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HomeMy WebLinkAboutNew Research on Health Impacts of Fracking Chems SweeneY, Kathleen From: Joni Clark Stellar[clarksteilar@gmail,com] Sent: Monday, December 08, 2014 9:08 AM To: Jolliffe, Stacey Cc, Teeter, Doug„ Connelly, Bill; Lambert, Steve; Kirk, Maureen; Wahl, Larry Subject- New research on health impacts of fracking chemicals Attachments: EnvHealth dec-2014-0057.pdf Hi, Attached is, a just-released scientific research paper implicating ALL steps in the (racking process involving toxic chemicals in negatively impacting health and safety of people - via air, water and food contamination near tracking operations. Please share with the Planning Commissioners prior to Thursday's meeting, as this report has significant merit in their decision to support either Ordinance 'A' or 'B' Thanks you, Joni Stellar Treasurer Wrack-Free Butte County DE GRUYTER Rev Environ Health 2014;29(4);307-318 Ellen Webb, Sheila Bushkin-Bed ient*, Amanda Cheng, Christopher D. Kassotis, Victoria Balise and Susan C. Nagel* Developmental and reproductive effects of chemicals associated with unconventional oil and natural gas operations Abstract: Unconventional oil and gas (UOG) operations Keywords: birth defects; impaired fetal growth; infertil- have the potential to increase air and water pollution in ity;low birth weight;maternal health;spontaneous abor- communities located near UOG operations. Every stage tion;unconventional oil and natural gas extraction(UOG) of UOG operation from well construction to extraction, miscarriage. operations, transportation, and distribution can lead to air and water contamination. Hundreds of chemicals are D0I 10.1515/reveh-2014-0057 associated with the process of unconventional oil and Received August 1,2014;accepted November 5,2014 natural gas production. In this work, we review the sci- entific literature providing evidence that adult and early life exposure to chemicals associated with UOG opera- tions can result in adverse reproductive health and devel- Chemicals and wastewater opmental effects in humans.Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) [including benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and associated with unconventional oil xylene (BTEX) and formaldehyde] and heavy metals and natural gas (UOG) operations (including arsenic, cadmium and lead) are just a few of the known contributors to reduced air and water quality The rapid rise in unconventional oil and natural gas that pose a threat to human developmental and reproduc tive health.The developing fetus is particularly sensitive {UOG) operations that combine directional drilling and to environmental factors,which include air and water poi- hydraulic fracturing{tracking) increases the opportunity lutian.Research shows that there are critical windows of for air and water pollution from these processes,with over 15 million Americans living within one mile of UOG opera- vulnerability during prenatal and early postnatal devel tions.UOG operations involve the injection of millions of opment, during which chemical exposures can cause potentially permanent damage to the growing embryo gallons of water and thousands of gallons of chemicals into the ground under high pressure to liberate oil and and fetus. Many of the air and water pollutants found gas. More than 750 chemicals are added throughout the near UOG operation sites are recognized as being level- UOG process (1). A subset of chemicals is typically used opmental and reproductive toxicants;therefore there is a for individual well pads in order to maximize production compelling need to increase our knowledge of the poten- based on geology and other factors. These chemicals are tial health consequences for adults,infants,and children added for a number of reasons including the following: from these chemicals through rapid and thorough health increasing the viscosity to keep proppants suspended, research investigation. preventing corrosion and build-up within pipes, helping to dissolve chemicals into fracturing fluids that facili- *Corresponding authors:Sheila Bushkin-Bedient,institute tate the formation of fractures underground, preserving for Health and the Environment 5 University Place Suite A 217, the viability of the fluids during storage, and prevent- Rensselaer,New York,USA,E-mail:sbushkin@nycap.rr.com;and ing bacterial growth in fracturing fluids and pipes (1-3). Susan C.Nagel:University of Missouri-Obstetrics,Gynecology and Some fluids return to the surface immediately and some Women's Health Missouri,Illinois,USA, return to the surface over the life of a producing well; E-mail:nagels@health.missouri.edu these contain the hydraulic fracturing chemicals and also Ellen Webb:Center for Environmental Health,New York,USA Amanda Cheng:Center for Environmental Health,New York,USA naturally occurring compounds such as radioactive mate Christopher D.Kassotis and Victoria Balise:University of Missouri— rials, salts, and heavy metals that are liberated from the Biological Sciences,Columbia,Missouri,EISA shale layer(2, 4-7).Industry reports using approximately 308 --- Webb et at.:Unconventional oil and gas operations:developmental and reproductive effects DE GRUYTER 13 known or suspected carcinogens (including benzene A potential source of exposure to EDCs is through and acrylamide), known developmental neuirotoxicants, their use in UOG operations. More than 130 fracturing and many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including chemicals have been identified as known or potential the BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene) EDCs,and many others have yet to be assessed due to lack chemicals, which have numerous associated adverse of Chemical Abstract Service numbers and/or proprietary health outcomes in humans(1). information concerns (1, 8, 19). Kassotis et al. previously UOG operations release large amounts of reproduc- assessed the EDC activities of 24 fracturing chemicals on tive, immunological, and neurological toxicants, carcin- five hormone receptors,reporting antagonist activities for ogens as well as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) the majority of the chemicals examined (19, 20),the first into the environment that may negatively affect human report of direct receptor activity for many of them(21-26). health (8). The chemicals used in or produced by UOG Additional work found that surface and ground water from have been linked to negative health effects, including fracturing fluid spill sites in Garfield County, Colorado, adverse reproductive and developmental outcomes in exhibited higher EDC activities than samples collected men,women,infants and children.This article will review outside the active drilling region (19).Adverse reproduc- evidence that adult and early life exposure to chemicals tive health outcomes associated with EDC exposures are associated with UOG operations can lead to adverse repro- well documented, with reported effects on reproductive ductive and developmental health effects in humans, organs, body weight, puberty, fertility, and reproductive including infertility, miscarriage, impaired fetal growth, cancer incidence(27-31). low birth weight, preterm birth, and birth defects (9-14). Many of these same reproductive health impacts have also been observed in companion and farm animals living in Wastewater associated with UOG operations intensively drilled areas in the United States(15). After the drilling and fracturing phase, a portion of the fracturing fluids immediately return to the surface as Endocrine disrupting chemicals(EDCs) flowback water. Large volumes of water,which originate from within the shale layer, later comes to the surface Hormones are essential for normal health and devel- throughout the life of the well and is termed "produced opment. The Endocrine Society defines EDCs as "Any water". Residual fracturing chemicals can continue to chemical or mixture of chemicals that interferes with any emerge with produced water in addition to other com- aspect of hormone action" (16). EDCs can interfere with pounds that are naturally occurring in the bedrock. hormone action in a number of ways, but the two most Some components of fracturing chemicals remain under- common are through binding to endogenous hormone ground and have an unknown fate. After the desired oil receptors or altering endogenous hormone concentra- and natural gas components have been separated, the tions. EDCs can bind to endogenous hormone receptors remaining flowback and produced water are considered and activate or repress the normal response; these can "wastewater", which now contains industrial fracking also modify endogenous hormone concentrations by chemicals plus naturally occurring substances from the altering hormone synthesis or metabolism and clearance. shale or coal bed layer.These include heavy metals,salts, EDCs are often small lipophilic molecules that can dis- minerals and radioactive substances,which escape from solve in the plasma membrane and bind to intracellular their natural underground location along with the oil and receptors. Hence, common targets are ligand activated natural gas. Recycling of UOG fluids is often employed, transcription factors in the nuclear receptor superfamily, however, this practice is limited in frequency because including estrogen, androgen, glucocorticoid, progester- chemicals can become concentrated in these fluids. Ulti- one, and thyroid hormone receptors. Hormones work at mately, a large amount of waste is generated.Traditional very low concentrations, for example, estrogens stimu- wastewater treatment does not adequately remove all of late cell proliferation in the part per trillion range;more- these chemicals. over, while typically less potent, EDCs are often present Currently, there are many strategies to dispose of at much higher concentrations than endogenous hor- the millions of gallons of wastewater generated by UOG mones(17).EDCs can also stimulate nonmonotonic dose operations, but none are without risks of environmental responses,that is,effects seen at high doses do not neces- contamination. UOG wastewater is disposed of in injec- sarily predict the quantitative and/or qualitative effects tion disposal wells, landfills, evaporation pits, munici- seen at low doses(18). pal wastewater treatment plants, direct discharge into DE GRUYTER Webb et aL:Unconventional oil and gas operations:developmental and reproductive effects — 309 surface water and other miscellaneous uses like spray- through traffic accidents and equipment failures of tanker ing onto roads to reduce dust or melt ice on roads (32). trucks(56,57).Even when wastewater is treated,it is com- Most of these practices can either directly or indirectly monly sent to facilities not designed to remove many of aerosolize chemicals or contaminate surface and ground the anthropogenic and naturally occurring compounds water. The current practice of injecting large volumes present (56, 58-60), resulting in elevated downstream of wastewater, under high hydraulic pressure, has been concentrations of radium, barium, strontium, benzene, shown to cause increased seismic activity and earth- and other compounds(35,47).Importantly,surface water quakes (33, 34). Although the separation of some natu- accounts for two-thirds of all drinking water use(61). rally occurring radioactive elements in fracturing fluids is known to occur at wastewater treatment centers through the co-precipitation of radium with barium and strontium Air sulfate,the radium still persists in the environment either through incomplete removal from wastewater or as solid Oil and natural gas production processes contribute waste produced via co-precipitation(35,36).Thus,radio- numerous contaminants into the air,resulting in elevated active elements like radium (a known carcinogen) will concentrations of hydrocarbons, methane, ozone, nitro- persist in wastewater, in river sediments, and in waste gen oxides (NO.), and VOCs like BTEX, alkenes, alkanes, facilities where precipitate and sludge are disposed.Even aromatic compounds,and aldehydes(39,62-75).VOCs are when disposed of in landfills and other waste facilities, carbon-based chemicals that easily evaporate at ambient eventual migration or release of leachate into surface and temperatures due to high vapor pressure. Many of these ground water can still occur (37), thus creating another can become dangerous if inhaled in large amounts from potential mechanism for environmental contamination the ambient air. BTEX chemicals and formaldehyde are with these compounds(35,36). just a few of the many VOCs associated with the various stages of UOG operations.Diesel truck exhaust,emissions from drilling rigs and pumps to obtain chemicals released Potential routes of exposure to UOG from natural gas wells also produce VOCs(76).The release of VOCs from some of these sources can include BTEX,and chemicals can occur during venting, flaring, production, and from leaks due to faulty casings(77).A cluster of wells located Human and animal exposure to UOG chemicals can occur in a small area can lead to the significant accumulation of through oral routes like eating, through drinking and VOCs in the surrounding air(76).Formaldehyde was found dermal routes like cleaning and bathing, and via inha- in air samples in a drilling dense area in Garfield County lation of airborne contaminants emitted throughout all in rural western Colorado and near residential sites (78); stages of UOG lifecycle including production(38,39). it can also be produced during the combustion of natural gas (79). Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde can also form from the chemical reaction caused by sunlight interacting Water with NO.and VOCs (78). Air emissions around drill sites and compressor stations have been reported to have ele- UOG operations can contaminate both surface and ground vated concentrations of benzene,formaldehyde,hexane, water(5,7,35,38,40-47).Routes of contamination include and hydrogen sulfide.In some cases,their concentrations spills during transport to and from well pads,injection of significantly exceeded the Minimal Risk Level of Hazard- fluids,failure of cement well casings, and from improper ous Substances(MRL)of the Agency for Toxic Substances treatment and disposal ofwastewater(38,41,48-50).Spills and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and were associated with are commonly reported,occurring in approximately 1%of health impacts on residents(80).Table 1 shows a selected all Colorado wells in 2013(51,52),with subsequent leach- list of hazardous substances on the ATSDR MRL list,which ing into ground water occurring at some of these locations coincide with some of the most common air pollutants. (45, 53). Gas and heavy metal concentrations increase in Ground level ozone is a health concern associated drinking water with proximity to natural gas wells (7, 42, with UOG operations. Ground level ozone is a pollutant 43, 54). In fact, a recent work has suggested that faulty that forms when NO'react with VOCs in the presence of well casings may be the primary source of this contamina- sunlight (81). Release of NO. and VOCs begins with the tion(55).The transportation of chemicals and wastewater use of diesel powered equipment during site prepara- to and from well pads also contributes to contamination tion and emissions from diesel powered equipment, and 310 — Webb et at,:Unconventional oil and gas operations:developmental and reproductive effects DE GRUXTER Table l Selected chemicals from ATSDR Minimal Risk levels for Hazardous Substances. Chemical Exposure Route Aa/I"/C` IMRL Toxicendpoint Benzene Inhalational A 0.009 ppm, Immuno Inhalational l 0.006 ppm Immuno Inhalational C 0.003 ppm Immuno Oral C 0.0005 mg/kg/day Immuno Immuno Formaldehyde Inhalational A 0.04 ppm Resp Inhalational I 0.03 ppm Resp Inhalational C 0.008 ppm Resp Oral I 0.3 mg/kg/day Gastro Ora( C 0.2 mg/kg/day Gastro Hexane Inhalational C 0.6 ppm Neuro Hydrogen sulfide Inhalational A 0.07 ppm Resp Inhalational 1 0.02 ppm Resp Ethylbenzene Inhalational A 5 ppm Neuro Inhalational I 2 ppm Neuro Inhalationat C 0.06 ppm Renal Oral I 0.4 mg/kg/day Hepatic Toluene Inhalational A 1 ppm Neuro Inhalational C 0.08 ppm Neuro Oral A 0.8 mg/kg/day Neuro Oral 1 0.02 mg.kg.day Neuro Xytenes(mixed) Inhalational A 2 ppm Neura Inhalational I 0.6 ppm Neuro Inhalationat C 0.05 ppm Neuro Oral A 1 mg/kg/day Neuro Oral 1 0.4 mg/kg/day Neuro Oral C 0.2 mg/kg/day Neuro 'A,Acute;°I,Intermediate;1C,Chronic;°ppm,parts per million.These data were last updated on July 12,2013. Source:Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry.http://www.atsdr,cdc.gov/mrls/mrliist.asp. continues through the processes of drilling and extraction manufacturing workers has been associated with low using hydraulic fracturing when millions of gallons of sperm count, reduced sperm motility, abnormal sperm water,chemicals and sand are transported to and from the morphology, and abnormal semen viscosity (ORS 14, 9, well pads (46). Modeling studies in the Haynesville and 27, and 4 respectively)(86).Workers exposed to toluene, Barnett Shales have suggested increased NO. and ozone xylene,and benzene showed reduced sperm vitality and levels in UOG regions (82, 83), whereas increases have activity (87). Toluene metabolites may have the ability been measured in active production areas in New Mexico to directly target the male reproductive organs by initi- and Wyoming(84,85). ating oxidative stress mechanisms resulting in damage to the DNA in the testis (88). Chromosomal abnormali- ties in sperm have also been associated with benzene exposure (89, 90). Formaldehyde has been associated Health effects associated with with decreased sperm count,motility,viability and mor- chemicals used in UOG operations phology in mice (91). Ethylene glycol ethers have also been associated with lower sperm count in men(92, 93), an endpoint that may, in part, be due to reduced tes- Semen quality tosterone (94, 95). Ambient ozone has been negatively associated with sperm concentration in men (96) and Exposure to chemicals associated with UOG operations in rats (97). Taken together, chemicals associated with has been associated with reduced semen quality in men UOG operations (e.g., benzene, toluene, formaldehyde, and laboratory animals. Specifically, exposure to BTEX ethylene glycol and ozone) have been associated with chemicals has been associated with negative impacts negative impacts on semen quality,particularly reduced on sperm quantity and quality. Exposure to rubber sperm counts. DE GRUYTER Webb et al-:Unconventional oil and gas operations:developmental and reproductive effects — 311 Menstrual cycle and fecundity miscarriage(117).Animal models have modeled transport of arsenic across the placenta and subsequent distribu- UOG chemicals have been associated with adverse effects tion and accumulation in the fetal liver and brain (118). on the menstrual cycle and overall fecundity in women. Arsenic can cause placental insuffiency through multiple A study in the manufacturing industry suggests ethylene mechanisms like placental dysmorphogenesis(119),inhi- glycols might be a contributing factor to longer menstrual bition of enzymes and oxidative stress (117, 120) leading periods in women (98). Benzene and toluene exposure to inflammation(121,122),and disruption of neovasculo- have been associated with abnormal menstrual cycle genesis leading to aberrant placenta formation(117, 119). length in Beijing petrochemical workers(99). Further investigation is needed to evaluate the potential Women exposed to toluene in the printing industry reproductive and developmental effects associated with had lower fecundity(100),A two-fold overall reduction in exposure to heavy metals mobilized by UOG operations. fecundity was found in women working in areas of expo- Meanwhile, exposure to benzene and toluene, com- sure to toluene in a cross-sectional time to pregnancy study monly used and produced by UOG operations,have been (100).Toluene has been associated with difficulty conceiv- associated with increased risks for miscarriage (9, 101). ing,the inability to conceive, as well as premature meno- Women with high exposure to toluene had three to five pause in women.Women exposed to toluene at work had times the miscarriage rate of those with low exposure more difficulty becoming pregnant than did their unex- (123), and women with occupational benzene exposure posed co-workers (9), and levels of benzene and toluene have been shown to have an increased rate of miscarriages measured in breath have been associated with hormone based on retrospective recall(124).Paternal occupational profiles of nonconceptive menstrual cycles (101). In the exposure to toluene and formaldehyde has also been laboratory, direct adverse effects of BTEX chemicals have linked to miscarriage in their partners(125,126). been observed on ovarian cell apoptosis,proliferation,and Direct epidemiological associations between UOG hormone release in animal ovarian cells(102). development and miscarriage is lacking, though recent reports have raised concerns about potential effects. The first reported an unusually high rate of miscarriages and Miscarriage and stillbirth stillbirths from Glenwood Springs, Colorado in January 2014 (127). The majority of these cases presented from The endocrine etiologies of miscarriage (spontaneous the Piceance Shale Basin, a densely-drilled UOG region abortion) and stillbirths are not well understood, though in Western Colorado, though the Colorado Department of they have been associated with exposure to environmen- Public Health and Environment concluded that no single tal agents. Miscarriage and stillbirth are common disor- environmental factor could explain these anomalies(127). ders, occurring in 150/o-200/o of human pregnancies (103, The second anecdotally reported an unusually high rate of 104). These can be caused by placental oxidative stress, miscarriages and stillbirths in Venial,Utah.This region has degeneration, and a deterioration of placental function seen active UOG development since 2005 and also receives known as placental insufficiency(105),all leading to sub- substantial wastewater from other states,with recent work sequent decreases in oxygen and nutrient transport to the reporting elevated ozone concentrations in this area due to fetus(106).Exposure to heavy metals during pregnancy is UOG activities (128). Researchers are currently investigat- associated with increased risks of miscarriage and/or still- ing potential links between these adverse outcomes and births. Heavy metals may be routinely mobilized during the UOG processes that occur nearby. hydraulic fracturing operations and have been shown to contaminate surface and groundwater(7,35,107),in some cases (e.g., lead), they are also inadvertent contaminants Preterm birth and low birth weight in fracturing fluids(1). Specifically, lead exposure is associated with an Exposure to chemicals associated with UOG operations is increased risk of miscarriage and stillbirth (108-112), associated with increased risks of low birth weight(LBW) potentially due to placental rupture (113). Exposure to and pretenn birth. LBW is defined as an infant birth cadmium has been shown to result in miscarriage and weight of Q.5 kg (5.5 lbs), and preterm birth is the birth stillbirths in exposed mothers (114-116), potentially of an infant prior to 37 weeks of pregnancy.Preterm birth through decreased levels of antioxidants or enhanced occurs in 121/10-130/o of US pregnancies, and is a leading lipid peroxidation resulting in oxidative stress (115, 116). global cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality (129, Arsenic has also been associated with increased risk of 130). Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) refers to the 312 — Webb et at.:Unconventional oil and gas operations:developmental and reproductive effects DE GRUYTER poor growth of an infant in the womb,and is defined as a many persistent organic pollutants(POPs),and lipophilic birth weight in the lowest 100/o of normal weights for ges- chemicals including aromatic hydrocarbons like BTEX. tational age(131).Of the four million neonatal deaths that POPs are characterized by their long half-lives and inabil- occur each year, at least 60% are due to LBW associated ity to be metabolized or excreted. These characteristics with IUGR and/or preterm birth(132). Several chemicals lead to bioaccumulation in the adipose tissue and result associated with UOG operations have been associated in a persistent"body burden" of hundreds of chemicals. with negative birth outcomes. Mechanistically, LBW and Changes in absorption and metabolism during pregnancy preterm birth have been associated with reduced fetal and lactation can liberate chemicals from maternal fat estrogen or estrogen action. Smokers are more likely to and bone through fat mobilization and demineralization have LBW babies (133), due, in part, to decreased estro- and expose the fetus and infant(155,156). gens from aromatase inhibitors in the smoke (134, 135). McKenzie et al.examined maternal proximity to natural LBW has also been associated with exposure to anti-estro- gas wells in rural Colorado and the incidence of three births genic polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)(136-139). defects recorded by the state of Colorado. Living within 10 Particulate matter is one of the most common air pol- miles of a natural gas well was associated with increased lutants to be linked to adverse birth outcomes. Fine par- risk of congenital heart and neural tube defects(14).There ticulate matter has been linked to preterm birth(140-142), is a clear potential mechanistic association between UOG IUGR and LBW (11, 143, 144). Particulate matter (PM) is chemicals and these birth defects because maternal expo- also commonly released into the surrounding air during sure to chemicals used in UOG processes have been linked tight oil and shale gas operations, especially where there to specific birth defects. For example, maternal benzene are diesel emissions(66).A relationship between NO.and exposure has been linked to neural tube defects in their preterm birth has been observed(12),whereas exposure to children(13, 157).BTEX exposure during the first trimester No.has been linked to reductions in birth weight(145,146) of pregnancy is negatively associated with biparietal brain and IUGR(147). Ozone, another byproduct of UOG opera- diameter between weeks 20 and 32 of pregnancy (158). tions,has also been linked in a number of studies to LBW Maternal EDC exposure has been linked to congenital heart and preterm birth(140,144,148,149). defects,with increased risks for those with polymorphisms There is an association between air pollution and in multidrug resistance gene ABCB1(159). UOG operations and between air pollution and low birth In addition to birth defects,fetuses and young children weight,IUGR and preterm birth.Studies have now begun are uniquely sensitive to long-term adverse effects from to assess a more direct link between UOG and adverse fetal chemical, environmental and nutritional exposures that outcomes. A preliminary study from the Marcellus Shale may not always be apparent at birth.Alterations in the pre- region reports increased LBW children from mothers natal and postnatal environment can have long-term nega- living within 2.5 km of a natural gas well (150). By con- tive consequences,termed developmental origins of health trast,a recent work has reported a slight negative associa- and disease. Normal development is highly controlled by tion between maternal residence proximity to natural gas hormones, and disruption by manmade chemicals can wells and preterm birth and LBW(14).The findings from permanently change the course of development. A senti- these and other studies indicate that exposure to chemi- nel example of developmental programming in humans is cals from UOG operations (including BTEX, formalde- the use of diethystilbestrol (DES) by pregnant women in hyde,and ethylene glycols)have the potential to adversely the attempt to prevent miscarriage.Later,it was found that impact male and female fertility,as well as increase rates maternal DES use increased the risk of reproductive tract of miscarriage,preterm birth,and LBW. abnormalities, vaginal and breast cancer, spontaneous abortion, and stillbirth in DES daughters whose mothers took DES during pregnancy(160,161).DES sons also expe- Birth defects and developmental origins of rienced long-term negative health impacts.These highlight health and disease the fact that some effects from developmental program- ming by EDCs may not become fully expressed until sexual Maternal exposure to chemicals via inhalation or inges- maturity or even middle age. tion of contaminated air, water and foods can adversely The development of the human reproductive system affect developing fetuses (151, 152). Most chemicals pass begins during fetal life with sexual differentiation and the from mother through the placenta to expose the devel- development of the reproductive organs.Many chemicals oping embryo and fetus and many chemicals pass from associated with UOG processes are EDCs that can block or breast milk to baby(152-154).This includes heavy metals, antagonize hormone receptors,particularly androgen and DE GRUYTER Webb et at.:Unconventional oil and gas operations:developmental and reproductive effects — 313 estrogen receptors, termed antiestrogens and antiandro- environmental human and animal monitoring is needed gens, respectively (19). Prenatal exposure to anti-andro- to measure actual exposure (170), we know enough to genic EDCs like ethylene glycol can lead to delayed sexual know the following: development, hypospadias, cryptorchidism, decreased - There has been and continues to be a dramatic expan- anogenital distance,which is associated with poor semen sion of UOG operations. quality, and other problems (10, 162). Many pesticides - Spills, leaks and discharges of UOG wastewater are have anti-androgenic activity, and a strong association common. has been found between pesticides and hypospadias(10, -- UOG chemicals have been measured in air and water 25).Prenatal exposure to ethylene glycol-methyl cellosolve near operations. can lead to reproductive damage,congenital birth defects, - UOG chemicals have been directly linked with adverse intrauterine growth restriction and death(163).Perinatal reproductive and developmental health outcomes in exposure to toluene can reduce serum testosterone in pre- laboratory studies. and post-pubertal rats(164).Prenatal exposure to anties- - UOG chemicals have been associated with adverse trogenic EDCs has been associated with reduced serum human reproductive and developmental health out- testosterone and elevated FSH in Taiwanese boys whose comes in epidemiological studies. mothers had been exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) during pregnancy Taken together, there is an urgent need for the following: (165).Abnormal menstruation and high FSH serum levels 1) biomonitoring of human, domestic and wild animals in adolescent girls have been associated with PCBs and for these chemicals; and 2) systematic and comprehen- PCDEs exposure during prenatal development [reviewed sive epidemiological studies to examine the potential for in(166)]. human harm. The reproductive tract is not the only target for EDCs during development.Perinatal exposure to EDCs has been shown to cause permanent changes in the brain,behavior, Literature review obesity,fertility,cancer and other adverse health outcomes in laboratory animals [reviewed in (18, 167, 168)]. These effects are dependent on the timing of exposure; these The following peer-reviewed bibliographic databases were used: PubMed,Web of Science, and ScienceDirect, are also possibly inherited and passed through epigenetic Physicians, Scientists and Engineers for Healthy Energy changes that can be silent for years only to become apparent (PSE)citation database and NYU Erhman Medical Library. later(169).Further work should carefully assess the poten- tial for exposure to UOG chemicals and developmental Acknowledgments:Dr.Bushkin-Bedient is sincerely grate- programming as the exposed populations age,particularly in regions like Texas and Colorado, that have experienced ful to Erica DeNicola for her invaluable assistance.We also UOG production for the longest periods of time. wish to thank Kara Klemp and Chiamaka Isiguzo for help with references.We also wish to thank the Center for Envi- ronmental Health(CEH), Concerned Health Professionals COnctusions of New York and the Institute of Health and the Environ- ment for their support and guidance. Exposure to chemical pollution can be linked to repro- Disclosure: The authors have no relevant financial rela- ductive and developmental health impacts including tionships and no conflicts of interest. infertility,miscarriage or spontaneous abortion,impaired fetal growth, and LBW. Given that many of the air and water pollutants found near UOG sites are recognized as being developmental and reproductive toxicants, there References is a compelling need to increase our knowledge of the potential health consequences for infants, children, and 1. Committee on Energy and Commerce,Chemicals Used in Hydtau- adults from these chemicals through rapid and thorough lic Fracturing,U.S.H.o.Representatives,Editor.2011. further health research investigation.Chemicals used and 2. 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