21am Bcar:aes .,cnaratain h.ld =o{.gid to 4, � 'L'eev tit April sable 21 and I�i 21), ); . 2 also be -an r;a.`�.xYg Oft' their �,:intrr r �.2„ � . , ( g Winter tri},es bc�a.� zn c� v y� { �• ��y�n�bia-nprii collared deer brV'n 4o��t tkJ dr,/ is A,4yy a5 the t t'SU til t,e radio-* l and l a ter ktxo.i t.:.s x2s Y'ull s -ring;, by n.xd-°'.b.r in ?�, a,�id the herd rc c`:ed su^��r, ranges by late F and early 3u' e _ a3a- Regression of P, -e on wiei- t shows increasing;-fett l wmight gaj=s per day of age as the fe-11.`. ,S ZIe.'-..= s i (Fig. 6) . Cor i el iora be'Ween age and weight is hi.g'r_ i:1 fetuses up to 150 sways, but falls to r--.747 in 150-!W tiny *etuses Fetuses separated into g t°ps based on collection year, heal sabtnit, age of doe, doe condition, litve,r size and sex, sho-,,,ed. very incoznsir,�a iu relation .,Iiba bet ea condition and these Nariables (Table 7). Predicted .fau-n 'birth s;--ijhts did not correlate u"tb expectab ons based cn other experimental finaLngs, ; .c, ttrix s heuyier than sinGles, feut:ses frori p'sdr condition does were `'heavier than those frcm good condition dols, and 3-7 yoar does predicted. 12.6 po=d fawns, it is clean from these cont-jadict•S oas that fetal ctZ`iAil. oz analysis method needs f`=ther'refftne=ei to. Var- :tio It of individual f e .uses about the average is plotted Por doe ale g-roups in Pig. "j, collection year in Fig. g, herd subunit in Fig. �,, and doe condition iz 'Yjg. 10. Year lizlgs appear to produce lighter fetrxses than a alts, 1973 seeted lighter than previous years, and poor condition does produced,, tar; many heavy fetuses as good eonditicn does. These trends my or ray not be realistic, as the sr�ll sa.�ple' sizes, obtained as the resrl� of souaratisr, fetuses into these gzot=s, roast be kept in m nd Doe Condition Doe cr�ndition sha;.etl fluct•,±stiays during, spring, tit were seorr each year and in all age classes. beQ*rs for t;do year and older does in 10'71.73 shod a net increase. in BOW to;,-ard July, as would be w,-pected wthadevFlopir� fetuses aodir4 neigh, (Table a able 8 and Fig. 11), Evisceratecarcass weight s--amas sho-wed. M sli&+fit fluctuatJors, but none Vere significantly difie ent (Fig..12). Bony fat and kidney fat sho-Ved sign ''ican' decreases folloving sp ngtig_'-ation , am -C.1 sdg-n ficazt increases after three seeks on su;:�zr ratSe forage (Figs. 13 ani? 14). O-hor fluct'aatious were not significant. Year`.a `n— does shoed 'C horns (Table9). Doe condition in 1973 also ---h we6 the s -me garQx:.l pattems, but B,»xrna5 Y=mt-ain does appeared to be in poorer crandition tha- hasten Co -as ('RO ole 10) Fnyuical groV`4a C-1-mr ate i s tics of the herd by age groups s vved that does reach r.,L6.T+9L i zine by '41ree -years of age, peak it a4 resla is . s t'.ro-four year old =. d doc:L:rn with age afuer five ye—ars (fable 11). Parasite ]loads showed the herd to be in goof health, Britt-. o:lly L'i3,vsiC°l?y it;P-fired does sWfer- ire J�Ifections (aa`ale 12). The presence of t"'.jdatid cytuu (uchinococu.;i Eit-nulo�ms) ih the herd La Ist be noted, at it. is a potential }ht'�...1' pathogen, Dieu and Nutritio DO inamt fobu ive;u C% :1 c'd i:trins' the 'collectioa p. -ricd G=asses', mostl,r :oft crops, tarry deer through January, with broad-Itaf ed fiUree ebd brodiaea becon� in-T.•ox-`int sorbs by, late Febraa 5' ('rabl.e 13). Gratsps decreased in importance through springy as browses increased. interior li✓e oal was '.Gi2e first in*or•tant br"se, cdrprisring 37 percent ax the mid ' -A ri1 diet. Otht, bro-ase were heavily used during April) as deer began to leave the printer ; a.tge6. It late as deer arrived on the suzzie;r razge, bibltercher y, men. leaf Tiw zi f'...Y:ita ata tt7"`antaih vlmi ttthorri do�»titated tl,--- thea. Forb use inareasbd in June as sprit'z growth beg=, but by lain at=er 73 poroma of the diet was br ermcims ply lio2u'�t23?32 . ni 4etnom and Sierra curreav , 40 unproductive until fat az -were at heel its 1Mte Sektei,*,er,. at Vni.ch time 50 percent of the Fivn crop u -as d-�ad (Salwasser, 1;q3), coyote scat am -I ois was wherefore initiated in '1973 to gain ,infor=tiqa about the time of nee nMwl r:3-td?ity. Diems re :i.n;t in scats were azalyzec'l by visual es`�i�-t on of the percent o.7 to' r-�r�.iA fa: rabbits a14 rri tsy fawns, adtLt deer,, insects, vegetatiocs airs ower.. The ass=ptioA k1�5 a de '� - v a de.,jd Pa --.M, ri:,vrard ess a.i cause of Adeatua. vould apJea ill a scaveiu3er diet s_oz v ?_�t aft-er deav I a A the Chronol.cGicaal pattern oP fw.jz1 izot'jt,4 iity v"ould be re. ected by the pattern of fa -,,n re =aim i:. scats. Fa -,m, svzvi a %-a%-at, _ell -la "n' L.ed by Co`"Lti: .'+` :1 ctr'ant i a- ver the favnz vete al 'feel in aS.ep,%:ez* .a rb_ faun siiT"t`7:val) in DecL'-er for vinber, fa -Stirs 5111vival and iu ;' 'rch for spring f'w m 'won survival is reported at fwais p --,z 100 does for co==a lLsor, with fau-n production potential for -the herd. RESU TZ3 Doe Collection and 2te_cro. Seventy-four deer -were neempsied from 197 1-1973. Five read Ydlls, -ix v re bucrs and the remail 63 were ken on a special pec�U. Most 5 v -,Br" e r; end =- a the availability of a r obile r��.�rop�..e� tare w., ..cr��ci in the x,. , f e..Ld ;:..'aoratorY in 1973 provided flee b;ility to apply special ecropsy rnethodz Data analysis is trewt;ed exb nsively in 4he tWbles aid figt!res c. -ad p'rez,_-ttayiGu of restats is restricted in the text to only those revlts �t are most i=po'«'ttant to the �II����.34 of the he.'d. t, +c,�tzeti�•e Pots ryial. Erc:.d g perir _ .and Fetal D4Velanr?nt; A.:a a.ld older cc, -s rig, 40 ftt;r+ drop ware , "i_! L (Table 3) 11'.yfJ.cv?of •c'ti ,es ave_IL.6e . l.' Por your t.i,. gs, 1.406 for ?. y.,;. G ds, �.. for 3- l � ea r 4�-oeJ' t � h, 2,00 iC� 8 yearc�'Sd oli.?r does.�`iQr3'e.��h'�nt�lnr"� fevil rnt,33 01' 1..3.33., 1.33, 1,76 and 2,00 showed t "n t 105 percent of aU onr"tL1.3.t`',ioris L ! !1 }� Y yam. +y ry }.� 2/ py.�h ', fe-t sea LL A `item• Fi 4y-fat+r yercent. of all does p.,ceg-' tLwit bore twins, and triplats were fo'jna its two old --r does. Fet.%l sex ratio for all does alveraZed 90 Ml.es phi lbs femsles. Reprodac4 rrg potentials 1 did not d P:Ler Si nifica. i y batvepn yZ«aSy as 3-7 year does prod`tc?d l,W; 1.73 ttµd 1.75 fett.ses I; --r d00 in 1971¢ 1972 .and 1973 (ab.tw !:) me ep~aetenb diffe:.•ence i..i fetal rates of yoi:�er does between ;gears can be accounted for by the smell sa.-ale sizes involved.iPzeretces between herd subunits (Table 5) i—, arted is application dile to the sxall sa�apl.e size from the Crout tiotazt. � FaN� rL-Iiction potent els showed X - fa��s all age classes I p 35 pier 3.00 does of g i tiere dropped et g uriviah (Table 6) of the f •rt e population age classes 2" , 52.t percent produced 6P -."O- percent of tae fWzfts�, Dues reach pew, pro- ductily Jy at 6 years, but they` are to f`e» in t:h, population the- t their contrip bL.xt.C1to ',-he ��U�crop �S �@sv th.�.n yo�,5er� less 1lroductive does I Does b ---Li breedi.'i,g in mia'iovembery bW—I the peLi4 of 'rat dears aaritg the three �6-,eks beg;rrnihs December 6 ttni <nAitz ietyettber �6 (i"ig► 5). Seventy- fo; r par ce-n t or the does breed du itg the period, tza 89 pLreen� rd, t �'�f the he has bred. by th,� cud of becewaer. The corre d g fa'z drop beglLis it =ia June and peaks 'from July 6 to July �6. w1tE.. 0 nts indices we•rP calculated for all plants in the diet and b triose the corMris�g 71 percent of the di_e�, 'oy collection 'period by dSvi.d respect -Ye totals for all diets in the period by the sairp potaina'�ce �.c si tee. j as calculated by Y YYYYYY C �n�. 2 i^I \ �` where: C = concent -ration of 600--I ?nce c, � of species (categories) in the, dict ni a composition o ` the i h Species (cats,*�;orT) ii = su_r Of all ni = 100 x `�-h hi E:� did s«`saty. ViA ues appro, hi.ng Values near 0 indicate no dominance with 1.0 indicate creasing dominance by a few speciesi and2 jrol.yspercent,, percent, Conti - indicate a �..ala�ncca diet of to 59 different Plants' intent-'IS - eVe calculate for r diet lncl,i�;es and the tar'"iC :erittiria -,-ere used 'to i er difference between nears b- pro -1 tc analysis a inaiv�ialu:.t picots Diet Vali ty s�asured n 1973 y d of r,. n. crntents chemical cct�00sitio � of rumen contentt teas a,.eraged %ls f sii..� ramie types. Gn:de protein bf collection. ; aricd fore h Total ru=`11 fill as a percentage of values are reported. for fey foz��se�.was :sed to infer changes in orr �e active me'�o:.ic ti ssr:e ('�j(Pc`e?�a . n more of a r forage to t t; der the assurption that a deer --us eat obtain nutrients reip-ti4re to a good forage• Sessonyl habitat l'refer�nce and to r~ti.on used to determine Season.°1 t;e t= l istox y and radio tele -eta f approaches exp. r= t , � hd migratioa =Vera -bits. Al I' ed ti sse�4sonere rtoashO'4 ge Meld ha�z�� -use �:. gerer4..1: ohserti-etion cards (r.Pzndrx 3) 0AIa were pattern$. Does °ere trapped anti fitted �•ith battery -powered radio trains n.itter ctsllaoe in 197= anti 1973. Fa%;n. s were 'land captured and fitted. �.-I �� o-iert a trensr tier collars in i$12 and 1973• Ftadi� deer mrir is So]_a. cell 'p mere ,x;nitortd by the s�'C. from ttie s-i,r4 and }ion 3ert" of br^G legion 4 led t:.e ground crew it obtaining si fit conf ire tic- of'aErial i ocatz nus repor +i su=33-rlte the findings of Bertraaas s vork j -With resp _'ct to general fixationtterns anti forage conditions. Once es tablistted on home rakes the m io d.ee.r were cliecked as often as possible to dctermi.ne habitat Pref- erences exd. the birth and/or death of „a�rris. Ramo fa. -,,As N:ere checked crural- to locate 4hem 6y habitat type to d.e-termine fs`.n cover preferences. Fa I --A w urviJal }� v s��.+ �- yrs aen, e wid, extent a.� w�S'f+ field work t,' UlVed de V ermin i M- `ch of vhe bw` +.,.f off `�� n � l it;r. Ttadi a deer were ,onitol*c to de-ermi'he hab3 a's a�saci1' 'uc st.cce�s. �tc.di V f a-.�ss -��exw monitored to deterriye their" '=goy` :kith faw-x�; ., Go -position cr�..ts were cou'ucted and saute Of dentias of they should die:Ne c -at .,t, 3zr tenths to detez-W,ne f6vM sur' vol prior tq xigrat oys. ti tbrouga _ t , to tbo erypt3 c beh�vi or of fas� di' est obsax`vati an and counts we relatively »13, . wat at birth to be the cost vat iable phyica 11erie A. (14.63) tLSO {'o`♦1�d Z s - i. c p between ` al n %Pei�v and ; a ci,i ecu Ar 8:v1on1 hik to rl—r—I wai �e d--=Onsu.s�..�. en a e �i.xe th_refox�. used s� - a�, r� ► Fe ti e:qv eti a '� , t. h I',cF ♦rssion ecitu�tibt s s 5 1. neo riavx l_��YE� •.. nij0rxs ioY 5'1'_'V1V:3 ^•Ow i t. �- c��:z3 ti,5n.. x � lic� r 0 -i.o d..�" s, �.�'t'0150 d 'l$ o �'� iaf�b L . s -ed. fro!71 -' da;� : Grp t>t�1C..Llate& l C�. 1r 4t. xva las `n'E'�'e i� 5.` :ita '.i'L'.'C'.'`t� 111L(+ giQiiQ3 �1,�% ka�� Ott -2:3 da3r.�, retuses l7�'-204 de ,� � • Litter doe cL:{�.L,�o"� riw^tee:' of fttises in c i J C�:JA ? herd '`i1B1-It� ,� + � �e�1.Mi''veC �ah'I1 Wea,�✓hl; j $�^i..Ul S ys=: Z'� . �• �i7r a Q:a rf l* Ll"i� for Vl:z: i {y -=i� . r-iation aboU4., ' ,Ize avera LiSCCi t.:+ i.;fe red LlVi' Co71U vt :r V&S ;Matted fccr selected PouS • � ras�,tc lead were Oducvive pote:ltim3 and �� e ,osis x LQ raiu� =. �; Does were sep�r�--ted by age o� � �L $e to e` al 'ate doe c=--�iOo l Data �+"ex 4 s+' rued, b;� ct�J. �t�czi o;, period jr,fl�.ze�ce of age of tbevz .factors. t. `+d carcass ., �` data Were 2';�o treutea se�rately. Ra�t�C�i bled, 17•-197, a�3 j r 3 fetnat eviscerated ~fluence of mtea lil!L and g o.'rin^time. As P,iney (1955) eight ref le,,�c"' S the ��_, -- nt char r t cx L 0x,^ 55 H.'i t*�'as t1$?G L. COi pfiae 1J c t1,1 i 45v C�4'Tl ,G �"FRv rL'S22'YF?5 ` showed) kidney fat -.Ls one of � i + � + u cement P -r' lR n$om (19n5 f „ +..�`i was there ore used to irfer short to • e;ier� r i r -t � ��~ changes Means 8... s +' i fat 1n41e':, 'vas. used. to clralt.ate lonz .+ fIU--tuau�.ot>s. Boe,' for all eonci tior. factors 5 %`er4 cal } ^teu bL11i +� an pYrceat col deme interval i �.w s iscer:�ibly of '�,d t'i�t cv ia`1vCt"+v S 'r."3a ]i.^>e '.'L�uv..Y o oor co,,.jd.�'.1.o 'd�r was y;ere rated an gocd� ave�,e !� di%'�':ea the col:Lectj.on period mean for 2 ••4i St 1:wi.. Q�1iJ£:uIO�S xraiu + .♦ 51 1 to -`l� e.ndIt, +tal Vel 4s. tprc active I.�Jeztials were Grp e 0. Co a is"w1 r7- "- the r•� v. t�aresli+n 1CiExd was used to ani. duri,.$ used to pr5 ar y o z s C t�'rt d: f x"iii c t0 ev.cluse con�.iuiu.�� ,.s iu� CCL"Se�'E'. s c3et Tell-"' i,1C OO- Gi.C:: O's:Cl].0 .'.5�;1 L�.rsCt t`lE'A"V"j -f o• 7r^cw .�. `G" S�cCioS Cx`ld C3te';;o�W+� �sra seamy fozbt) browtes� B4�et. ;r re r�_c e � t0 19,13) anal 1;73 c�ta Were also 'collect' Otl �£ ' Oa r0 ;."f F+ '.'• i ee' rS c i:i oo�1 �Icb] uS Caw••' ♦ of v "3Cr deev arc 5c`Y.t-_cv� �v t2 i�?i Sf? si..t �.Ir+ 'i O- effectL .ve Sc^-I1gK' Cc�s.'i4� iia tubi i e 3, inf ". 3t� T eC�"SSr- 19- 11 �p roV2e +� _"Ix �-z con3tjcte�i 1;► 193 pridices (SI) r p.ge co +,- s1v1,oT1 .�= eys , Se1ecU- viity f es= e a}+�a, a� lits d :, for cc rison �: ith a' et I exao�s S S �'• ianl:s duz'�.n 3.©`r3 collection p ere ca! cal.• tea ia.� speCa. 1 C p Sed ectivi'cy� tis si1. `ly the ratio Of • + " on t`ne range; d +s ;riovd by '+�a7 {✓�,�i �:i`i�u iicad;,' ti:o5 et-•tiN e co rex ' #'ied perce;:t copo:�itinn in t�:? diet to per4e;it of vel, p saw• p i ;pli ;s r_eit`�`=er p'-'eferer�ce roc nVoi�� rcF; over � . ih3ek has � t imi-x of tire. 'role selectivity 3Tt'auLre' on the pl=b �'it tha t n 'Yi;aCe for E givCin plsnt 8521x ;� i catiozis to Y,aral in the fore of fixes e, ,._, res�,z.: e oa the plat: �egetr�tve to the rarze =n the for-.. of foraging P Dint r��thotl fo+~ 'bro"w�>es and overall cover b mea r ♦.. .3 a - 1. .,n c+ e S+� " b4 tae vty��j2 p. /�µ y� n} e n j�q �a T ���w�h J J meG..1 .•t.� Vt �1F ♦ lotr fVi• �•I. c..J54.7 W+d forbsi. Lhiyi ace lLL ♦.. h. �i ani .r clipper p .� w the ade urLCY of the rangy° cpdeer s�1e -size and u e �, s:.i.ee-Oivity air t ces relies cn s• dl i 'vil tiMe'�+ 1t iS 1 t75S'J a b ps def er4r= pmts dc; �tatet tater e�iet a� S 'degree to Which deer of 'r'j'ant W'la tttc x •d c e'�er� ze the duet � " ♦ �� tion of givers ty an ]n jy* l; 1 v i35 or Ca%0 C' C5 Ckbul il�t�' G4r�rit'»' •,c. � S13 Ott zsitY �.o� r,�'�: e a'I7.o'r� co ���•,so;�s ogre: fire ana between years and h.er. s. ierai A rix -men s a. -vole was taken from all carcasses for diet analyiin by plant species com]s Osition (pyr-Cormed at bF Wildlife Iiavestigatio:is IAboratory), xn 1973 the reticulortL n was ligated, remoVed 4.n i weighed prior to pdm. ovi,ng the Cailtet-i's, Efi,�'r iiiniG�1 it 4735 `Ic'�u:it?d, aid' dried 211d re�.-ei ,h d to determine total rt: -Men fill (IMF), A portion of rumen contents was Tro# on anl sent to Aber;s I -LU,, Division of Carnatiola Company, for proxi*►s ; , Oal� rs s, In .`itro :'a=rmenLation experiments were also per formed in 19`x3, M'��;1t: results are not available at this time. Cvzrie3 were remo.-ed and pvesenped in 1,0 percept formalin for :Gater analysis of corpora Llutea o -f pregnancy (CL') usizig Cheatizi's (1950) s,�,hod as, r. CUTIed 'ay -leer e al. (1;07 j . �Yetuses were tagged by tyz:�; off the .bi l i o -al cord ►� ,b the dezit fication tags which also prevented blood l:osa When ,the fetus was removed and preserved in 10 percent formalin. All orgUn Were inspected for abnormalities. Remaining viscera were rettoved and the cvirceratL�;i carcass was weighed (EW). The lower jaw was removed for aging by tooth eruption and cotprison of molariform took wear with keno t age jaws from `�,i e herd. Reproductive Potentials Breeding Period and Fetal Develc+paettE ,... RAproduetive otential w°as determined by the formula;. n Reprod-;Vztk•e Potential - Per 100 toes � Via. x ki Fawns produr.�d iwl w1:ere: FRi = fetal rate of the ith at -e class Pi = proportion of the ith age class a.."I female popu7 atio? The poxalatioa age struckjwre Was inferred from the sarple age, stractuxej, 'with the er:cep cion that IM -ms wem est' ated to be 6o perce.It or a-rerb sprite fa; , -n su_TMr-i :►hon 1 71 to 1 73, acknowl ed�in differential mortality by sax d 1 (1957) Gs repor�» by r=obxnette et '1"ne acctirac;�r of herd r�pradUctvp uo:,e tial deter :tions would be improved by here dinct kte.xiledge of tree actual 1. f aihm p.; opoz bi' o -.i in the femme po7ja? V i on. Fetal rates) nw2 bet of fetuses in ute-ro dii.'1.dea by the samle si e j were ca.1CLL1 ated 'ol 1971-73 t7r k'wci year, i oa Ca6 hi: rd Subun,i t erf14: iir' do a �;ro1%s ii'eanc'y- rete ora-on rate;fertility, percent =1ti-p e fetuses and fetal sex ratio (re also cLltyLL ed for each to tegoi-y y: �'e4uses vete e_3ew :Iy hol.og,ica�, develo meht, using the descriptions of Hudson &,.IProm ('� - and assigned = age range in days. The t man age of e_Ch a8e t~ —was then regressed on hindfoot length to obtain a growth tqu..tion fro= which all fe-uses were sub;,.vently zc,ed (x,g, 4). Breeding date -.,'.. s a.,signec to each doe by back extrapolation W." fetal .age frOM the col_lehioln antei wA drop was predicted using 204 dadr, as the average gestation peric3, In cases of ts�ibsa the Largest fetus was used to ago both. l1870g�� s. and Ver:e (1903) ) .'Ouhd hind. root let�gt;h one o ' the least variable p1hysical:, Ln fa'. -az from does under various 'hutriti.onal resity.s p•�rasie�e.ra Y, To C:.Lt2c1C the accarac-,y of ou_- catrve it: Vat assaked that nein breeding dates calnul=ated riot fetuses aged by the curve sho-Aa be inciependent of i hether the collection y: the e be test accurate] or in June, when he c B ald e least naccura Breeding, dates thus caloulated for the hercl she=ped no statistically diseerniblodi.`"ference (C<t .05) x.10. 2, 'W",iat is the r-%gnitude and " m no 01 xa-wa Model ty? Does the physical condition of preLn='. does indicate that enV rata entad. ztrest or disease are ir"I.W.ring opt3.xx�al fetal grOAth'? 4, Is there evidence from woad h --pits and nutritional plane that itidic4tes nutritional: stress may be a factor in fa -,,m mortality? 5. ' is there evidence from fetal developuent that implies reduced :survival. potential for the fawn crop? a. if so, what Might the causes be? 6. 'Mna-b are the s.easo:�l habitat preferences of deer in spr ang and su er? 7. What direction should hitt=e investigation te-ke to answer the question? What is t -using poor Tawe sunliNsl in migre tort • findings of this study` emend others be applied to =.nagenent 8, How sign„ the of Sierra west slope deer herda? gjt inform Althouatio:presented resented here is listed as e final report, studies are still- u=dexs, y and the results of them may Modify so::e of these findings. Vnexefore,, any info t -on in the report is to be interpreted as 'Preliminary findings subject to future re,risiO'a- h.,<,w . e S w�. zl beylaeen rit a ani I=d. Tri Our �p;15er"rc,�rion is a swua iii h x"L?':�i,,y' &tve t to C4.-je easy, we have a3d'§. It tr Vit Aldo iP_opold Doe Collection end hoes were taken with a rifle to e�t�alt.ute reproductive pl. otentia, fet1 d.e •elopnent, doe c :Id.iti.cn G:nd fool habits. Road -killed ani? s were used, vlaen ava-:, .able. Colleetiona were Mde at raudoM without bias to age clan.), except for 1971 a.nd 1972, whoa" fSl-, 1 VOrt6l e=!lAded. A necropsy data sheet ( _p • , Vas used to record all date.. Fo11o•v<ing dispstch) the a:niml t, s bled, a� a blo od sou to s taken for �iamor.ara.sil u enalyysi8. 'The c�arcaas was the transpor ted to the field carte1ere b1.e3 caxcass weight (GW) was taken. 'east- e.Lents were taken on the hindfoot- lozft th, contour length, 93.rth and tetatarsal. gland (Fig. 3). All weights and 1, rg�hs ars reported in mewtri (l kg � 39.37 inches). Faternal parasite load w�.s reCr-irde'd by relative ab•:�` w�-r oe o each species (rode light, odea I hee ,�) and Y FtLt' deposits were estimated, using e ate; �a1 s'5norMgla.tles ;ere Wowed. biocierat 6 (1950 18 point bode fat inaex (k'I), es time, light, or hear asst gn- jAS 0) 1, 2 or 3 points respectivel.y�ott the. 'ribs, brisket an,1 ru* jot stiocu�,,Ieo�as .fat, aztd on she heart; ceseliteries and kidneys for interr�Al deposits. ridsney fait "ns a.l.so ew. lusted. guItiti.tat t+ely using .y ' w, F" 1tt4etkl'�1 pax"asiteN Vere evaluated Vitey.ts (1955) kiLl8y fet xnde �frI ift the same mer as e betel. par sites, (dde,I-d pint es 122vo'Gh YaRa e on about ].�� square riles of foothill waouland and chaparral The herd winters'umz and Kock, 1970) for vegetation frog 1�800 to 4,500 feet elevatioentopography (seerai by is characterized by lint co=:uni.ty descript' ens) . Winter rang A g P benches interspersed p, oris several large basins and numerous grassy a (thane area fern seep cant' t.bst deer on the winter range y,�.'tb the denser vegetation. Aril. and }gay through transits orla), yello-ir year-round residents) ,ugrate in, p red fir and subtxlp i ne forest pine forests to summer 0010 ranges t yellow pine, from 6000 to 1.0.,00.0 feet elevation- The stunner range 18 t1pprotimatel,Y tis ,es and has a ;care moderate terrain threewith several large t Aji-made reserymeadolr o:�rs 700 square rail systems, numerous riparian sites, skill meadows) nc,un'�in 1al:es. Abcr;`4 � percent" Of and y 5..x.0 acre cu�over areas and high rcent in the. `�' �`,-M 1\fational e is in public owneishiPi 75 pe" and 15 p s Canyon -'the entire rang s diver District) erccnt . King Forest (mostly w�ithi a the Vational Park. ' began in the area in the 'l.tttc �. w s . Cattle large scale comme}c.,.al s-log2boat 1,000 acres of L-.tore forest yk4wrl,Y, l.;'00s crt3 prese t.y as shaep have been virg)•= Y u 'nant, livestoct influence orx .atble�stael� ing rates are drastically are the e, Pi went eliral,rated from the r rales. 'r 11cattldfire suppression has been success�lzl :in o�,-er than the .ate 1800 p� ` res feet elevation in recent limiting large Utu`r15 to several areas below 5,and fire were the dorLino-nt decades (Appendix 1). Lo11'.g, lIves,ac� grazingse factors retarding range succession, ani a corrhir�=�i Sural shtagesfthatrsupported and maintaining the ars_ lyTh` exact relationship instruc rental in treat' tir;der-- o talat ons (TC-opold et e.l. 1951)• past higher deer PiPestoc'' - and deer p�,pulat�ons is not fu1-ly ,..: � �, ano. 3 are, between l0ggi..ngy pe ear trend on the North. stood but deep: , as mid-st;ccessrcnal a_ni 1s, require a prime forage e. P �' hat follow :arm e distu:•bance. The 50-y ear species t pigging is the �.;ngs range has been to;,ux�. the redaction on sump. disturbance factors an critical with the exception of logging or►. o ea areas, ue to provide ear ge nt. actor that ,x.11 contir, � successional habitats one f yield tinber su.^'�er ranges under sustai.nea } �. e rs.infall in rec���': years Table 2) m�.y have contributed to a 1telo,� average its cf tect on plant Prodticta-t lower Cal- capacity for 1,1erbivores tlnroug'nuhQ lt,ss of so.� prefpxred ity, nutritional value of linage and passIblY cattl Plants from the r3nsge and cattle are also bot selective Deep: forge p=Ost la'�abl e and nutr Baas plants av-�ti tilation and feeders, picking the tme 1 ears of 111gher deer IP the range at a given txtaei this selective pressure on key plants may and vtLring �' higher cattle sVoc.�ing sees, 1 11n and re 2acement by less have cantribued to their eluLisiatori 'xa;n the range p nutritious plants. coyote (Canis la____ raA ' �, on the razge are not we, 17.-1%•�oum. y r Predator densities capable of capturing deer Pobcat Lyn1 —) y i s the most abt:ndarit e.n]. ca lden black bear (tJrsus a �erican•is ), Mountain liar (r�lis concolor �� g°adult eagle (A"IA'i' chr._,.-- --tOA are the other predators capable { deer or fawns. a;oruestidns to be kswt_.b e..- �,t i potential of the held? s the reproductive a. floes the repro dttctive potentia-l. indicate probe-eras With Qi+� carac' ie) fertility., sticcessfu;i in utero Of younger age class rlae l fetal. development or breedzn„ 20 100 Id r POPULATION � `^ c ._.r_ FA VIA' SU.R VI VAL Q Q G 14 d —40 20 0 ri, 54 ci 58 GO 62 64 66 68 7a _ T2 YEAR Figure 8e PObUlation anal staring faAirn s try va herd, 3.n >t'rest 0 Co Calif., front trends .r� the ' , tin Kings deer , 1952 to 1972, Lr1.w VV n. an a i. \S Y�.aV wyV w; i .al}, « .> � w4tilyi�'���,�. ,•..w.�urev'Y+•+.ti�w i+�Y:+rim i M Table 1 . Population, herd composition, faVIII survival and (� Herd removal by legal harvest of the Porth Kings deer herd. in Fresno Co., Calif., Prow 1952 to 1973• Year Population Buck Ant -riess 1 a1 ("camp. Spring Harvest Harvest Buck:, Faw-ns Fawns '10 5' 195?- - - _ 40 4_ 69 _ 1953 13,x.00 835 - 23 76 53 1954 15,600 19114 - 63 63 1955 13,200 825 - 36 66 46 1956 11,200 700 397 15 50 54 1957 111900 794 33,1 16 54 51 1058 r_ , r 1.1.92 25 12 60 65 19 9 13,000 930 �8,i 26 63 1960 111000 846 353 1:! 49 62 1961 8,800 736 294 6 28 32 - !962 5,0800 486 215 9 46 32 1963 6,400 484 197 14 65 68 1961 100000 720 244 14 63 70 1965 7,800 557 261 16 46 39 1966 10,9oo 783 261 15 48 35 1967 6,400 311 224. 7 20 22 1968 7,000 509 114 30 1969 5,000 36o 275 12 28 23 1970 5,000 244 - 11 43 33 1971 4,000 2446 .. 32 30 1972 3,500 269 13 38 34 197.E 198 -- 21' 63 1974 1975 1976 1977 197 1979 1960 , a3.