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OAK WOODLANDS MANAGEMENT PLAN RESOLUTION OF THE BOARD
OF SUPERVISORS OF THE COUNTY OF BUTTE, STATE OF CALIFORNIA,
ADOPTING AN OAK WOODLANDS MANAGEMENT PLAN, AND
PROMOTING PRIVATE LAND STEWARDSHIP AND CONSERVATION BY
OFFERING PRIVATE LANDOWNERS THE OPPORTUNITY TO
PARTICIPATE IN THE OAK WOODLANDS CONSERVATION PROGRAM.
WHEREAS, the County of Butte wishes to provide incentive-based, voluntary
opportunities to private landowners who wish to pursue strategies for oak woodland
conservation as provided by the California Wildlife Conservation Board pursuant to
Section 1366 (f) of the Oak Woodlands Conservation Act of 2001; and
WHEREAS, the Butte County Resource Conservation District developed an Oak
Woodland Resource Assessment Report dated May 2006 which includes a description of
all native oak species, estimates of the current and historical distributions of oak
woodlands, existing threats, status of natural regeneration and growth trends, and maps
displaying the current distribution of oak woodlands within the county; and
WHEREAS, the Oak Woodland Resource Assessment Report has documented that
several oak species of both tree and shrub form occur naturally within Butte County's
boundaries; and
WHEREAS, it has been determined that the majority of these oak woodlands occur on
privately-owned land; and
WHEREAS, historic land-use practices have removed large tracts of oak woodlands in
valleys and other low-lying areas; and
WHEREAS, oak woodlands continue to provide sites subject to land-use practices that
could further reduce woodland acreage; and
WHEREAS, oak woodlands continue to serve as the foundation for many agricultural
operations including ranching and farming that are compatible with oak woodland
retention; and
Resolution No. o~~-o~
WHEREAS, the County of Butte wishes to recognize the economic, environmental and
social values associated with oak woodlands; and
WHEREAS, the County of Butte wishes to recognize those private landowners who elect
to voluntarily adopt conservation measures to insure oak woodland viability.
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that the Butte County Board of Supervisors
adopts the Oak Woodland Resource Assessment Report, attached as Exhibit "A," as the
Butte County Oak Woodlands Management Plan; and
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Butte County Board of Supervisors supports
those landowners who voluntarily participate in the Oak Woodlands Conservation
Program provided by the California Wildlife Conservation Board (WCB) pursuant to
Section 1366 (f) of the Oak Woodlands Conservation Act of 2001 and will certify that
individual grant proposals to WCB are consistent with the Butte County Oak Woodlands
Management Plan; and
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Butte County Board of Supervisors recognizes
that the California Oaks of Butte County map, found on page 8 of Exhibit "A," is not a
parcel specific map indicating qualifying properties, but is a general dispersal map
indicating general locations of oak woodlands in Butte County. Individuals applying for
WCB grants will need to independently document the extent of oak woodlands present on
their properties to justify receiving a grant; and
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that individual grant applications to the WCB for the
funds available under this program shall be reviewed and accepted by the Board of
Supervisors by being placed on its Consent Agenda prior to being forwarded to the WCB;
and
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Butte County Board of Supervisors shall review
and update, as necessary, its Oak Woodlands Management Plan; and
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Butte County Board of Supervisors continues to
support educational efforts that demonstrate the economic, social and ecological values
associated with oak woodlands and encourages the Butte County Resource Conservation
District to continue to pursue similar efforts;
PASSED AND ADOPTED by the Board of Supervisors; of the County of Butte, State of
California, on the 24tk~ay ofApri,]2007, by the following vote:
AYES Supervisors Connelly, Kirk, Josiassen, Yamaguchi, and Chair Dolan
NOES: None
ABSENT: None
NOT VOTING:None
. ;:
,;
JANE DO AN, Chair
Butte County Board of Supervisors
ATTEST: - ~
PAUL MCINTOSH, Chief Administrative Officer
and Clerk of the Bard of Supervisors ,,~
By:
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Table of Contents
Butte County Oak Woodland Resource Assessment Report
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Goals of WCB Program
3.0 Assessment of Existing Data
3.1 Habitat Associations
3.2 Current Acreage
3.3 Ownership Patterns
3.4 Oak Species and Distribution in Butte County
3.4.1 Valley Oak
3.4.2 Blue Oak
3.4.3 Black Oak
3.4.4 Interior Live Oak
3.4.5 Oracle Oak
3.4.6 Canyon Oak
3.4.7 Scrub Oak
3.4.8 Pests and Pathogens
4.0 Conservation Goals and Policies
4.1 Work Cooperatively with Private Land Owners
4.2 Encourage Habitat Conservation
4.3 Restore Degraded Oak Woodlands
4.4 Education and Research
5.0 Additional Information Needed
6.0 References
2
1.0 Introduction
Butte County supports significant acreage of oak woodland habitat. The historical
importance of oaks is apparent in the names of towns, cities, streets and residential
complexes throughout California. Butte County's oak woodlands enhance the natural and
scenic beauty of the area, provide forage and shelter for more than 300 species of
wildlife, facilitate nutrient cycling, moderate temperature extremes, reduce soil erosion,
sustain water quality and increase the monetary and ecological value of property.
Contiguous oak woodland habitat is being lost throughout California through residential,
commercial and industrial development, conversion to intensive agricultural development
such as orchards and vineyards, woodcutting and a lack of regeneration in specific oak
species. Statewide and in Butte County, the majority of oak woodland habitat is owned
privately. The Oak Woodlands Conservation Program of California's Wildlife
Conservation Board provides money for landowners, conservation organizations, cities
and counties to facilitate the voluntary conservation and restoration of oak woodlands.
The first step in conservation and restoration is an assessment of the information that
currently exists. The following document represents an introduction to oak woodlands in
Butte County, and recommendations for an oak woodlands management plan.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Oak woodlands are rich in wildlife and are a favored place for people to recreate, build
their homes, and pursue their livelihoods. Unfortunately, oak woodlands are disappearing
throughout the state. Millions of acres of California's oak woodlands have been lost and
only about one-third of the 10-12 million acres of oak woodlands that once graced our
valleys and hills remain. Vast acres have been lost to intensive agriculture, woodcutting,
housing and other urban development (Garrison et al. 2000). Statewide, over 30,000 acres
of oak woodlands are converted to residential and commercial uses each year and only
about 4 percent of the remaining woodlands are protected (California Oak Foundation
Statistics). Eighty-percent of the state's hardwood rangelands are privately held
(Standiford 1999).
It is estimated that California's population will grow from its current level of 31 million
to over 63 million in the next 50 years. Butte County is projected to grow from its
current population of roughly 204,000, to over 287,000 by 2050 (California Department
of Finance 2004). As the county's population grows, there will be continuing pressure to
convert oak woodlands to more intensive uses such as housing and ranchettes.
2.0 Goals of WCB Program:
• Provide technical and financial assistance to counties that will result in effective
voluntary oak conservation measures in local planning efforts. Such measures
shall encourage and support the conservation, enhancement and management of
sustainable oak woodlands across working landscapes and other privately owned
oak woodlands.
• Provide financial incentives, education and technical assistance on a voluntary basis
to private landowners that will result in oak habitat conservation and enhancement
across working landscapes and other privately owned oak woodlands.
• Support projects in counties that have adopted oak retention, enhancement and
management policies consistent with the intent of the Oak Woodlands
Conservation Act of 2001. Using long-term agreements and easements, voluntary
projects shall be designed to benefit private landowners that conserve oak
woodlands, the community and wildlife species dependent on oak woodlands and
associated habitats.
3.0 Existing Oak Woodlands Data:
3.1 Current Acreage of Oaks
According to the assessment done by the Geographical Information Center in 1995, at
California State University, Chico, (outlining potential hardwood loss in the Northern
Sacramento Valley), Butte County had approximately 242,771 acres of oaks, which
occupied 21.6 % of the county. In addition to the assessment of the current oak acreage,
an assessment of potential oak areas that would be affected by development were
identified to be 117, 972 acres, which is 48.6% of the total oak acres (Nelson, 1995).
3.2 Ownership Patterns
The development of a conservation plan for natural resources must include an overview
of ownership patterns and the juxtaposition of both public and private holdings. The
relationship between private and public ownership is fundamental when considering the
spatial and temporal needs of terrestrial and aquatic oak woodland dependent species.
Private lands account for 80% of oak woodland ownership in California (Standiford
1999). This pattern is similar in Butte County where the majority of oak dominated sites
are privately held. This ownership pattern offers opportunities by providing voluntary
4
programs in oak conservation that strives to recognize and protect the private property
rights, while recognizing the need to protect public trust resources.
3.3 Oak Species and Distribution in Butte County
The native oaks species, family Fagaceae, genus Quercus, found in Butte County
include:
- Valley Oak
- Blue Oak
- Black Oak
- Interior Live Oak
- Oracle Oak
- Canyon Live Oak
- Scrub Oak
(Quercus lobota)
(Quercus douglasii)
(Quercus kelloggii)
(Quercus wislizenii)
(Quercus x morehus)
(Quercus chrysolepis)
(Quercus berbidifolia)
Oak trees can be found throughout the valley and eastern slopes of Butte County. The
common names imply the location and geographical regions where the oak species are
found, e.g. valley oak and canyon oaks. The geographic distributions of other species are
more diverse.
3.4.1 Valley Oak (Quercus lobata)
The valley oak is unique to California, and may be the largest North American oak. The
largest trees have trunks sometimes six or seven feet in diameter. It is awinter-deciduous
tree with small (2-4" long), deeply-lobed leaves. Smaller branches on mature trees will
sometimes droop or weep. Valley oak branches often have woody, spherical galls
containing native wasp larvae. The valley oak has been known to hybridize with the blue
oak (Q. douglasii); the hybrid is referred to as Q. x jolonensios Sarg.
As indicated by the common name, the valley oak prefers fertile soils of bottomlands or
valley floors. It is usually found at elevations below 2,000 feet, though it ranges into
higher elevations (up to 5,600 feet) in foothills and low mountains with poorer soil as
long as its roots have sufficient access to moisture.
Valley oaks are often found in riparian forests, open foothill woodlands and river valley
savannas. Historically, there was an extensive population on the valley floor of Butte
County, though many of these trees have been lost in the development of this area. The
valley oak is generally recognized as not regenerating adequately across its biological
range to ensure its ecological survival.
5
3.4.2 Slue Oak (Quercus clouglcrsii)
Blue oak is extremely drought resistant and generally associated with hot, dry, upland
sites. It is a small to medium sized deciduous tree, with small (1-3" long), shallowly-
lobed/wavy-margined leaves, most of which are retained nearly year round when
sufficient water is available. In extremely hot or dry years, blue oaks resort to dormancy,
dropping their leaves. The name, blue oak, comes from the bluish-green color of the
leaves, which is most pronounced in mid to late summer when the leaves are mature.
Blue oak is common on foothills bordering hot interior valleys in poor soil with low
annual rainfall (15-35 inches). At low elevations, blue oaks are often scattered in
grassland, forming blue oak savannas, which, with all their inhabitants, have been called
the Pacific Coast version of Africa's Serengeti Plain. The stands of oaks are denser at
higher elevations, including other kinds of trees and shrubs to form blue oak woodland.
Like the valley oak, blue oak is only found in California, and is another species generally
recognized as not regenerating sufficiently across its range to ensure its ecological
survival.
3.4.3 Black Oak (Quercus kelloggii)
Black oak is a tall, winter-deciduous tree with larger leaves than most of the other oaks in
the area. The leaves are 2-6" long when fully developed and divided into angular lobes,
each lobe with a long, soft bristle on the point. The black oak is found in mountainous
areas away from the immediate coast, at elevations between 2,000 to 6,000 feet.
Black oaks are widely distributed throughout coniferous forest areas on the higher slopes
of foothill canyons.
3.4.4 Interior Live Oak (Quercus wislizeni)
Interior live oak and canyon oak are Butte County's two evergreen oak species. Both
have very similar leaves that are smooth-margined above the browse line in older trees
and spiky below the browse line or in younger trees. The trees can be told apart by the
underside color of the leaves. The underside of interior live oak leaves are very similar in
shade to the upper side of the leaves, while the underside of canyon oak leaves are very
light-colored, looking nearly white in comparison to the upper side.
Interior live oak is an important species in blue oak woodland, and is well represented in
mixed evergreen forest and scrub oak chaparral as a shrub. It is widespread on upland
slopes below an elevation of 5,000 feet, across low foothills, within river floodplains and
in valley bottoms away from the coast.
3.4.4 Oracle Oak (Quercus x morehus)
Oracle oak is a cross between black oak and interior live oak. Physical and physiological
characteristics are often quite variable; hybrids may resemble either parent or be perfectly
intermediate. It is also possible for mature hybrids to cross with one of the parent species.
6
3.4.6 Canyon Live Oak (Quercus chrysolepis)
Canyon oak and interior live oak are Butte County's two evergreen oak trees. Both have
very similar leaves that are smooth-margined above the browse line in older trees and
spiky below the browse line or in younger trees. The trees can be told apart by the
underside color of the leaves. The underside of canyon oak leaves are very light-colored,
looking nearly white in comparison to the upper side, while the underside of interior live
oak leaves are very similar in shade to the upper side of the leaves.
Canyon oak ranges from Oregon to Baja California, spanning elevations between sea
level and 9,000 feet. The growth form of the canyon oak is very different depending on
habitat conditions. In moist forests, canyon oaks become large, rounded, single-trunk
trees. On the opposite end of the spectrum, on exposed cliffs or ridges, or where the
young plant is heavily browsed so that it never grows above the browse line, mature
canyon oaks are densely-branched shrubs. Canyon oak is common on brushy slopes in
foothill canyons and on shaded mountain slopes. It is also sometimes found growing in
granitic or volcanic outcrops.
3.4.7 Scrub Oak (Quercus berberi~lifolia)
Scrub oak is one of the two most common oaks in California. It grows 6 to I S feet tall
and can establish dense thickets that shade out other understory plants. The scrub oak is
found in the foothills below 5,000 feet and is an important member of chaparral and
woodland vegetation.
3.4.8 Pests and Pathogens
Oak trees are prone to a variety of pests and pathogens. These pest and pathogens consist
of insects, vertebrates, bacterial and fungal organisms. In historical times, oak woodlands
had not been subject to substantial pest infestations that are commonly linked to
coniferous forests. One of the latest diseases, Sudden Oak Death (Phytophthora sp.) has
impacted coast live oaks, black oaks and tan oaks growing in coastal stands. There are
currently no confirmed cases of this disease in Butte County.
7
California Oaks of Butte County
Blue, Black and Valley Oaks
(Quercus douglasii, Q. kelloggii, Q. lobata)
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4.0 CONSERVATION GOALS & POLICIES
4.1 WORK COOPERATIVELY WITH PRIVATE LAND OWNERS
GOAL: Encourage voluntary education and protection programs that assist private
landowners in the management of their productive oak woodlands.
Policy:
4.1.1 Promote economic studies on the value of alternative and sustainable rangeland
products such as fee hunting, eco-tourism, wild herb production, and firewood
production.
4.1.2 Educate county landowners on the economic benefits of maintaining and
restoring oak woodlands.
When harvesting oaks for fuel or range improvement, encourage land owners to
maintain an average leaf canopy of at least 30 percent (Standiford and Tinnin 1996).
Retain trees of all sizes and species represented at the site.
When safety permits, leave old hollow trees and those actively being used for nesting,
roosting and feeding.
Where low fire risk and aesthetics allow, pile limbs and brush to provide wildlife
cover.
Where commercial or extensive harvest is being contemplated, seek professional
advice from such resources as UC Cooperative Extension (Farm Advisor), USDA
Natural Resource Conservation Service (MRCS), California Department of Forestry
and Fire Protection (CDF) and private consultants.
4.1.3 When building within oak woodland, encourage land owners to:
Consider the impact of construction practices on the long-term management of oaks
found on their property.
Cluster houses to preserve wildlife corridors and habitats.
Protect existing oaks during construction.
Avoid root compaction by limiting heavy equipment in the root zone.
Carefully plan roads, cuts and fills, building foundation and septic systems to avoid
damage to tree roots.
Avoid landscaping which requires or allows irrigation and runoff within the drip line
of oak trees.
Consider replacing trees, whose removal during construction is unavoidable, with
native tree species.
Remove dead and rotting trees from areas immediately adjacent to homes and other
structures.
4.1.4 Inform private landowners regarding the value of well-managed oak
woodlands.
Educate landowners about potential threats to this resource.
Seek funding that supports outreach to private landowners through the Butte County.
RCD, the NRCS, UC Cooperative Extension as well as others.
9
4.2 ENCOURAGE HABITAT CONSERVATION
GOAL: Encourage landowners to protect oak woodlands for future generations.
Policy:
Conserve large working ranches with significant oak woodlands.
Recognize sites according to landscape variables size, shape, and connectivity to
other habitats such as riparian that support rich sustainable wildlife populations.
Recognize sites that warrant voluntary protection according to threat and funding
potential.
Encourage the voluntary protection of woodlands through these and other voluntary
options:
Development of sustainable ranching and farming operations.
Partnerships between government and non-profits.
Establishing Williamson Act contracts.
Conservation easements and other forms of real estate transactions.
4.3 RESTORE DEGRADED OAK WOODLANDS
GOAL: Encourage the restoration of oak woodlands that suffer from lack of
regeneration and exotic species invasions.
Policy
Restore oak woodlands that lack regeneration. In areas where oaks have been
removed and are not regenerating, promote voluntary tree planting programs and
measures that provide protection of oak seedlings from browsing and weeds.
Participate in state and federal cost share programs and grants.
Control invasive weed species in oak woodlands. Where possible introduce
prescribed fire and other methods to help control the spread of medusahead grass,
yellow starthistle, and other invasive wildland weed species.
Reestablish native understory species. Encourage diverse understory vegetation
including shrubs. (Habitat with multiple layers of vegetation provide habitat for
many bird species).
4.4 EDUCATION AND RESEARCH
Increase communication between land managers, ranchers, and scientists regarding
the protection and management of oak woodlands.
Encourage workshops, symposiums, field trips and other methods of outreach
regarding oak woodlands.
Encourage research on oak woodland habitats.
Encourage studies which evaluate oak regeneration in Butte County.
Encourage studies that evaluate the effects of changing land uses on oak woodland's
current values (wildlife, ranching, water, economics, etc.).
10
5.0 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION NEEDED
Future amendments to this report should consider including the following
information:
5.1 STATUS OF OAK WOODLANDS IN BUTTE COUNTY
Biological Assessment of oak woodlands
- species present
- range of oak species
- distribution
- habitat associations
Data assessment of oak woodland resources
- current acreage
- ownership patterns
5.2 PROGRAMS FOCUSING ON OAK WOODLAND CONSERVATION IN
BUTTE COUNTY
5.2.1 STATE AND CITY LANDS
Ownership patterns/locations within Butte County
Chico State University (Big Chico Creek Ecological Reserve) and Bidwell Park.
Identify acreage and dominant vegetation types within the region of ownership.
Recognize the other state agencies that have control or influence over substantial
acreages of potential oak woodland restoration and protective sites, e.g. Caltrans
roadside right- of-way easements. Such agencies potentially offer sites for oak
regeneration, recruitment and mitigation, set-asides, and projects aimed at
maintaining habitat connectivity.
Address problem of non-authorized use and trespass of oak woodland properties,
resulting from the lack of appropriate resources to deal with refuse disposal, unlawful
trespass, and vandalism.
Identify opportunity for state of California to secure appropriate oak woodland sites
from willing sellers as a means of providing public access to highly desirable areas
while providing the support resources to minimize problems.
5.2.2 FEDERAL LANDS
Identify federal agencies that have jurisdiction over oak woodland acreage within
Butte County
11
Identify lands that are owned by the BLM and other federal agencies that contain
substantial oak woodland acreage.
Identify BLM current goals to acquire desirable oak woodland parcels from willing
sellers for the specific purpose of improving long-term, high quality wildlife habitat.
Outline management objectives: use and management of landholdings. i.e. the Forest
Service recognizes that the passive management may lead to long-term reduction of
an oak component in some areas in the absence of disturbance.
Forest Service acknowledgment of the need for continued research on oak woodland
regeneration and recruitment as it relates to controlled burns and other management
techniques.
5.2.3 TRIBAL LANDS
Tribal involvement in future resource conservation planning is vital and any
voluntary conservation programs should provide a forum for tribal involvement in
planning incentive-based programs.
5.2.4 PRIVATE LANDS
Improve the U1S mapping the current distribution, ownership patterns, land-use
patterns and biological and physical aspects of the oak woodlands found within the
county.
5.2.5 VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS TARGETING PRIVATE LANDS
Land Trust Organizations
Educational and Outreach Services
Estate Planning and Consulting
Cooperative Conservation Programming
Conservation Easements-provide a valuable planning mechanism for landowners
interested in long-term, generational planning. Specifically conservation easements
provide:
• permanent recorded deed restrictions, voluntarily negotiated between the
landowner and the land trust,
• a tailored approach to achieve the financial ownership and conservation
goals of the landowner,
• an opportunity to reserve land use rights that can include agriculture,
timber and limited development rights, and
• monetary benefits from property and estate tax reduction.
I dentify the total number of acres of oak woodland under protection in Butte
County.
Prioritize specific geographical regions within the county for conservation
easements.
12
5.2.6 EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS FOCUSING ON OAK WOODLANDS
1. University of Calif., IHRMP: Integrated Hardwood Resource Management
Program
2. NRCS: Natural Resource Conservation Service
3. Butte County RCD -Landowner Education Workshops
Summary
Privately owned lands provide an opportunity for long-term maintenance of
contiguous acres of oak woodlands in Butte County. Inclusion of these lands in a
voluntary incentive-based program is paramount to the protection and enhancement
of Butte County's natural resources.
An opportunity exists for the State of California to be a more active participant in the
protection and management of oak resources within Butte County. Creative planning
scenarios should be utilized by including state agencies that may not often be
considered when developing oak woodland management strategies; e.g. California
Department of Parks and Recreation and Caltrans.
6.0 REFERENCES
Harris, Richard R. and Susan D. Kocher. 2002. Oak Management by County
Jurisdictions in the Central Sierra Nevada, California. In: Proceedings of the Fifth
Symposium on Oak Woodlands, Oaks in California's Changing Landscape, October
22-25, 2001, San Diego, California. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report
PSW-GTR-184. pp 463-472.
Nelson, C. W., Radabaugh M. 1995. Using Population Distribution Forecasts And
GIS Technology To Assess Potential Hardwood Loss In The Northern Sacramento
Valley.
Radabaugh, M. 1995. Population Growth Trends and the Allocation of Pattern In the
Northern SacramentoValley.
Oswald, Vernon H.1994. Manual of the Vascular Plants of Butte County, California.
California Native Plant Society, Mt. Lassen Chapter Officers.
Integrated Hardwood Resource Management Program
http•//danr.uc~.edu/ihrmp/progrep/02pro~report/02 OSfundres.html
California Department of Finance (Department of Finance 2004). 2004. Population
Projections by Race, Ethnicity, Gender and Age for California and its counties 2000-
2005, California Department of Finance, Demographic Research Unit, Sacramento,
CA.
13
California Oak Foundation (COF 2004). 2004. Oak Woodlands Conservation Fund
Update California Oak Foundation Current Issues, Oakland, CA
http•//www.californiaoaks.org/html/oak report 04-04.htm1
California Wildlife Conservation Board (CWCB 2001). 2001. The Oak Woodlands
Conservation Act of 2001 Program Application and Guidelines. State of California
Resources Agency, Sacramento, CA.
Garrison, B.A., J.M. Harper, R.B. Standiford and J.W. LeBlank. 1997. California
Oaks and Deer. Integrated Hardwood Range Management Program Oak Fact Sheet
#47, University of California, Berkeley.
Sinton, S, 1999. A New Tool for Conserving Oak Woodlands: The California
Rangeland Trust. Oak's n Folks, University of California, Integrated Hardwood
Range Management program, 14 (1). University of California Berkeley.
Standiford, R. 1999. Tax Incentives Encourage Open Space Conservation. Oak's n
Folks, University of California, Integrated Hardwood Range Management program,
14 (2). University of California Berkeley.
14