HomeMy WebLinkAbout01.06.21 BOS Correspondence - Email from Cynthia Joy RE Course Correct on the Current Covid-19 Response
From:Schuman, Amy
To:Bennett, Robin;Cook, Holly;Cook, Robin;Pickett, Andy;Ring, Brian;Ritter, Tami;Rodas, Amalia;Sweeney,
Kathleen
Cc:Clerk of the Board;Paulsen, Shaina
Subject:BOS Correspondence - Email from Cynthia Joy RE Course Correct on the Current Covid-19 Response
Date:Wednesday, January 6, 2021 8:31:12 AM
Attachments:Elderly Dying From Isolation.pdf
Dr. Reiner Fuellmich Crimes Against Humanity oct 3 2020.pdf
Freedom Angels Foundation List of Demands PDF.pdf
Message%20from%20The%20Mayor%20December%209%2C%202020.pdf
CARES Act City of Atwater Sept 15 2020.pdf
The Folly of NewCases Oct 12 2020.pdf
Portuguese Court Rules PCR Tests Unreliable & Quarantines Unlawful.pdf
WhitePineResolution.pdf
Was the Covid-19 Test Meant to Detect a Virus_ Celia Farber April 7 2020.pdf
OCBOE White Papers- Opening Schools.pdf
Placer County End Local Health Emergency PDF.pdf
CoSB v Newsom Writ and Decs (conformed).pdf
Good morning,
FYI – The email correspondence below and attachments were sent to the Supervisors.
Amy Schuman
Associate Clerk of the Board
Butte County Administration
25 County Center Drive, Suite 200, Oroville, CA 95965
O: 530.552.3300 |D: 530.552.3308 | F: 530.538.7120
Twitter | Facebook | YouTube | Pinterest
From: Cynthia Joy <cynthia.pendery@gmail.com>
Sent: Tuesday, January 5, 2021 2:23 PM
To: Gavin.Newsom@gov.ca.gov; senator.nielsen@senate.ca.gov;
Senator.Nielsen@outreach.senate.ca.gov; Rep.Lamalfa@opencongress.org;
assemblymember.dahle@assembly.ca.gov; James Gallagher <james@gallagherforassembly.com>;
Kevin Kiley <kevin@electkevinkiley.com>; Alpert, Bruce <BAlpert@buttecounty.net>; Clerk of the
Board <clerkoftheboard@buttecounty.net>; Teeter, Doug <DTeeter@buttecounty.net>; BOS District
4 <District4@buttecounty.net>; Kimmelshue, Tod <TKimmelshue@buttecounty.net>; Ritter, Tami
<TRitter@buttecounty.net>; Lucero, Debra <DLucero@buttecounty.net>; Connelly, Bill
<BConnelly@buttecounty.net>; Bbernstein@buttecounty.net; CA01DLIMA@mail.house.gov; York,
Danette <DYork@buttecounty.net>; Nuzum, Danielle <DNuzum@buttecounty.net>; Nicholas, Jodi
<JNicholas@buttecounty.net>; McSpadden, Elaine <EMcspadden@buttecounty.net>; Putnam, Jodi
<JPutnam@buttecounty.net>; lalmagher@buttecounty.net; ann.schwab@chicoca.gov;
alex.brown@chicoca.gov; scott.huber@chicoca.gov; sean.morgan@chicoca.gov;
karl.ory@chicoca.gov; kasey.reynolds@chicoca.gov; randall.stone@chicoca.gov;
Randall@electstone.com; creynolds@cityoforoville.org; sthomson@cityoforoville.org;
ahatley@cityoforoville.org; jgoodson@cityoforoville.org; dpittman@cityoforoville.org;
esmith@cityoforoville.org; ldraper@cityoforoville.org; sheriff info <infosheriff@buttecounty.net>;
Honea, Kory <KHonea@buttecounty.net>; pobrien@actionnewsnow.com
Subject: Course Correct on the Current Covid-19 Response
ATTENTION: This message originated from outside Butte County. Please exercise judgment before opening
..
attachments, clicking on links, or replying.
CourseCorrectontheCurrentCovid-19Response
ToAllPartiesinchargeofandrelatedto CountyPublicHealth:
Nationwide,PublicHealthisholdingthereinsontheCovid-19response.Todate,the
responsehascausedmoresufferinganddestructionthanthevirusandtherehasnotbeen
anadequateorappropriatecoursecorrect.
Pleasereadandutilizethefollowingattacheddocumentsthatsupportcoursecorrecton
thecurrentCovid-19response:
1. Freedom Angels Foundation List of Demands
2. Dr. Reiner Fuellmich "Crimes Against Humanity"
3. OCBOE White Papers- Opening Schools
4. CARES Act City of Atwater "Sanctuary City for Businesses"
5. Placer County "End Local Health Emergency"
6. “Was the Covid-19 Test Meant to Detect a Virus?”
7. “The Folly of Cases”
8. “Elderly Dying from Isolation"
9. "Portuguese Court Rules PCR Tests 'Unreliable' &
Quarantines 'Unlawful'"
10. CoSB v Newsom Writ and Decs
11. Message from Solvang Mayor
12. White Pine Nevada Resolution
13. Protest Flyer
Werequestthispacketbeaddedtotheagendaatthenext countyandcitymeetings.
Asacommunity,wedeclaretheendtothepandemicandwillbepeacefullynot
complyingwiththeunwarrantedandunjustrestrictionsWeexpectyourfull,honest,
timely,transparentpublicparticipationincoursecorrectingontheCovid-19response
immediately.Wewillcontinuetostayintouchtoensurethisoccurs.
Regards,
CynthiaPendery, CountyAssociateinCollaborationwithFreedomAngels
FreedomAngels
(209)400-2667
www.freedom-angels.org
Facebook:FreedomAngels2.0
OFFICE OF THE MAYOR
750 BELLEVUE ROAD
ATWATER,CA 95301
(209) 357-6300
September 15, 2020
Congressman Doug LaMalfa
CongressmanKevinMcCarthy
CongressmanTom McClintock
CongressmanKen Calvert
CongressmanDevin Nunes
CongressmanPaul Cook
CongressmanMike Garcia
Dear Members of Congress:
We thank you for your efforts to put Governor Newsom on notice that he has no right to withhold
federal funds for local governments that do not capitulateto his ever-shifting demands (see
attached July 13, 2020 Letter). We also thank you for your recent callforthe U.S. Treasury
Department’s Inspector General to audit California’s misuse of CARES Act funds.
We join you in your fight to hold the Governor accountable and urge that you do everything in
your power to help the City of Atwater receive the CARES Act money it deserves.
As you know, on July 23, 2020, the Governor’s Office of Emergency Serviceswithheld federal
funds due to our COVID-19 Sanctuary City status for businesses(see attached OES Letter and
City’s Resolution).We have been told that, unless we “formally rescind” our resolution, California
will not pass-through thefederal government’s money.
The federal funds that have been held hostageby the Governordue to our Sanctuary City status
is anillegal, punitive,and spectacularly hypocriticalact of reprisal.
This is political hypocrisypar excellence.As is well known, California, as a “sanctuary”
jurisdiction, has enacted laws that limit itslaw enforcement authority to assist in the enforcement
of immigration. In a lawsuit filed against the Trump Administration,the Governor argued that it
was illegal for the federal government to withholdfederalfundsdue to California’ssanctuary
policies:
“These conditions are part of Defendants’ escalating effort to unilaterally and
fundamentally remake formula grant structures created by Congress into discretionary
funding streams to be exploited for the Administration’s immigration enforcement priorities.
The conditions placed on these grants are unauthorized by Congress and are unrelated
to the purposes of these otherwise salutary programs.Theimposition ofall of these
immigration enforcement requirements in contravention of congressional intent is unlawful
1
and unconstitutional, and should be halted.”
1
Complaint for Declaratory, Injunctive, and Mandamus Relief at 1, California v. Barr, No. 3:19-cv-06189
(N.D. Cal. Sep. 30, 2019).
We would submit that the Governor’svery samewords, with only slight modification,apply with
equal force against himhere:
“These conditions are part of \[Governor’s\] escalating effort to unilaterally and
fundamentally remake the \[CARES Act eligibility\] structures created by Congress into
discretionary funding streams to be exploited for the \[Governor’s COVID-19\] enforcement
priorities. The conditionsplaced on these \[CARES Act funds\] are unauthorized by
Congress and are unrelated to the purposes of this otherwise salutary program.The
imposition of all of these \[COVID-19\] enforcement requirements in contravention of
congressional intent is unlawful and unconstitutional, and should be halted.”
But this is more than just high-handed hypocrisy—this is illegal. The Governor has illegally
2
added California-specific conditions to a federal funding stream that itself has no such conditions.
Even though the City incurred qualified COVID-19 expenses —due to our solidarity and support
for local businesses (which doesnot contradict any state orders) —we stand to lose what is
rightfully ours.
The City of Atwater would have received the money from the federal government if it had 500,000
or more peoplein it —it could have certified directly with the federal government and received
the moneyalready.Nothing about the federal certification process would have precluded us from
receiving these funds. However, due to the City’s small size, we had to certify with California
instead, and as a result, failed the political test uniquely imposed by Newsom. Wehave been
ruled“ineligible” under thesead hoc, post hocillegally-imposed California conditions.Congress’
intent for safe passage of these funds has been blatantly defied, and there are now two very
different sets of rules being imposed in California.
So, we ask that you please hold the Governor accountable to ensure the federal money flows
rightfully to local governments, like ours.
Very truly yours,
_______________________________
Paul Creighton, Mayor
City of Atwater
2
Under the CARES Act, funding eligibility is simple for cities as long as the expensesare: (1) necessary
expenditures incurred due to the public health emergency with respect to the Coronavirus Disease 2019
(COVID–19); (2) were not accounted for in the budget most recently approved as of March 27, 2020 (the
date of enactment of the CARES Act) for the State or government; and (3) were incurred during the
period that begins on March 1, 2020, and ends on December 30, 2020.The City’s Resolution, attached,
is supportive of local businesses and does not directly violate any state orders. The City has successfully
balanced the economic and public health tension and incurred many qualified expenses to help slow the
spread of COVID-19. We are happy to demonstrate our track record in this regard.
G AVIN N EWSOM M ARK S. G HILARDUCCI
G OVERNOR D IRECTOR
July 23, 2020
Ms. Lori Waterman
City Manager
City of Atwater
750 Bellevue Road
Atwater, CA 95301
LWaterman@atwater.org
Dear Ms. Waterman:
On March 4, 2020, Governor Newsom proclaimed a State of Emergency to exist
statewide due to the threat of COVID-19. Since that time, COVID-19 has spread
throughout California, requiring further action to protect the public health and
safety. On March 19, 2020, Governor Newsom issued Executive Order N-33-20,
which incorpor-at-Home Order. This
Order continues to apply statewide and remains necessary for the preservation
of public health and safety. On May 4, 2020, the Governor issued Executive
Order N-60-20. The Order allows local jurisdictions to take measured and
meaningful steps to modify public health directives where public health data
supports such a decision.
All of these actions were, and remain, necessary to preserve public health and
safety. Merced County is no exception, as it has been on the county monitoring
list for 24 days with elevated disease transmission and a test positivity rate of
16.7%. Additionally, hospitalizations in the county continue to increase. COVID-
19 does not stop at administrative boundaries and one c
follow public health orders will negatively impact other communities.
The State of California is providing and distributing financial support to assist
local governments in responding to the impacts of the unprecedented COVID-
19 pandemic. This funding is conditioned
-at-home requirements and other health
requirements as directed in gubernatorial Executive Order N-33-20, subsequent
executive orders or statutes, and all State Department of Public Health orders,
directives, and guidance issued in response to the COVID-19 public health
1
emergency. Local governments must certify compliance to the Department of
Finance when they apply for this funding. In the certification, the jurisdiction
must affirm it has not enacted any ordinances or resolutions that are inconsistent
-at-home order. This is necessary to ensure that all
jurisdictions are adhering to public health directives and ensure for the
protection of public health and safety.
As you are aware, on May 15, 2020, the City of Atwater passed Resolution
number 3148-
ublic health
dir
residents and renders the City ineligible for up to $387,428 in state assistance in
accordance with the FY 20-21 State Budget Act.
It is our goal to ensure that every eligible jurisdiction in California, including the
City of Atwater, receives this funding. In order to be eligible for funding,
assuming it meets the other prescribed criteria, the City would need to rescind
this resolution. I ask that you please advise once the City has formally rescinded
this Resolution and has moved forward to expeditiously implement and enforce
state public health guidelines. Thank you for your anticipated cooperation.
Sincerely,
MARK S. GHILARDUCCI
Director
Enclosure: City of Atwater Resolution 3148-20
cc: Assemblymember Adam Gray
Senator Anna Caballero
Representative Jim Costa
1
http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB89
S______________
IN THE SUPREME COURT
OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
COUNTY OF SAN BERNARDINO; and JOSIE GONZALES, an
individual
Petitioners,
vs.
GAVIN NEWSOM, in his official capacity as Governor of California,
ERICA PAN, M.D., in her official capacity as Acting Public Health
Officer of the State of California, SANDRA SHEWRY, in her official
capacity as the State Public Health Officer and Department of Public
Health Director
Respondents.
VERIFIED PETITION FOR PEREMPTORY WRIT OF MANDATE
IN THE FIRST INSTANCE; MEMORANDUM
OF POINTS AND AUTHORITIES
IMMEDIATE RELIEF REQUESTED
NO LATER THAN DECEMBER 28, 2020
(PalmaNotice Requested)
TYLER & BURSCH, LLP
Jennifer L. Bursch (State Bar No. 245512)
jbursch@tylerbursch.com
Nathan R. Klein (State Bar No. 306268)
nklein@tylerbursch.com
Cody J. Bellmeyer (State Bar No. 326530)
cbellmeyer@tylerbursch.com
25026 Las Brisas Road
Murrieta, California 92562
Tel: (951) 600-2733
Fax: (951) 600-4996
Attorneys for Petitioners
1
JO!UIF!TVQSFNF!DPVSU
PG!UIF!TUBUF!PG!DBMJGPSOJB!
`````````````````!
DFSUJGJDBUF!PG!JOUFSFTUFE!FOUJUJFT!PS!QFSTPOT!
Dbmjgpsojb!Svmft!pg!Dpvsu-!svmft!9/319-!9/5:1)j*-!9/5:5)d*-!9/5:7)d*-!ps!
9/5:9)e*!
Tvqsfnf!Dpvsu!Dbtf!Dbqujpo;!
DPVOUZ!PG!TBO!CFSOBSEJOP<!boe!KPTJF!HPO\[BMFT-!bo!
joejwjevbm!
Qfujujpofst-!
wt/
HBWJO!OFXTPN-!jo!ijt!pggjdjbm!dbqbdjuz!bt!Hpwfsops!pg!Dbmjgpsojb-!
FSJDB!QBO-!N/E/-!jo!ifs!pggjdjbm!dbqbdjuz!bt!Bdujoh!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!
Pggjdfs!pg!uif!Tubuf!pg!Dbmjgpsojb-!TBOESB!TIFXSZ-!jo!ifs!pggjdjbm!
dbqbdjuz!bt!uif!Tubuf!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!Pggjdfs!boe!Efqbsunfou!pg!Qvcmjd!
Ifbmui!Ejsfdups!
Sftqpoefout/!
Qmfbtf!difdl!ifsf!jg!bqqmjdbcmf;!
Uifsf!bsf!op!joufsftufe!foujujft!ps!qfstpot!up!mjtu!jo!uijt!Dfsujgjdbuf!bt!
efgjofe!jo!uif!Dbmjgpsojb!Svmft!pg!Dpvsu/!
Ebufe;!Efdfncfs!25-!3131!
```````````````````````````!
Kfoojgfs!M/!Cvstdi!
Obuibo!S/!Lmfjo!
Dpez!K/!Cfmmnfzfs!
Uzmfs!'!Cvstdi-!MMQ!
36137!Mbt!Csjtbt!Se-
Nvssjfub-!Dbmjgpsojb!:3673!
Buupsofz!gps!Qfujujpofst!
3
UBCMF!PG!DPOUFOUT!
DFSUJGJDBUF!PG!JOUFSFTUFE!FOUJUJFT!PS!QFSTPOT!////////////////////////////!3
WFSJGJFE!QFUJUJPO!GPS!QFSFNQUPSZ!XSJU!PG!NBOEBUF!JO!UIF!
GJSTU!JOTUBODF<!NFNPSBOEVN!PG!QPJOUT!BOE!BVUIPSJUJFT!////!21
JOUSPEVDUJPO!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!21
OFDFTTJUZ!PG!XSJU!SFMJFG!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!21
JNNFEJBUF!KVEJDJBM!BDUJPO!JT!OFDFTTBSZ!UP!BEESFTT!
HPWFSOPS!OFXTPNT!FYFDVUJWF!PSEFST!//////////////////////////////////////////!22
JTTVF!QSFTFOUFE!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!29
QBSUJFT-!JSSFQBSBCMF!JOKVSZ-!BOE!OFDFTTJUZ!GPS!SFMJFG!/////////!29
KVSJTEJDUJPO!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!32
UJNFMJOFTT!PG!QFUJUJPO!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!32
QSBZFS!GPS!SFMJFG!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!33
WFSJGJDBUJPO///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!34
WFSJGJDBUJPO///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!35
EJTDVTTJPO!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!36
J/UIJT!QFUJUJPO!NFSJUT!PSJHJOBM!KVSJTEJDUJPO////////////////////////!36
JJ/UIF!DFTB!EPFT!OPU!QSPWJEF!UIF!SFTQPOEFOUT!XJUI!UIF
QPXFS!UP!MFHJTMBUF!PS!UP!FOBDU!B!TUBUFXJEF!TUBZ.BU.IPNF
MBXT!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!37
JJJ/SFTQPOEFOUT!FOBDUNFOUT!WJPMBUF!UIF!BENJOJTUSBUJWF
QSPDFEVSFT!BDU////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!44
JW/UIF!MFHJTMBUVSF!DBOOPU!EFMFHBUF!JUT!BVUIPSJUZ!UP
UIF!HPWFSOPS!UISPVHI!UIF!FNFSHFODZ!TFSWJDFT!BDU!///////////!47
W/UIF!FNFSHFODZ!DPOEJUJPOT!OP!MPOHFS!EFNBOE
SFTQPOEFOUT!JOUFSWFOUJPO!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!54
WJ/JSSFQBSBCMF!IBSN!FYJTUT!XIJDI-!JG!MFGU!VOBEESFTTFE-
JT!EFUSJNFOUBM!UP!UIF!DPVOUZ!BOE!UIVT-!UIF!OFFE!GPS
KVEJDJBM!BDUJPO!BOE!JNNFEJBUF!SFMJFG!JT!OFDFTTBSZ!///////////////!5:
B/Op!Befrvbuf!Sfnfez!bu!Mbx!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!5:
C/Uif!Xsju!Tipvme!Cf!Jttvfe!Jo!uif!Gjstu!Jotubodf!up!Dpssfdu!uif
Sftqpoefout!Vocsjemfe!Bcvtft!pg!Qpxfs/!////////////////////////////////////////!62
DPODMVTJPO!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!65
4
UBCMF!PG!BVUIPSJUJFT!
DBTFT!
Bmfyboefs!w/!Tvqfsjps!Dpvsu
)2::4*!6!Dbm/5ui!2329!!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!62
Boefstpo!w/!Tvqfsjps!Dpvsu
)2:9:*!324!Dbm/Bqq/4e!2432!!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!62
Bqqmf!Jod/!w/!Tvqfsjps!Dpvsu
)Uif!Qpmjdf!Sfujsfnfou!Tzt/!pg!Tu/!Mpvjt*!)3128*!29!Dbm/Bqq/6ui!333!!!62
Ce/!pg!Tpd/!Xfmgbsf!w/!Douz/!pg!M/B/
)2:56*!38!Dbm/3e!:9!!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!32
Cmvnfouibm!w/!Ce/!pg!Nfe/!Fybnjofst
)2:73*!68!Dbm/3e!339!!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!52
Cpejotpo!Ngh/!Dp/!w/!Dbmjgpsojb!Fnqmpznfou!Dpn/
)2:52*!28!Dbm/3e!432!!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!32
Csbncfsh!w/!Kpoft
)2:::*!31!Dbm/5ui!2156!!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!37
Dbm/!Dpss/!Qfbdf!Pggjdfst!Btto!w/!Tdixbs{fofhhfs
)3119*!274!Dbm/Bqq/5ui!913!!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!41-!42!
Dbmgbsn!Jot/!Dp/!w/!Efvlnfkjbo
)2:9:*!59!Dbm/4e!916!!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!37
Dbsnfm!Wbmmfz!Gjsf!Qspu/!Ejtu/!w/!Tubuf
)3112*!36!Dbm/5ui!398!!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!49
Dbstpo!Npcjmfipnf!Qbsl!Pxofst!Btto/!w/!Djuz!pg!Dbstpo
)2:94*!46!Dbm/4e!295!!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!48
Djuz!pg!Mpt!Bohfmft!w/!Cfmsjehf!Pjm!Dp/
)2:65*!53!Dbm/3e!934!!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!39-47
Dmfbo!Bjs!Dpotujuvfodz!w/!Tubuf!Bjs!Sftpvsdft!Ce/
)2:85*!22!Dbm/4e!912!!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!49
Dpotfswbupstijq!pg!Fbsmz
)2:94*!46!Dbm/4e!335!!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!63
Dpotfswbupstijq!pg!Spvmfu
)2:8:*!34!Dbm/4e!32:!!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!63
5
Dpscfuu!w/!Tvqfsjps!Dpvsu
)Cbol!pg!Bnfsjdb-!O/B/*!)3113*!212!Dbm/Bqq/5ui!75:!!////////////////////////!!61
Dpvouz!pg!Tbdsbnfoup!w/!Ijdlnbo
)2:78*!77!Dbm/3e!952-!956!!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!61
Dpvouz!pg!Tpopnb!w/!Dpifo
)3126*!346!Dbm/Bqq/5ui!53!!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!4:
Epvhiufsz!w/!Bvtujo
)29:3*!:5!Dbm/!712!!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!48
Gbjs!w/!Gpvoubjo!Wbmmfz!Tdippm!Ejtu/
)2:8:*!:1!Dbm/Bqq/4e!291!!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!32
Hbmmbhifs!w/!Ofxtpn
Dbtf!Op/!DWDT31.1:23!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!39-!!43!
Hjlbt!w/!\[pmjo
)2::4*!7!Dbm/5ui!952!!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!44
Hvoez!w/!Vojufe!Tubuft
)312:*24:!T/Du/!3227-!3259!!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!43
Ibscps!w/!Efvlnfkjbo
)2:98*!54!Dbm/4e!2189!!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!39
Ifoesjdlt!w/!Ibojhbo
)Dbm/!Du/!Bqq/!Nbs/!25-!3113*!3113!XM!4:8759!!/////////////////////////////////!!41
Ipnf!Cmeh!'!Mpbo!Btto!w/!Cmbjtefmm
)2:45*!3:1!VT!3:9!!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!4:
Jo!sf!Dfsujgjfe!Rvftujpot
)3131*!616!Njdi/!````-!3131!XM!69886::!!///////////////////////////////////!!4:-!52!
Jo!sf!Hbmmfhp
)2::9*!29!Dbm/5ui!936!!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!5:
jo!sf!Hbsdjb
)2::9*!78!Dbm/Bqq/5ui!952)2*!!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!45
Lvhmfs!w/!Zpdvn-!
7:!Dbm/3e!482!)2:79*!!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!48
Mbvefscbdi!w/!\[pmjo
)2::6*!46!Dbm/Bqq/5ui!689!!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!44!
6
Mfxjt!w/!Tvq/!Du/
)2:::*!2:!Dbm/5ui!2343!!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!21
Mpwjoh!w/!Vojufe!Tubuft
)2::7*!628!V/T/!859!!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!38-43
Nbmjcv!X/!Txjnnjoh!Dmvc!w/!Gmpvsopz
)2:87*!71!Dbm/Bqq/4e!272!!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!55-58-64
Nbscvszw/!Nbejtpo
)2914*!6!V/T/!)2!Dsbodi*!248-!288!!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!63
Nbsujo!w/!Nvojdjqbm!Dpvsu
)Qfpqmf!pg!uif!Tubuf!pg!Dbm/*!)2:94*!259!Dbm/Bqq/4e!7:4!!//////////////!!3:-!42!!
NdDmvoh!w/!Fnqmpznfou!Efw/!Efqu
)3115*!45!Dbm/!5ui!578!!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!63
Obum!Uby.Mjnjubujpo!Dpnn/!w/!Tdixbs{fofhhfs
)3114*!224!Dbm/Bqq/5ui!2377-!9!Dbm/!Squs/!4e!5!!//////////////////////////////////!!5:
Oh!w/!Tvq/!Du/
)2::3*!5!Dbm/5ui!3:!!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!62-64
Opf!w/!Tvqfsjps!Dpvsu
)3126*!348!Dbm/Bqq/5ui!427!!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!62
Pmntufbe!w/!Vojufe!Tubuft
)2:39*!388!V/T/!549!!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!63
Qbmftlj!w/!Tubuf!Efqu/!pg!Ifbmui!Tfswjdft
)3117*!255!Dbm/Bqq/5ui!825!!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!45
Qbmnb!w/!V/T/!Joevtusjbm!Gbtufsofst-!Jod/
)2:95*!47!Dbm/4e!282!!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!62-!64!
Qbslfs!w/!Sjmfz!
)2:52*!29!Dbm/3e!94!!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!48
Qfpqmf!fy!sfm/!Mpdlzfs!w/!Tvo!Qbdjgjd!Gbsnjoh!Dp/
)3111*!88!Dbm/Bqq/5ui!72:745!!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!4:
Qfpqmf!pg!Bnps
)2:85*!23!Dbm/4e!!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!39-47-53
Qfpqmf!w/!Hvujfssf{
)3125*!69!Dbm/5ui!2465!!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!53-54
7
Sptt!w/!Ce/!pg!Fevd/
)2:23*!29!Dbm/Bqq/!333!!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!61
Tbo!Gsbodjtdp!Vojgjfe!Tdippm!Ejtu/!w/!Kpiotpo
)2:82*!4!Dbm/4e!:48!!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!36
Tpgu!Qbuit-!Ibse!Dipjdft;!Fowjsponfoubm!Mfttpot!Jo!Uif!Bgufsnbui!Pg!
Dbmjgpsojb(t!Fmfdusjd!Efsfhvmbujpo!Efcbdmf-!
34!Wb/!Fowum/!M/K/!362!!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!41
Tuffo!w/!Bqqfmmbuf!Ejwjtjpo!pg!Tvqfsjps!Dpvsu!
)3125*!6:!Dbm/5ui!2156!!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!48
Xjmlf!'!Ipm{ifjtf-!Jod/!w/!Efqu!pg!Bmdpipmjd!Cfwfsbhf!Dpouspm
)2:77*!76!Dbm/3e!45:!!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!49
Xjmljotpo!w/!Nbefsb!Dpnnvojuz!Iptqjubm
)2:94*!255!Dbm/Bqq/4e!547!!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!48
Xppe!w/!Tuspuifs
)2999*!87!Dbm/!656!!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!32
TUBUVUFT0DPEFT!
Dpef!Djw/!Qspd/-!¨!2199!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!21-!62-!64
Dpef!Djw/!Qspd/-!¨!2196!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!32
Dpef!Djw/!Qspd/-!¨2197!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!32
Dpef!Djw/!Qspd/-!¨!228:/12!!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!57
Djw/!Dpef!¨!89:/5!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!57
Djw/!Dpef!¨!8:9/67!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!57
Djw/!Dpef!¨!2:53/6!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!57
Djw/!Dpef!¨!2:57/3!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!57
Djw/!Dpef!¨!2:58/23!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!57
Djw/!Dpef!¨!2:58/24!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!57
Djw/!Dpef!¨!3:35/26!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!57
Dbm/!Mbcps!Dpef!¨!359//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!56-!57
Dbm/!Mbcps!Dpef!¨!359/2!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!56-!57
Dbm/!Mbcps!Dpef!¨!4323/96!!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!57
Dbm/!Mbcps!Dpef!¨!4323/99!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!57
Dbm/!Mbcps!Dpef!¨!7436!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!57
8
Dbm/!Mbcps!Dpef!¨!7836!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!57
Dbm/!Mbcps!Dpef!¨!751:/7!!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!57
Dbm/!Mbcps!Dpef!¨!75431!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!57
Hpw/!Dpef!¨!9669!!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!38-!54-!55
Hpw/!Dpef!¨!9677!!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!38
Hpw/!Dpef!¨!9678!!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!21-38-44-46
Hpw/!Dpef!¨!9683!!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!22-!38-42
Hpw/!Dpef!¨!969:/2:!!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!45!
Hpw/!Dpef!¨!9738!!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!39-52
Hpw/!Dpef!¨!973:!!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!55
Hpw/!Dpef!¨!9793/:!!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!45!
Hpw/!Dpef!¨!22451!!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!44-45-47
Hpw/!Dpef!¨!22451/6!!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!44
Hpw/!Dpef!¨!22451/:!!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!44
Hpw/!Dpef!¨!22453/631!!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!44
Hpw/!Dpef!¨!22453/711!!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!45
Hpw/!Dpef!¨!22454!!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!44
Hpw/!Dpef!¨!22457/2!!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!45
Hpw/!Dpef!¨!2245:/6!!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!45
Hpw/!Dpef!¨!2245:/7!!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!45
Hpw/!Dpef!¨!22462!!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!44
Hpw/!Dpef!¨!23:56/3!!/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!57
Hpw/!Dpef!¨!2:241!!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!41
Hpw/!Dpef!¨!34113!!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!29
Dbm/!Dpef!Sfht/-!uju!2-!¨!361!!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!45
SVMFT!PG!DPVSU!
Svmf!9/597!!//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!32
DPOTUJUJUJPOBM!DPEFT
Dbm/!Dpotu/-!bsu/!JJ-!¨!2!!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!29!
Dbm/!Dpotu/-!bsu/!JJJ-!¨!4!!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!37-39-47-!48!
Dbm/!Dpotu/!bsu/!JW-!¨!2!!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!48
Dbm/!Dpotu/-!bsu/!WJ-!¨!21!!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!31-32-36
9
Dbm/!Dpotu/-!bsu/!WJJ!////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!41
Njdi/!Dpotu/-!bsu/!JJJ-!¨!3!!///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////!!4:
:
WFSJGJFE!QFUJUJPO!GPS!QFSFNQUPSZ!XSJU!PG!NBOEBUF!
JO!UIF!GJSTU!JOTUBODF<!NFNPSBOEVN!PG!QPJOUT!BOE!
BVUIPSJUJFT!
Up!uif!Ipopsbcmf!Uboj!Dboujm.Tblbvzf-!Dijfg!Kvtujdf!pg!uif!Tvqsfnf!
Dpvsu!pg!Dbmjgpsojb!boe!up!uif!IpopsbcmfBttpdjbuf!Kvtujdft!pg!uif!
Tvqsfnf!Dpvsu!pg!Dbmjgpsojb;!
JOUSPEVDUJPO!
OFDFTTJUZ!PG!XSJU!SFMJFG!
2
Up!nblf-!bnfoe-!boe!sftdjoe!psefst!boe!sfhvmbujpot!ofdfttbsz///
Uif!qpxfst!qspwjefe!up!Hpwfsops!Ofxtpn!voefs!uif!Dbmjgpsojb!
Fnfshfodz!Tfswjdft!Bdu!)uif!DFTB*bsf!mjnjufe!boe!fovnfsbufe/!!Cvu-!
gps!uif!qbtu!tfwfsbm!npouit!uif!Hpwfsops!bdufe!dpousbsz!up!mpoh.tuboejoh!
mfhbm!epdusjof!cz!tvctujuvujoh!ijntfmg!bt!uif!dijfg!boe!tpmf!mfhjtmbups!gps!
mbxt!sfmbujoh!up!uif!DPWJE.2:!Qboefnjd/!!Uif!Hpwfsops!dpoujovft!up!
tvctujuvuf!ijntfmg!joup!uif!qmbdf!pg!cpui!uif!Tubuf!Mfhjtmbuvsf!boe!uif!
Dpvouz!pg!Tbo!Cfsobsejop!)Dpvouz*-!vtvsqjoh!uif!Dpvouzt!tubuvupsz!
evujft!boe!tvctujuvujoh!ijt!kvehnfou!gps!uibu!pg!uif!Dpvouz!boe!Mfhjtmbuvsf/!!
Uif!Dpvouz!tfflt!uijt!jotubou!xsju!up!sfdmbjn!jut!qpmjdf!qpxfs!pwfs!jut!
sftjefout!boe!wbtu!mboe!nbtt-!xjui!jodpsqpsbufe!boe!vojodpsqpsbufe!bsfbt-!
up!fobcmf!ju!up!ubjmps!sfhvmbujpot!boe!psefst!xijdi!bsf!tqfdjgjd!up!jut!
sftjefout!cbtfe!po!gbdut!xijdi!bsf!vojrvf!up!uifjs!mpdbujpot!sbuifs!uibo!
tvckfdu!jut!sftjefout!up!pwfscspbe!nvmuj.dpvouz-!Hpwfsops.jnqmfnfoufe-!
sfhjpobmj{fe!mpdlepxot/!!Bddpsejohmz-!uif!Dpvouz!sfrvftut!bo!jnnfejbuf!
tubz!pg!uif!Sftqpoefout!psefst!bt!xfmm!bt!bo!jttvbodf!pg!b!qfsfnqupsz!xsju!
3
pg!nboebuf!jo!uif!gjstu!jotubodf/
2
!Hpw/!Dpef!¨!9678/!
3
!Dpef!Djw/!Qspd/-!¨!2199<!tff!bmtp!Mfxjt!w/!Tvq/!Du/!)2:::*!2:!Dbm/5ui!2343!
)Cbyufs-!K/!dpodvssjoh*!)Jttvjoh!b!qfsfnqupsz!xsju!jo!uif!gjstu!jotubodf!sfgmfdut!
21
JNNFEJBUF!KVEJDJBM!BDUJPO!JT!OFDFTTBSZ!UP!BEESFTT!
HPWFSOPS!OFXTPNT!FYFDVUJWF!PSEFST!
Jo!Efdfncfs!312:-!uif!Xpsme!Ifbmui!Pshboj{bujpo!)XIP*!
sfqpsufe!uibu!b!opwfm!dpspobwjsvt!xbt!efufdufe!jo!Xvibo-!Dijob!boe!
4
evccfe!ju!DPWJE.2:/!!Po!Kbovbsz!37-!3131-!uif!Tubuf!pg!Dbmjgpsojb-!
uispvhi!jut!qvcmjd!ifbmui!pggjdjbmt-!boopvodfe!uif!gjstu!qptjujwf!uftu!pg!
DPWJE.2:!jo!uif!Tubuf/!!)Fyijcju!2/*!!Gspn!Kbovbsz!37-!3131!uispvhi!
Nbsdi!5-!3131-!uif!Dbmjgpsojb!tubuf!ifbmui!pggjdjbmt!cfmjfwfe!uif!sjtl!qptfe!
cz!DPWJE.2:!up!Dbmjgpsojb!sftjefout!xbt!mpx/!!)Fyijcju!3/*!!Po!Nbsdi!5-!
3131!Hpwfsops!Ofxtpn!efdmbsfe!b!Tubuf!pg!Fnfshfodz!uispvhipvu!uif!
Tubuf!pg!Dbmjgpsojb!evf!up!uif!dpspobwjsvt!qboefnjd!boe!uif!Dbmjgpsojb!
Efqbsunfou!pg!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!)DEQI*!jttvfe!jut!gjstu!DPWJE.2:!
hvjefmjoft/!!)Fyijcju!4/*!!Po!Nbsdi!22-!3131-!Hpwfsops!Ofxtpn!
boopvodfe!uibu!tubuf!qvcmjd!ifbmui!pggjdjbmt!ibe!sfdpnnfoefe!dbodfmmjoh!
nbtt!hbuifsjoht!voujm!uif!foe!pg!Nbsdi/!!)Fyijcju!5/*!!Kvtu!b!ebz!mbufs!po!
Nbsdi!23-!uif!Hpwfsops!jttvfe!bo!fyfdvujwf!psefs!sfgmfdujoh!uif!Nbsdi!22!
sfdpnnfoebujpo/!!)Fyijcju!6/*!!Bnpoh!puifs!uijoht-!uif!Nbsdi!23!psefs!
opufe!uif!offe!up!tfdvsf!ovnfspvt!gbdjmjujft!up!bddpnnpebuf!rvbsboujof-!
jtpmbujpo-!ps!nfejdbm!usfbunfou!pg!joejwjevbmt!uftujoh!qptjujwf!gps!ps!fyqptfe!
up!DPWJE.2:!/!)Jcje/*!!Uif!psefs!djufe!uif!Hpwfsopst!bvuipsjuz!voefs!
uif!Dbmjgpsojb!Fnfshfodz!Tfswjdft!Bdu!)DFTB*!)tqfdjgjdbmmz-!tfdujpo!
9683!pg!uif!Hpwfsonfou!Dpef*!up!fotvsf!befrvbuf!gbdjmjujft!fyjtu!up!
beesftt!uif!jnqbdut!pg!DPWJE.2:!/!)Jcje/*!!Uifsfbgufs-!po!Nbsdi!2:-!
sfdphojujpo!uibu-!po!pddbtjpo-!jnnfejbuf!kvejdjbm!bdujpo!jt!ofdfttbsz!up!
qsfwfou!ps!dpssfdu!vobvuipsj{fe!ps!fsspofpvt!bdujpo!cz!uif!sftqpoefou!xifsf!
uifsf!jt!hsfbu!vshfodz/*!
4
!Xpsme!Ifbmui!Pshboj{bujpo-!Opwfm!Dpspobwjsvt!)312:.oDpW*!Tjuvbujpo!
Sfqpsu!!2-!bwbjmbcmf!bt!pg!uif!ujnf!pg!gjmjoh!bu;!
iuuqt;00xxx/xip/jou0epdt0efgbvmu.tpvsdf0dpspobwjsvtf0tjuvbujpo.
sfqpsut031311232.tjusfq.2.312:.odpw/qeg!
22
3131-!Dbmjgpsojb!Hpwfsops!Ofxtpn!jttvfe!Fyfdvujwf!Psefs!O.44.31!
psefsjoh!Dbmjgpsojbot!up!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!boe!ejsfdufe!uifn!up!jnnfejbufmz!
iffe!uif!dvssfou!Tubuf!qvcmjd!ifbmui!ejsfdujwft/!!)Fyijcju!7/*!Po!ps!bcpvu!
Nbsdi!2:-!3131-!uif!Sftqpoefout!ubtlfe!uif!Dpvouz!xjui!qspdvsjoh!
dpnqmjbodf!xjui!uif!tubuf!mbxt!boe!efmfhbufe!uif!evujft!pg!dpnqmjbodf!boe!
fogpsdfnfou!up!uif!Tbo!Cfsobsejop!Dpvouz!Efqbsunfou!pg!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!
)TCQI*/!!)Efdm/!pg!Toplf!·!4<!Efdm/!pg!Ibhnbo!·!4<!Efdm/!pg!Qpsufs!··!5-!
8/*!!Pwfs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!npouit-!Sftqpoefout!sfhvmbsmz!boe!dpotjtufoumz!
npejgjfe!uif!sftusjdujpot!po!Dbmjgpsojb!cvtjofttft!boe!joejwjevbmt-!uifsfcz!
nbljoh!ju!ejggjdvmu!gps!TCQI!boe!uif!Dpvouz!up!bmmpdbuf!sftpvsdft!cfuxffo!
dpncbujoh!DPWJE.2:!boe!jut!sfhvmbs!evujft/!!)Efdm/!pg!Toplf!··!4-!6-!9<
Efdm/!pg!Ibhnbo!·!4<!Efdm/!pg!NdNbipo!·7/*!!Bu!ujnft-!uif!sftusjdujpot!
xfsf!mpptfofe!bt!uif!wjsvt!cfhbo!up!tvctjef-!qfsnjuujoh!uif!TCQI!up!
sfbmmpdbuf!jut!fnqmpzfft!up!jut!uzqjdbm!evujft/!!)Efdm/!pg!Qpsufs!··!6.7/*!!Cvu!
bu!puifs!ujnft!uif!sftusjdujpot!xfsf!ujhiufofe-!gpsdjoh!uif!TCQI!up!sfmpdbuf!
jut!sftpvsdft!up!qspdvsjoh!uif!dpnqmjbodf!pg!Dpvouz!sftjefout/!!)Efdm/!pg!
Qpsufs!·!7/*!!
Cz!Nbz!3131-!Dbmjgpsojb!gmbuufofe!uif!dvswf-qspufdufe!jut!ifbmui!
dbsf!tztufn-!boe!ejtdpwfsfe!mftt!sftusjdujwf!xbzt!up!tmpx!uif!tqsfbe!pg!
DPWJE.2:/!!Cvu!jotufbe!pg!mjgujoh!uif!psefs-!po!Nbz!5-!uif!Hpwfsops!jttvfe!
Fyfdvujwf!Psefs!O.71.31-!uibu!dpoujovfe!uif!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!ejsfdujwf!
joefgjojufmz!boe!jotusvdufe!\\b^mm!sftjefoutup!dpoujovf!up!pcfz!Tubuf!qvcmjd!
ifbmui!ejsfdujwft/!!Uijt!psefs!qfsnjuufe!opo.fttfoujbm!pqfsbujpot!up!
hsbevbmmz!sftvnf!bdujwjujft!bddpsejoh!up!Sftqpoefout!eftjhobufe!
Tubhft/!!)Fyijcju!8/*!!Jo!beejujpo-!Hpwfsops!Ofxtpn!hbwf!uif!Tubuf!Qvcmjd!
Ifbmui!Pggjdfs!ejtdsfujpo!up!bee!fydfqujpot!up!uif!psefs!cz!sfpqfojoh!
dfsubjo!bdujwjujft!cbtfe!po!joejwjevbm!dpvoujft!tvddftt!jo!uftujoh!gps!boe!
dpouspmmjoh!uif!wjsvt/!!)Jcje/*!!
23
Tvctfrvfoumz-!po!Bvhvtu!39-!3131-!uif!Sftqpoefout!boopvodfe!uibu!
uifTubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbx!xpvme!dpoujovf!joefgjojufmz!boe!uibu!tubuf!ifbmui!
pggjdjbmt!xfsf!dibohjoh!uif!sfpqfojoh!qmbo!up!cf!npsf!sftusjdujwf!uibo!uif!
Nbz!qmbo/!!)Fyijcju!9/*!!Uif!Bvhvtu!39-!3131!dibohf!jo!hvjefmjoft!tusfudife!
uif!Dpvouzt!sftpvsdft-!nbljoh!ju!ejggjdvmu!up!pcubjo!boe!nbobhf!
dpnqmjbodf!pg!uipvtboet!pg!opo.dpnqmzjoh!sftjefout/!!)Efdm/!pg!Toplf!··!6-!
9<!Efdm/!pg!Ibhnbo!·!4<!Efdm/!pg!NdNbipo!··!4-!7/*!
Po!Opwfncfs!24-!3131-!uif!DEQI!jttvfe!b!ejsfdujwf!po!hvjebodf!
gps!uif!qsfwfoujpo!pg!DPWJE.2:!usbotnjttjpo!gps!hbuifsjoht/!)Fyijcju!:/*!!
Uijt!hvjebodf!jotusvdufe!\\b^mm!qfstpot!qmboojoh!up!iptu!ps!qbsujdjqbuf!jo!
qsjwbuf!hbuifsjoht!up!dpnqmz!xjui!uif!svmft!fovnfsbufe!uifsfjo!jodmvejoh!
cvu!opu!mjnjufe!up!uif!qspijcjujpo!pg!hbuifsjoh!xjui!npsf!uibo!uisff!
ipvtfipmet<!uif!jnqptjujpo!pg!b!evuz!gps!djuj{fot!ipmejoh!b!hbuifsjoh!up!
pcubjo!dpoubdu!jogpsnbujpo!gps!fbdi!pg!uifjs!hvftut<!boe!psefsfe!njmmjpot!pg!
djuj{fot!jo!qvsqmf!ujfs!up!dmptf!uifjs!eppst!up!gbnjmz!boe!gsjfoet!jo!uif!
ipmjebz!tfbtpo/!!)Jcje/*!
Po!Opwfncfs!2:-!b!Mjnjufe!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbx!xbt!jttvfe!cz!
Sftqpoefout!gps!Ujfs!Pof!)Qvsqmf*!Dpvoujft!sfrvjsjoh!bmm!hbuifsjoht!xjui!
nfncfst!pg!puifs!ipvtfipmet!boe!bmm!bdujwjujft!dpoevdufe!pvutjef!uif!
sftjefodf\\up^!dfbtf!cfuxffo!21;11qn!QTU!boe!6;11bn!QTU-!fydfqu!gps!
uiptf!bdujwjujft!bttpdjbufe!xjuidsjujdbm!jogsbtusvduvsf!!)Fyijcju!21/*
Uif!Sftqpoefout!sfbtpofe!uibu!uijt!Mjnjufe!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbx!xbt!
ofdfttbsz!evf!up!voqsfdfefoufe!sbuf!pg!sjtf!jo!jodsfbtf!jo!DPWJE.2:!dbtft!
bdsptt!Dbmjgpsojb!!)Jcje/*!!Uijt!psefs!xbt!fggfdujwf!gps!b!pof!npoui!
qfsjpe!tvckfdu!up!uif!Sftqpoefout!ejtdsfujpo!up!npejgz!ps!fyufoe!uif!
5
psefs/
5
!Dbmjgpsojb!Efqbsunfou!pg!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui-!Dbmjgpsojbt!Mjnjufe!Tubz!bu!Ipnf!
Psefs;!Rvftujpot!'!Botxfst<!bwbjmbcmf!bt!pg!uif!ujnf!pg!gjmjoh!bu;!
24
Up!uif!ejtnbz!pg!sftjefout!tubufxjef!bt!xfmm!bt!uif!Dpvouz-!
Hpwfsops!Ofxtpn-!jo!dppqfsbujpo!xjui!uif!DEQIboe!Tubuf!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!
Pggjdfs!)DQIP*-!podf!bhbjo!psefsfe!b!Sfhjpobm!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbx!po!
Efdfncfs!4-!3131!xjui!bo!fggfdujwf!ebuf!pg!Efdfncfs!6-!3131/!!Uif!
Sftqpoefout!bhbjo!sfmjfe!po!bo!voqsfdfefoufe!sjtf!jo!uif!sbuf!pg!jodsfbtf!
jo!DPWJE.2:!dbtft!boe!sfbtpofe!uibu!uif!JDV!cfet!jo!uif!Tubuf!pg!
Dbmjgpsojb!xpvme!sfbdi!dbqbdjuz!cz!uif!njeemf!pg!Efdfncfs!sftvmujoh!jo!b!
dsjtjt!xijdi!uisfbufot!up!pwfsxifmn!uif!tubuft!iptqjubm!tztufn/!!)Fyijcju!
22/*!!Voefs!bo!psefs-!jttvfe!cz!uif!DQIP-!Fsjdb!Qbo-!Sftqpoefout!bhbjo!
dibohfe!uif!gsbnfxpsl!gps!nfbtvsjoh!uif!DPWJE.2:!jnqbdu!boe!jut!
sftqpotf!up!jodsfbtfe!uftut!boe!ejnjojtife!JDV!dbqbdjuz/!!Uif!Sftqpoefout!
bscjusbsjmz!ejwjefe!uif!Tubuf!joup!gjwf!sfhjpot-!boe!uif!Dpvouz!jt!jodmvefe!jo!
b!tqsbxmjoh!Tpvuifso!Dbmjgpsojb!sfhjpo!)bmtp!jodmvejoh!uif!dpvoujft!pg!
Tbo!Ejfhp-!Jnqfsjbm-!Sjwfstjef-!Psbohf-!Mpt!Bohfmft-!Wfouvsb-!Tboub!
Cbscbsb-!Tbo!Mvjt!Pcjtqp-!Jozp-!boe!Npop*/!!Podf!uif!Sftqpoefout!
efufsnjof!uibu!uif!JDV!dbqbdjuz!jo!boz!pg!uif!hjwfo!dpvoujft!gbmmt!cfmpx!
26&-!uif!foujsf!sfhjpo!jt!qmbdfe!jo!b!njojnvn!uisff.xffl!mpdlepxo-!xijdi!
qmbdft!tfwfsf!sftusjdujpot!po!Dbmjgpsojb!joejwjevbmt!boe!cvtjofttft/!!Bt!pg!
22;6:!q/n/!po!Tvoebz-!Efdfncfs!7-!3131-!uif!Tpvuifso!Dbmjgpsojb!sfhjpo!
xbt!psefsfe!up!mpdlepxo!bt!jut!JDV!dbqbdjuz!xbt!efufsnjofe!up!cf!cfmpx!
uif!26&!uisftipme/!!Uif!psefs!gpsdft!mbx!bcjejoh!sftjefout!uispvhipvu!uif!
Dpvouz!up!dpnqmz!joefgjojufmz!voefs!uisfbu!pg!dsjnjobm!dvmqbcjmjuz!xijmf!
qfsnjuujoh!puifs!foujujft!xijdi!bsf!psebjofe!bt!dsjujdbm!cz!uif!
Sftqpoefout!up!pqfsbuf!xjui!mjnjufe!sftusjdujpot/!!)Jcje/*!!Gps!fybnqmf-!
xpslfst!xip!tvqqpsu!ufmfwjtjpo!ps!nfejb!jogsbtusvduvsf!!jodmvejoh!npwjf!
qspevdujpo!tfut.!dbo!sfnbjo!pqfo-!dbo!sfnbjo!pqfsbujpobm-!xijmf!ejof.jo!
iuuqt;00xxx/deqi/db/hpw0Qsphsbnt0DJE0EDED0Qbhft0DPWJE.2:0mjnjufe.
tubz.bu.ipnf.psefs.rb/btqy/!
25
sftubvsbout-!npn!boe!qpq!cpvujrvft-!boe!puifs!tnbmm!cvtjofttft!xip!ep!opu!
6
ibwf!uif!bewboubhf!pg!mpcczjtut!nvtu!dmptf!joefgjojufmz/!!Uijt!psefs!
fyqsfttmz!sfmjfe!po!qspwjtjpot!pg!uif!Ifbmui!boe!Tbgfuz!Dpef-!uif!qpxfst!
efmfhbufe!cz!uif!Hpwfsops!up!uif!DEQI!boe!DQIP!uispvhi!Fyfdvujwf!
Psefst!O.71.31!boe!O.36.31-!boe!puifs!bvuipsjuz!qspwjefe!gps!voefs!uif!
Fnfshfodz!Tfswjdft!Bdu/!!)Jcje/*!!!
Uif!dibohjoh!hvjefmjoft!gspn!uif!Tubuf!tusfudi!uif!Dpvouzt!
sftpvsdft!uijo-!dsfbujoh!jodsfbtjoh!ejggjdvmuz!jo!pcubjojoh!boe!nbobhjoh!
dpnqmjbodf!xjui!Sftqpoefout!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbxt!boe!fspejoh!uif!
Dpvouzt!bcjmjuz!up!nbobhf!jut!sftpvsdft/!)Efdm/!pg!NdNbipo!··!6-!7<!Efdm/!
pg!Ibhnbo!·!4<!Efdm/!pg!Qpsufs!·!6/*!!Vomjlf!Nbsdi-!sftjefout!tubufxjef!bsf!
qmbjomz!wjpmbujoh!uif!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbxt/!!)Efdm/!pg!Qpsufs!·!6<!Efdm/!pg!
NdNbipo!··!6.7/*!!Tjnjmbs!up!uif!TCQI-!uif!Tbo!Cfsobsejop!Tifsjgg!
)Tifsjgg*!jt!bmtp!ubtlfe!xjui!fogpsdfnfou!pg!uif!Sftqpoefout!psefst/!
)Efdm/!pg!NdNbipo!·5/*!!Fogpsdfnfou!pg!uif!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbxt!sfrvjsft!
uif!Tifsjgg!up!bmmpdbuf!efqvujft!up!fogpsdfnfou/!)Efdm/!pg!NdNbipo!··!4-!6/*!!
Ipxfwfs-!up!fotvsf!gvmm!dpnqmjbodf!pg!jut!njmmjpot!pg!sftjefout-!uif!Tifsjgg!
xpvme!offe!up!efwpuf!b!tvctuboujbm!bnpvou!pg!jut!sftpvsdft!tpmfmz!up!
fogpsdfnfou-!qpufoujbmmz!ofhmfdujoh!uifjs!dsjujdbm!evujft!up!uif!dpnnvojuz!
boe!kfpqbsej{joh!uif!fttfoujbm!gvodujpot!pg!uif!Tifsjggt!Efqbsunfou/!)Efdm/!
pg!NdNbipo!··4.7/*!!Up!ebuf-!uif!Tifsjggt!Efqbsunfou!bmmpdbufe!
bqqspyjnbufmz!228-!392/6!sfhvmbs!ipvst-!boe!35-467/6!pwfsujnf!ipvst!up!
DPWJE.sfmbufe!bdujwjujft/!!)Efdm/!pg!NdNbipo!·!4/*!!Gvmmz!gmfehfe!
fogpsdfnfou!pg!uif!Tubuf!psefst!boe!mbxt!xjmm!bee!up!fyjtujoh!dibmmfohft/!!
Uiftf!fogpsdfnfou!ejggjdvmujft!boe!uif!bctfodf!pg!sftpvsdft!bsf!fdipfe!
uispvhi!ofjhicpsjoh!dpvoujft!xjui!Sjwfstjef!Dpvouzt!pxo!Tifsjgg-!Dibe!
6
!Tubuf!pg!Dbmjgpsojb-!Fttfoujbm!Xpslgpsdf!)bddfttfe!Efdfncfs!22-!3131/*<!
bwbjmbcmf!bu!uif!ujnf!pg!gjmjoh!bu!iuuqt;00dpwje2:/db/hpw0fttfoujbm.xpslgpsdf0!
26
Cjbodp-!sfdfoumz!boe!qvcmjdmz!tubujoh!uibu!uifz!xpvme!opu!fogpsdf!uif!Tubz.
7
Bu.Ipnf!mbxt/!!TCQI!jt!dibshfe!xjui!ovnfspvt!puifs!evujft!up!jut!
sftjefout!jodmvejoh!cvu!opu!mjnjufe!up!gbnjmz!tfswjdft-!bojnbm!dbsf!boe!
dpouspm-!ovusjujpo-!qvcmjd!ifbmui!fevdbujpo-!IJW0Bjet-!fowjsponfoubm!ifbmui-!
fnfshfodz!qsfqbsfeoftt-!boe!dmjojdbm!pqfsbujpot/!!)Efdm/!pg!Qpsufs!·!4/*!!
Uif!Sftqpoefout!tvckfdujwfmz!efdjefe!uibu!uiftf!tfswjdft!xfsf!tfdpoebsz!up!
uif!fogpsdfnfou!pg!uifjs!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbxt-!sfrvjsjoh!uif!TCQI!up!
fogpsdf!Sftqpoefout!mfhjtmbujwf!bdut!jotufbe!pg!bmmpxjoh!TCQI!up!qspwjef!
jnqpsubou!tfswjdft!up!Dpvouz!sftjefout/!!Npsfpwfs-!ju!jt!pg!uif!vunptu!
jnqpsubodf!uibu!uif!Dpvouz!sfdmbjnt!jut!ejtdsfujpo!jo!uif!ejtusjcvujpo!pg!jut!
pxo!sftpvsdft!up!fggfduvbuf!bo!fyqfejfou!ejtusjcvujpo!pg!wbddjoft!up!jut!
sftjefout!jo!3132/!)Efdm/!pg!Toplf!··!9.:<!Efdm/!pg!Fsjdltpo!··!5-!8.9<!Efdm/!
pg!Qpsufs!·!7/*!!
Bt!sfbtpofe!cz!uif!Hpwfsops!jo!Nbsdi!pg!3131-!uif!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!
mbxt!xfsf!jttvfe!jo!psefs!up!qspufdu!Dbmjgpsojbt!ifbmui!dbsf!tztufn!gspn!
cfjoh!pwfsxifmnfe!cz!uif!ivoesfet!pg!uipvtboet!pg!DPWJE.2:!qbujfout/
)Fyijcju!4-!6/*!!Xijmf!uif!psjhjobm!fnfshfodf!pg!DPWJE.2:!sfrvjsfe!
jnnfejbuf!joufswfoujpo-!Sftqpoefout!dpoujovfe!mfhjtmbujwf!spmf!jo!uif!gjhiu!
bhbjotu!DPWJE.2:!jt!op!mpohfs!xbssboufe/!!Sbuifs-!ju!qsfwfout!uif!Dpvouz!
gspn!fyfsdjtjoh!jut!qpmjdf!qpxfst!boe!dpotvnft!ofdfttbsz!sftpvsdft!xijdi!
tipvme!cf!qspwjefe!cbdl!up!Dpvouz!sftjefout/!!)Efdm/!pg!Ibhnbo!·!4<!Efdm/!
pg!NdNbipo!·7<!Efdm/!pg!Qpsufs!··!5.:/*!!Gps!uif!sfbtpot!tfu!gpsui!ifsfjo-!
uif!Hpwfsops!nvtu!ufsnjobuf!uif!efdmbsfe!Tubuf!pg!Fnfshfodz!bt!uif!
Fnfshfodz!ps!vshfou!obuvsf!pg!uif!efdmbsbujpo!ibt!qbttfe/!!Npsfpwfs-!
Hpwfsops!Ofxtpn!fydffefe!ijt!bvuipsjuz!boe!bcvtfe!ijt!ejtdsfujpo!cz!
jotufbe!dpoujovjoh!uif!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbx!joefgjojufmz-!vtvsqjoh!uif!
7
!Tifsjgg!Dibe!Cjbodp-!Nfttbhf!gspn!Tifsjgg!Cjbodp!23.15.31-!bwbjmbcmf!bt!
pg!uif!ujnf!pg!gjmjoh!bu;!
iuuqt;00xxx/zpvuvcf/dpn0xbudi@w>QwwSnf1i3pZ'gfbuvsf>zpvuv/cf!
27
Dpvouzt!tubuvupsz!evujft!up!jut!sftjefout-!jttvjoh!ofx!psefst!jo!dppqfsbujpo!
xjui!uif!puifs!obnfe!Sftqpoefout-!boe!vombxgvmmz!efmfhbujoh!Tubuf!Ifbmui!
Pggjdjbmt!ejtdsfujpo!up!dsfbuf!b!ofx!qfobm!dpef!bt!uifz!tff!gju/!!!
Xijmf!uif!Dpvouz!voefstuboet!uif!uisfbu!uibu!uif!DPWJE.2:!
Qboefnjd!qptft!up!jut!sftjefout-!Hpwfsops!Ofxtpn!epft!opu!ibwf!uif!
qpxfs!voefs!uif!DFTB!up!psefs!bmm!Dbmjgpsojbot!up!tubz!jotjef!uifjs!ipnft!
vomftt!uifz!mfbwf!up!qbsublf!jo!bo!bdujwjuz!xijdi!uif!Sftqpoefout!psebjofe!
bt!fttfoujbm/!!B!qmbjo!sfbejoh!pg!uif!DFTB!epft!opu!qfsnju!uiftf!bdujpot!
boe!psefst/!!Fwfo!jg!uif!DFTB!dbo!cf!dpotusvfe!up!hjwf!uif!Hpwfsops!uibu!
qpxfs-!ju!tipvme!cf!efdmbsfe!vodpotujuvujpobm!bt!b!wjpmbujpo!pg!uif!opo.
efmfhbujpo!epdusjof/!!!
Evsjoh!ijt!Nbsdi!2:-!3131!qsftfoubujpo-!uif!Hpwfsops!fnqibtj{fe!
8
uibu!uijt!jt!opu!b!qfsnbofou!tubuf-!uijt!jt!b!npnfou!jo!ujnf/!!Bt!
sftjefout!bdsptt!uif!Tubuf!rvjdlmz!ejtdpwfsfe-!ju!xbt!opu!b!npnfou!jo!ujnf/!!
Uif!psefs!qfstjtut!ojof!npouit!mbufs!xjuipvu!bo!foe!jo!tjhiu/!!Sfuvsojoh!uijt!
qpxfs!up!mpdbm!bvuipsjuz!sbuifs!uibo!mfbwjoh!ju!jo!uif!iboet!pg!uif!
Sftqpoefout!uibu!bsf!511!njmft!bxbz!jt!dsjujdbm!up!dpncbuujoh!uijt!
qboefnjd/!!Jo!psefs!up!dpoujovf!xjui!jut!qvcmjd!evujft-!uif!Qfujujpofs!jt!mfgu!
xjui!op!pqujpo!cvu!up!qfujujpo!uijt!ipopsbcmf!Dpvsu!gps!bo!psefs!tubzjoh!
Sftqpoefout!psefst!boe!ejsfdujwft!qvstvbou!up!uif!DFTB-!bo!boovmnfou!pg!
uif!Sftqpoefout!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbxt-!bo!psefs!jotusvdujoh!uif!Hpwfsops!up!
ufsnjobuf!uif!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbxt-!ps!jo!uif!bmufsobujwf!b!efdmbsbujpo!pg!uif!
vodpotujuvujpobmjuz!pg!uif!DFTB/Bddpsejohmz-!Qfujujpofs!sftqfdugvmmz!
sfrvftut!jnnfejbuf!sfmjfg-!opu!mbufs!uibo!Efdfncfs!39-!3131/!!
8
!Hpwfsops!Ofxtpn-!Nbsdi!2:-!3131!Boopvodfnfou-!bwbjmbcmf!bt!pg!uif!
ujnf!pg!gjmjoh!bu;!iuuqt;00xxx/zpvuvcf/dpn0xbudi@w>9PfzfL9.T6p
28
JTTVF!QSFTFOUFE!
Epft!uif!Dbmjgpsojb!Fnfshfodz!Tfswjdft!Bdu!qspwjef!Sftqpoefout!
xjui!uif!qpxfs!up!psefs!bmm!Dbmjgpsojbot!up!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf-!sfgsbjo!gspn!
hbuifsjoh!xjui!puifs!sftjefout-!boe!up!sfgsbjo!gspn!bdujwjujft!xijdi!uif!
Sftqpoefout!effn!opo.fttfoujbm!ps!ijhi!sjtl!jo!uifjs!pxo!ejtdsfujpo@!
QBSUJFT-!JSSFQBSBCMF!JOKVSZ-!BOE!OFDFTTJUZ!GPS!
SFMJFG!
Cz!uijt!wfsjgjfe!qfujujpo!gps!b!qfsfnqupsz!xsju!pg!nboebuf!boe!
jnnfejbuf!tubz-!Qfujujpofst!bmmfhf!bt!gpmmpxt;!
2/Qfujujpofs-!uif!Dpvouz!pg!Tbo!Cfsobsejop-!jt!b!mfhbm
tvcejwjtjpo!pg!uif!Tubuf!pg!Dbmjgpsojb!qvstvbou!up!bsujdmf!22-!tfdujpo!2!pg!uif!
Dbmjgpsojb!Dpotujuvujpo!boe!Hpwfsonfou!Dpef!tfdujpo!34113/!
3/Bt!b!mfhbm!tvcejwjtjpo!pg!uif!Tubuf!pg!Dbmjgpsojb-!Qfujujpofst
ibwfb!tuspoh-!ejsfdu-!boe!cfofgjdjbm!joufsftu!jo!ibwjoh!tubuf!mbxt!gbjuigvmmz!
fyfdvufe!jo!b!nboofs!xijdi!jt!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!mpoh.tuboejoh!mfhbm!
qsjodjqmft!pg!uif!Dbmjgpsojb!Dpotujuvujpo-!bt!uif!fokpjonfou!pg!uif!
vodpotujuvujpobm!bdujpot!cz!Sftqpoefout!ejsfdumz!jnqbdut!uifjs!gjobodft-!
cvtjoftt-!dpousbduvbm!sfmbujpot-!boe!voefsnjof!uif!Dpvouzt!nboebupsz!
qvcmjd!evujft!up!jut!sftjefout<!
4/Qfujujpofs-!Kptjf!Hpo{bmft-!jt!bo!joejwjevbm!sftjejoh!jo!uif
Djuz!pg!Gpoubob-!Dpvouz!pg!Tbo!Cfsobsejop/!!Kptjf!Hpo{bmft!jt!b!gpsnfs!
tvqfswjtps!jo!uif!Dpvouz!cvu!csjoht!uijt!tvju!jo!ifs!joejwjevbm!dbqbdjuz!bt!
tif!ibt!b!tuspoh-!ejsfdu-!boe!cfofgjdjbm!joufsftu!jo!uif!fokpjonfou!pg!uif!
Sftqpoefout!bdujpot!xijdi!nboebuf!ifs!up!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!uispvhi!uisfbu!
pg!dvmqbcjmjuz<!
5/Sftqpoefou-!Hpwfsops!Ofxtpn-!jt!tvfe!jo!ijt!pggjdjbm
dbqbdjuz!boe!Qfujujpofs!tfflt!uijt!xsju!boe!tubz!bhbjotu!uif!Sftqpoefou!jo!
ijt!pggjdjbm!dbqbdjuz<!
29
6/Sftqpoefou!Fsjdb!Qbo-!N/E/-!jt!tvfe!jo!ifs!pggjdjbm!dbqbdjuz
boe!Qfujujpofs!tfflt!uijt!xsju!boe!tubz!bhbjotu!uif!Sftqpoefou!jo!ifs!pggjdjbm!
dbqbdjuz<!!
7/Sftqpoefou!Tboesb!Tifxsz-!jt!tvfe!jo!ifs!pggjdjbm!dbqbdjuz!bt
uif!Tubuf!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!Pggjdfs!boe!Efqbsunfou!pg!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!Ejsfdups<!
8/Bt!b!qvcmjd!pggjdjbm-!Hpwfsops!Ofxtpn!nvtu!gpmmpx!uif!tubuf
dpotujuvujpo!boe!tubuf!mbx<!
9/Bt!b!qvcmjd!pggjdjbm-!uifSftqpoefout!joejwjevbmmz!boe
dpmmfdujwfmz!ibwf!b!gjevdjbsz!evuz!up!vqipme!boe!gbjuigvmmz!fyfdvuf!uif!mbxt!
boe!uif!evujft!pg!uifjs!pggjdf<!
:/Uif!Hpwfsops!ibt!csfbdife!ijt!gjevdjbsz!evuz!up!uif!Dpvouz
boe!up!uif!djuj{fot!pg!Dbmjgpsojb!cz!fydffejoh!boe!ejtsfhbsejoh!uif!
fovnfsbufe!qpxfst!qspwjefe!voefs!uif!DFTB!bt!xfmm!bt!mpoh.tuboejoh!opo.
efmfhbujpo!epdusjof<
21/Sftqpoefout!dpoujovf!up!dbvtf!ejtpsefs!up!uif!djwjm!tztufn!pg
hpwfsonfou!uispvhipvu!uif!Tubuf!pg!Dbmjgpsojb!cz!fobdujoh!b!tmfx!pg!psefst!
jo!dpousbejdujpo!up!Tubuf!mbx<!!!
22/Uifsf!jt!op!qmbjo-!tqffez-!ps!befrvbuf!sfnfez!bu!mbx!cfdbvtf
uif!Dpvouzt!jnnjofou!pcmjhbujpot!up!fggfduvbuf!uif!ejtusjcvujpo!pg!wbddjoft!
up!jut!sftjefout!sfrvjsft!uibu!uif!Dpvouz!sfbmmpdbuf!jut!sftpvsdft!gspn!
fogpsdfnfou!pg!uif!Sftqpoefout!mbxt!boe!sfhbjo!uif!bcjmjuz!up!nbobhf!jut!
pxo!sftpvsdft/!!Sftqpoefout!bdujpot!dpoujovf!up!qfsqfuvbuf!uif!ebnbhf!
bhbjotu!uif!Dpvouz-!bsf!dbqbcmf!pg!sfqfujujpo-!boe!nvtu!cf!beesfttfe!
jnnfejbufmz<!
23/Uijt!dbtf!qsftfout!bo!jttvf!pg!tjhojgjdbou!tubufxjef!joufsftu
uibu!nvtu!cf!iboemfe!jnnfejbufmz-!cfdbvtf!pg!uif!jnqpsubodf!jo!
nbjoubjojoh!boe!tfdvsjoh!uif!joufhsjuz!pg!uif!tztufn!pg!hpwfsonfou<!
24/Ju!jt!vshfou!uibu!uijt!Dpvsu!jttvf!bo!psefs!sfrvjsjoh!uif
Sftqpoefout!up!dpnqmz!xjui!Tubuf!mbx/!!Sftqpoefout!bdujpot!qsfwfou!uif!
2:
Dpvouz!gspn!tvggjdjfoumz!nbobhjoh!jut!sftpvsdft!up!nffu!jut!fogpsdfnfou!
pcmjhbujpot!bt!uif!Tubuf!joufsgfsft!xjui!uif!Dpvouzt!vtf!pg!sftpvsdft/!!
)Efdm/!pg!Ibhnbo!··!4-!7<!Efdm/!pg!NdNbipo!·!7<!Efdm/!pg!Qpsufs!·!:/*!!
Bctfou!joufswfoujpo!cz!uijt!Dpvsu-!uif!Dpvouzt!sftjefout!nbz!opu!cf!
bwbjmfe!up!uif!tbnf!tfswjdft!gspn!uif!Dpvouz/!!)Efdm/!pg!Ibhnbo!·!4<!Efdm/!
pg!Qpsufs-!··!5-!7/*!!Beejujpobmmz-!jnnfejbuf!joufswfoujpo!jt!ofdfttbsz!bt!uif!
Dpvouz!nvtu!sfdmbjn!jut!ejtdsfujpo!boe!tijgu!sftpvsdft!gspn!uif!jnqpttjcmf!
bdu!pg!fogpsdfnfou!up!fggfduvbujoh!wbddjobujpot!jo!uif!ofx!zfbs/!!Gbjmjoh!up!
tubz!Sftqpoefout!bdujpot!boe!jttvf!b!qfsfnqupsz!xsju!jo!uif!gjstu!jotubodf!
xjmm!voefsnjof!uif!svmf!pg!mbx!gps!Dbmjgpsojbt!foujsf!tztufn!pg!hpwfsonfou!
boe!xjmm!qfsqfuvbuf!dibpt!cz!uvsojoh!puifsxjtf!mbx.bcjejoh!djuj{fot!boe!
cvtjofttft!joup!dsjnjobmt!gps!qbsujdjqbujoh!jo!mpoh.tuboejoh!ipmjebz!
usbejujpot!xijdi-!jo!tpnf!dbtft-!bsf!dpotjtufou!xjui!uifjs!tjodfsfmz!ifme!
sfmjhjpvt!cfmjfgt-!xijmf!cvtjoftt!xjmm!cf!gpsdfe!up!mbzpgg!fnqmpzfft<!
25/Sfmjfg!jt!ofdfttbsz!cfdbvtf!pg!uif!qpttjcjmjuz!pg!sfqfujujpo!boe
pohpjoh!wjpmbujpot/!Up!fotvsf!jnnfejbuf!dpnqmjbodf!boe!up!hjwf!b!efdjtjwf!
boe!gjobm!botxfs-!uijt!Dpvsu!jt!uif!bqqspqsjbuf!usjcvobm!up!ifbs!tvdi!bo!
jnqpsubou!rvftujpo!pg!mbx<!
26/Qfujujpofst!sfrvftu!uibu!uif!Dpvsu!fyfsdjtf!jut!psjhjobm
kvsjtejdujpo!boe!hsbou!bo!jnnfejbuf!tubz!jttvfe!gspn!uijt!Dpvsu!bt!tppo!bt!
qpttjcmf-!xjui!uif!qfsfnqupsz!xsju!jo!uif!gjstu!jotubodf!up!gpmmpx!bgufs!uif!
9
sfrvjsfnfout!gps!opujdf!bsf!nfu<
27/Qfujujpofst!cbtf!uif!qsbzfs!gps!sfmjfg!po!uijt!wfsjgjfe!qfujujpo
boe!uif!buubdife!nfnpsboevn!pg!qpjout!boe!bvuipsjujft-!ifsfcz!
jodpsqpsbufe!cz!sfgfsfodf!bt!jg!tfu!gpsui!jo!gvmm/!
9
!Dbm/!Dpotu/-!bsu/!WJ-!¨!21/
31
KVSJTEJDUJPO!
!Uijt!Dpvsu!ibt!psjhjobm!kvsjtejdujpo!pwfs!uijt!nbuufs!qvstvbou!up!
bsujdmf!WJ-!tfdujpo!21!pg!uif!Dbmjgpsojb!Dpotujuvujpo!bt!xfmm!bt!Dpef!pg!Djwjm!
qspdfevsf!tfdujpot!2196!boe!2197-!boe!Svmf!9/597!pg!uif!Dbmjgpsojb!Svmft!
pg!Dpvsu!up!efdjef!b!nbuufs!xijdi!qsftfout!jttvft!pg!hsfbu!qvcmjd!jnqpsubodf!
uibu!nvtu!cf!qspnqumz!sftpmwfe/!!Ju!jt!bqqspqsjbuf!gps!uijt!Dpvsu!up!dpssfdu!
:
uif!bcvtf!pg!ejtdsfujpo!cz!Hpwfsops!Ofxtpn/
!Uijt!Dpvsu!ibt!sfdphoj{fe!uif!sjhiu!pg!b!Dpvouz!up!tvf!uif!Tubuf!
xifo!uif!Tubuft!bdujpo)t*!qsfwfou!uif!Dpvouz!gspn!dbsszjoh!pvu!uifjs!
21
mbxgvm!evujft/!!Uif!Dpvouz!jt!b!cfofgjdjbmmz!joufsftufe!qbsuz!bt!ju!ibt!uif!
sftqpotjcjmjuz!voefs!tfdujpo!9679!pg!uif!DFTB!up!ublf!ofdfttbsz!bdujpot!up!
dbssz!pvu!uif!Hpwfsopst!psefst!boe!nvtu!cf!qspqfsmz!boe!gvmmz!jogpsnfe!
xjui!sftqfdu!up!uif!mfhbmjuz!pg!tbje!psefst!up!benjojtufs!jut!qvcmjd!evujft/!!
Npsfpwfs-!uif!Dpvouz!jt!b!cfofgjdjbmmz!joufsftufe!qbsuz!evf!up!uif!ejsfdu!
gjobodjbm!jnqbdu!uibu!uif!Hpwfsopst!psefst!ibwf!po!uif!Dpvouzt!boovbm!
cvehfut/!)Efdm/!pg!Fsjdltpo!··!5-!8.:/*!
UJNFMJOFTT!PG!QFUJUJPO!
!Uijt!Qfujujpo!jt!ujnfmz!gjmfe!jo!sftqpotf!up!Hpwfsops!Ofxtpnt!
Efdfncfs!6-!3131!bdujpot!bt!ju!jt!gjmfe!xjuijo!:!ebzt!pg!uif!Sftqpoefout!
bdujpot/!!Qfujujpofst!opx!csjoh!uijt!Qfujujpo!sftqfdugvmmz!sfrvftujoh!joufsjn!
sfmjfg!qfoejoh!b!sfwjfx!pg!uijt!jotubou!xsju-!xifuifs!psbm!bshvnfou!jt!
sfrvftufe!ps!opu/!!
:
CpejotpoNgh/!Dp/!w/!Dbmjgpsojb!Fnqmpznfou!Dpn/!)2:52*!28!Dbm/3e!432-!
441!)Nboebnvt!nbz!cf!vtfe!opu!pomz!up!dpnqfm!uif!qfsgpsnbodf!pg!b!
njojtufsjbm!bdu/*<tff!Xppe!w/!Tuspuifs!)2999*!87!Dbm/!656-!659.5:!)Xsju!nbz!
jttvf!up!dpssfdu!bo!bcvtf!pg!ejtdsfujpo/*<tff!bmtp!Gbjs!w/!Gpvoubjo!Wbmmfz!
Tdippm!Ejtu/!)2:8:*!:1!Dbm/Bqq/4e!291-!297.298!)B!xsju!xjmm!mjf!up!dpssfdu!
bo!bcvtf!pg!ejtdsfujpo!cz!b!qvcmjd!pggjdfs/*!
21
Ce/!pg!Tpd/!Xfmgbsf!w/!Douz/!pg!M/B/!)2:56*!38!Dbm/3e!:9-!211.212/!
32
QSBZFS!GPS!SFMJFG
XIFSFGPSF-!Qfujujpofst!qsbz!bt!gpmmpxt;!
Uibu!uijt!Dpvsu;!
B/Hsbou!uijt!Qfujujpo<
C/Jttvf!bo!jnnfejbuf!psefs!dpnnboejoh!Sftqpoefout-!uifjs
efqvujft-!pggjdfst-!bhfout-!tfswbout-!fnqmpzfft-!qvcmjd!foujujft-!ps
qfstpot!bdujoh!bu!ijt!cfiftu!ps!ejsfdujpo-!up!dfbtf!boe!eftjtu!gspn
fogpsdjoh!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbxt<
D/Jttvf!bo!jnnfejbuf!psefs!boovmmjoh!uif!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbxt
xijdi!fydffe!Sftqpoefout!qpxfst!voefs!uif!Bdu-!ps-!jo!uif
bmufsobujwf-!jttvf!bo!jnnfejbuf!psefs!efdmbsjoh!uif!Bdu
vodpotujuvujpobm<
E/Jttvf!b!qfsfnqupsz!xsju!pg!nboebuf!jo!uif!gjstu!jotubodf
dpnnboejoh!Sftqpoefout-!uifjs!efqvujft-!pggjdfst-!bhfout-
tfswbout-!fnqmpzfft-!qvcmjd!foujujft-!ps!qfstpot!bdujoh!bu!ijt
cfiftu!ps!ejsfdujpo-!up!ufsnjobuf!uif!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbxt<
F/Bxbse!Qfujujpofst!uif!dptut!pg!uijt!qspdffejoh<!boe
G/Bxbse!Qfujujpofst!boz!puifs!boe!gvsuifs!sfmjfg!uif!Dpvsu!dpotjefst
qspqfs/
Ebufe;!Efdfncfs!25-!3131!
Sftqfdugvmmz!tvcnjuufe-!
```````````````````````````!
Kfoojgfs!M/!Cvstdi!
Obuibo!S/!Lmfjo!
Dpez!K/!Cfmmnfzfs!
Uzmfs!'!Cvstdi-!MMQ!
Buupsofz!gps!Qfujujpofst!
33
NFNPSBOEVN!PG!QPJOUT!BOE!BVUIPSJUJFT!
Jo!tvqqpsu!pg!Qfujujpofst!Sfrvftu!gps!b!Qfsfnqupsz!Xsju!pg!Nboebuf!
boe!Jnnfejbuf!Tubz-!Qfujujpofs!qsftfout!uijt!Nfnpsboevn!pg!Qpjout!boe!
Bvuipsjujft!gps!Xsju!pg!Nboebuf/!!
EJTDVTTJPO!
Uijt!Qfujujpo!tipvme!cf!hsboufe!bt!uif!Sftqpoefout!!gps!uif!sfbtpot!
fovnfsbufe!ifsfjo!!ep!opu!boe!dboopu!ibwf!uif!bvuipsjuz!up!psefs!b!Tubz.
Bu.Ipnf!nboebuf!bt!ju!dpotujuvuft!jnqfsnjttjcmf!mfhjtmbujpo!voefs!DFTB!
boe!cfdbvtf!bo!joufsqsfubujpo!up!uif!dpousbsz!xpvme!sfoefs!DFTB!
vodpotujuvujpobm/!!
J/UIJT!QFUJUJPO!NFSJUT!PSJHJOBM!KVSJTEJDUJPO/
Bt!tfu!gpsui!bcpwf-!Hpwfsops!Ofxtpn!efdmbsfe!b!Tubuf!pg
Fnfshfodz!sfmbujoh!up!DPWJE.2:!po!Nbsdi!5-!3131/!!Tipsumz!uifsfbgufs-!if!
jttvfe!Fyfdvujwf!Psefs!O.44.31!xijdi!psefsfe;!bmm!sftjefout!bsf!ejsfdufe!
up!jnnfejbufmz!iffe!uif!dvssfou!Tubuf!qvcmjd!ifbmui!ejsfdujwft/!!)Fyijcju!7/*!!
Po!Nbz!5-!3131-!Hpwfsops!Ofxtpn!jttvfe!Fyfdvujwf!Psefs!O.71.31!
xijdi!sfjufsbufe!uif!fbsmjfs!psefs!tubujoh-!Bmm!sftjefout!bsf!ejsfdufe!up!
dpoujovf!up!pcfz!Tubuf!qvcmjd!ifbmui!ejsfdujwft/!!)Fyijcju!8/*!!Sftqpoefout!
tvctfrvfoumz!dppqfsbufe!jo!jttvjoh!ovnfspvt!psefst!po!Bvhvtu!39-!3131-!
Opwfncfs!24-!3131-!boe!Opwfncfs!2:-!3131/!!)Fyijcjut!9.22/*!!Po!
Efdfncfs!6-!3131-!Sftqpoefout!jttvfe!zfu!bopuifs!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!Psefs!
xijdi!gpsdfe!uif!Dpvouz!up!csjoh!uijt!jotubou!xsju!up!tffl!sfmjfg/!
22
Uijt!Dpvsu!ibt!psjhjobm!kvsjtejdujpo!up!jttvf!b!xsju!pg!nboebuf/!!Uif!
Dpvsu!nbz!fyfsdjtf!jut!psjhjobm!kvsjtejdujpo!jo!dbtft!jo!xijdi!uif!jttvft!
23
qsftfoufe!bsf!pg!hsfbu!qvcmjd!jnqpsubodf!boe!nvtu!cf!sftpmwfe!qspnqumz/
22
!Dbm/!Dpotu/-!bsu/!WJ-!¨!21/!
23
Tbo!Gsbodjtdp!Vojgjfe!Tdippm!Ejtu/!w/!Kpiotpo)2:82*!4!Dbm/4e!:48-!:55!
)rvpubujpo!pnjuufe*!)psjhjobm!kvsjtejdujpo!bddfqufe!gps!qfujujpo!sbjtjoh!uif!
wbmjejuz!pg!Dbmjgpsojb!Fevdbujpo!Dpef!tfdujpo!efbmjoh!xjui!tuvefou!
36
Bctfou!joufswfoujpo-!uif!Dpvouz!xjmm!cf!vobcmf!up!dbssz!pvu!jut!mfhbm!
pcmjhbujpot!up!jut!sftjefout!bt!uif!Sftqpoefout!bdujpot!gsvtusbuf!uif!
Dpvouzt!bcjmjuz!up!nffu!jut!pcmjhbujpot!uispvhi!uifjs!joufsgfsfodf!xjui!uif!
Dpvouzt!vtf!pg!jut!sftpvsdft/!!)Efdm/!pg!Toplf!··!9.:<!Efdm/!pg!Ibhnbo!·!
4<!Efdm/!pg!Qpsufs!··!5.7/*!Uif!Dpvouz!boe!jut!iptqjubmt!ibwf!mfbsofe!b!
tjhojgjdbou!bnpvou!bcpvu!DPWJE.2:!jo!uif!qbtu!ojof!npouit!boe!bsf!opx!
cfuufs!frvjqqfe!up!cbuumf!uif!wjsvt/!!)Efdm/!pg!Qpsufs!·!:/*!!TCQI!ibt!
sfbmmpdbufe!tjhojgjdbou!sftpvsdft!up!dpncbu!DPWJE.2:/!!)Efdm/!pg!Qpsufs!·!
5/*!!Ju!jt!ujnf!gps!uif!Sftqpoefout!up!sfmfbtf!uif!sfjhot!boe!qfsnju!uif!
Mfhjtmbuvsf!boe!dpvoujft!up!ep!uifjs!kpct/!!Up!uibu!foe-!uif!Dpvouz!nvtu!cf!
qspqfsmz!boe!gvmmz!jogpsnfe!xjui!sftqfdu!up!uif!mfhbmjuz!pg!tbje!
Sftqpoefout!psefst!up!benjojtufs!jut!qvcmjd!evujft!voefs!Dbmjgpsojb!mbx!
boe!uif!DFTB/!
Gps!uif!gpmmpxjoh!sfbtpot-!uif!Dpvouz!vshft!uijt!Dpvsu!up!beesftt!uif!
Sftqpoefout!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbxt/
JJ/!UIF!DFTB!EPFT!OPU!QSPWJEF!UIF!SFTQPOEFOUT!
XJUI!UIF!QPXFS!UP!MFHJTMBUF!PS!UPFOBDU!B!
TUBUFXJEF!TUBZ.BU.IPNF!MBXT!
Uif!Dbmjgpsojb!Dpotujuvujpo!jt!dmfbs;!Qfstpot!dibshfe!xjui!uif!
24
fyfsdjtf!pg!pof!qpxfs!nbz!opu!fyfsdjtf!fjuifs!pg!uif!puifst/Uif
Efdfncfs!6-!3131!Tubz.Bu.Ipnfmbx!boe!bmm!qsfwjpvt!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbxt!
tipvme!cf!boovmmfe!cfdbvtf!uif!Sftqpoefout!ep!opu!ibwf!uif!bvuipsjuz!
voefs!uif!DFTB!up!mfhjtmbuf!boe!dsfbuf!uifjs!pxo!qfobm!dpef!xijdi!gpsdft!
usbotqpsubujpo*<!tff-f/h/-Csbncfsh!w/!Kpoft!)2:::*!31!Dbm/5ui!2156-!2165!
)kvsjtejdujpo!bddfqufe!pg!dibmmfohf!up!jojujbujwf!sfmbujoh!up!dpohsfttjpobm!ufsn!
mjnjut*<Dbmgbsn!Jot/!Dp/!w/!Efvlnfkjbo)2:9:*!59!Dbm/4e!916-!923!!
)kvsjtejdujpo!bddfqufe!pg!dibmmfohf!up!jojujbujwf!nbljoh!gvoebnfoubm!dibohft!
up!bvupnpcjmf!jotvsbodf!sfhvmbujpo*!
24
!Dbm/!Dpotu/-!bsu/!JJJ-!¨!4/!
37
sftjefout!up!joefgjojufmz!sfnbjo!joeppst!vomftt!mfbwjoh!up!qbsujdjqbuf!jo!
fttfoujbm!bdujwjujft/
Uif!DFTB!hjwft!uif!Hpwfsops!qpxfs!up!bdu!rvjdlmz!evsjoh!b!
dpoejujpo!pg!fyusfnf!qfsjm!up!uif!tbgfuz!pg!qfstpot!boe!qspqfsuz!xjuijo!uif!
25
tubuf!/!!Cvu-!uiftf!qpxfst!bsf!mjnjufe/!!Tqfdjgjdbmmz-!uiftf!qpxfst!
jodmvef!uif!fyqfoejuvsf!pg!npofz-!b!qpxfs!uzqjdbmmz!qspwjefe!up!uif!
26
Mfhjtmbuvsf/
!!Npsfpwfs-!uiftf!qpxfst!jodmvef!uif!bvuipsjuz!up!tfj{f!qsjwbuf!
qspqfsuz!ps!qfstpoofm!up!sftqpoe!up!bo!fnfshfodz!tp!mpoh!bt!sfbtpobcmf!
27
wbmvf!jt!qspwjefe!gps!uif!jufnt!tfj{fe
-!bt!xfmm!bt!uif!qpxfs!up!nblf-!
bnfoe-!boe!sftdjoe!psefst!boe!sfhvmbujpot!ofdfttbsz!up!dbssz!pvu!uif!
28
qspwjtjpot!pg!\\uif!DFTB^/!Bt!beesfttfe!jo!hsfbufs!efubjm!cfmpx-!b!qmbjo!
sfbejoh!pg!uiftf!qspwjtjpot!bggjsnt!uif!Dpvouzt!bttfsujpo!uibu!uif!
Sftqpoefout!mbdl!uif!qpxfs!voefs!uif!DFTB!up!dsbgu!b!ofx!qfobm!dpef/!!!
Uif!ejtujodujpo!cfuxffo!dsfbujoh!mbx!boe!nbljoh!psefst!boe!
sfhvmbujpot!xbt!fyqmbjofe!cz!uif!V/T/!Tvqsfnf!Dpvsu!jo!Mpwjoh!w/!Vojufe!
Tubuft-!tubujoh;!
Uif!usvf!ejtujodujpo!jt!cfuxffo!uif!efmfhbujpo!pg!qpxfs!up!
nblf!uif!mbx-!xijdi!ofdfttbsjmz!jowpmwft!b!ejtdsfujpo!bt!up!
xibu!ju!tibmm!cf-!boe!dpogfssjoh!bvuipsjuz!ps!ejtdsfujpo!bt!up!jut!
fyfdvujpo-!up!cf!fyfsdjtfe!voefs!boe!jo!qvstvbodf!pg!uif!mbx/!
Uif!gjstu!dboopu!cf!epof<!up!uif!mbuufs!op!wbmje!pckfdujpo!dbo!cf!
29
nbef/
Hpwfsops!Ofxtpn!dbo!nblf-!bnfoe-!boe!sftdjoe!psefst!boe!
2:
sfhvmbujpot!cvu-!dpousbsz!up!ijt!bqqbsfou!cfmjfg-!dboopu-!vomftt!qfsnjuufe!
25
!Hpw/!Dpef!¨!9669-!tvce/!)c*/!
26
!Hpw/!Dpef!¨!9677/!
27
!Hpw/!Dpef!¨!9683/!
28
!Hpw/!Dpef!¨!9678!)Fnqibtjt!tvqqmjfe<!csbdlfut!beefe*/!
29
Mpwjoh!w/!Vojufe!Tubuft!)2::7*!628!V/T/!859-!869.86:!)djubujpot!pnjuufe*/!
2:
!Hpw/!Dpef!¨!9678!)Fnqibtjt!tvqqmjfe<!csbdlfut!beefe*/!
38
31
cz!uif!dpotujuvujpofyfsdjtf!mfhjtmbujwf!qpxfst/!!Uif!Dbmjgpsojb!
32
Dpotujuvujpo!epft!opu!qspwjef!uif!Hpwfsops!xjui!mfhjtmbujwf!qpxfs/
Uif!Tvqfsjps!Dpvsu!gps!uif!Dpvouz!pg!Tvuufs!sfdfoumz!beesfttfe!uif!
33
Hpwfsopst!qpxfst!voefs!DFTBjo Hbmmbhifs!w/!Ofxtpn/Bmuipvhi!uif!
efdjtjpo!xbt!tubzfe!cz!uif!Dpvsu!pg!Bqqfbm-!ju!sfnbjot!bobmphpvt!jo!uijt!
jotubodf/!!Tjnjmbs!up!uif!jotubou!nbuufs-!uif!Tvqfsjps!Dpvsu!jo!Hbmmbhifs
rvftujpofe!xifuifs!uif!DFTB!qspwjefe!uif!Hpwfsops!uif!bvuipsjuz!up!
mfhjtmbuf/!!Jo!Hbmmbhifs-!uif!Dpvsu!bobmz{fe!uif!Hpwfsopst!bcjmjuz!up!bnfoe!
34
bo!fyjtujoh!tubuvupsz!mbx!voefs!uif!mbohvbhf!pg!uif!DFTB/
!!Jo!uibu!dbtf-!
uif!Hpwfsops!bshvfe!uibu!uif!DFTB!qspwjefe!ijn!xjui!uif!bcjmjuz!up!
fyfsdjtf!bmm!qpmjdf!qpxfs!wftufe!jo!uif!tubuf!jo!psefs!up!jttvf-!boe!
35
fogpsdf!tvdi!psefst!boe!sfhvmbujpot!bt!if!effnt!ofdfttbsz/!!Uif!Dpvsu!
efufsnjofe!uibu-!dpousbsz!up!uif!Hpwfsopst!bttfsujpot-!uif!qmbjo!mbohvbhf!
36
pg!uif!DFTB!epft!opu!dpowfz!uif!qpxfs!up!mfhjtmbuf/!!Bt!opufe!cz!uif!
dpvsu!jo!Hbmmbhifs-!uif!ufsn!tubuvuf!bt!vtfe!uispvhipvu!puifs!tfdujpot!pg!
37
uif!Hpwfsonfou!Dpef!jt!joejdbujwf!pg!uif!Mfhjtmbuvsft!voefstuboejoh!pg!
38
uif!ejtujodujpo!cfuxffo!psefst!boe!tubuvuft/!!Boe-!xifsfwfs!qpttjcmf-!qmbjo!
mbohvbhf!pg!uif!tubuvuf!tipvme!cf!vtfe!bt!tubuvuft!bsf!up!cf!tp!dpotusvfe-!jg!
uifjs!mbohvbhf!qfsnjut-!bt!up!sfoefs!uifn!wbmje!boe!dpotujuvujpobm!sbuifs!
39
uibo!jowbmje!boe!dpotujuvujpobm/!!Bt!bmmfhfe!jo!hsfbufs!efubjm!cfmpx-!uif!
DFTB!tipvme!cf!joufsqsfufe!jo!b!nboofs!xijdi!epft!opu!qfsnju!Hpwfsops!
31
Ibscps!w/!Efvlnfkjbo!)2:98*!54!Dbm/4e!2189-!2195/!
32
Dbm/!Dpotu/-!bsu/!JJJ-!¨!4/
33
Hbmmbhifs!w/!Ofxtpn-!Dbtf!Op/!DWDT31.1:23!
34
Jcje/
35
Jcje/
36
Jcje/
37
!Hpw/!Dpef!¨!9738/!
38
Jcje/
39
Qfpqmf!pg!Bnps!)2:85*!23!Dbm/4e-!31-!41<!Djuz!pg!Mpt!Bohfmft!w/!Cfmsjehf!
Pjm!Dp/!)2:65*!53!Dbm/3e!934-!943/!
39
Ofxtpn!up!dsfbuf!ofx!mbx/!!Bo!joufsqsfubujpo!hsboujoh!Hpwfsops!Ofxtpn!
xjui!mfhjtmbujwf!qpxfst!xpvme!sfoefs!uif!DFTB!vodpotujuvujpobm!bt!bo!
vombxgvm!efmfhbujpo!pg!qpxfst!gspn!uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!up!uif!Hpwfsops!jo!
dpousbejdujpo!up!uif!Dbmjgpsojb!Dpotujuvujpo/!!
Uif!DFTBt!joufsqsfubujpo!jt!pg!uif!vunptu!jnqpsubodf!jo!uijt!nbuufs!
bt!fovnfsbufe!qpxfst!xfsf!mjnjufe!cz!uif!Dbmjgpsojb!Mfhjtmbuvsf!cvu!
dsbgufe!jo!sfdphojujpo!pg!uif!gvoebnfoubm!spmf!pg!hpwfsonfou!up!qspwjef!
cspbe!tubuf!tfswjdft!jo!uif!fwfou!pg!fnfshfodjft!sftvmujoh!gspn!dpoejujpot!
pg!ejtbtufs!ps!pg!fyusfnf!qfsjm!up!mjgf-!qspqfsuz-!boe!uif!sftpvsdft!pg!uif!
3:
tubuf/!!Dbtf!qsfdfefou!uispvhipvu!uif!tubuf!tuboet!bt!gvsuifs!joejdbujpo!pg!
uif!voqsfdfefoufe!bcvtf!pg!qpxfs!fyfsdjtfe!cz!uif!Hpwfsops!voefs!uif!
DFTB/!!Gps!fybnqmf-!uif!Dpvsu!jo!Nbsujo!w/!Nvo/!Dpvsu!beesfttfe!uif!
Hpwfsopst!bcjmjuz!up!tfj{f!qspqfsuz!evsjoh!b!efdmbsfe!Tubuf!pg!Fnfshfodz!
xifsf!uif!Hpwfsops!jttvfe!bo!fnfshfodz!qspdmbnbujpo!psefsjoh!uif!
41
sfnpwbm!pg!gsvju!gmz!iptut!gspn!qsjwbuf!qspqfsujft/!!Uif!Dpvsu!jo!Nbsujo
bdlopxmfehfe!uibu!uif!vtf!pg!uif!Hpwfsopst!qpxfs!evsjoh!tubuft!pg!
fnfshfodz!up!dpnnboe!ps!vujmj{f!qsjwbuf!qspqfsuz!tp!mpoh!bt!sfbtpobcmf!
42
wbmvf!jt!qbje!gps!uif!qspqfsuz/
Cz!xbz!pg!gvsuifs!fybnqmf-!jo!3112-!jo!sftqpotf!up!uif!Fospo.esjwfo!
qpxfs!dsjtjt-!Hpwfsops!Hsbz!Ebwjt!vujmj{fe!uiftf!fnfshfodz!qpxfst!voefs!
uif!DFTB!up!bmmpdbuf!bqqspyjnbufmz!%511!njmmjpo!up!uif!qvsdibtf!pg!
fmfdusjdjuz!gps!uxfmwf!ebzt/!Xifo!uif!bdujpo!xbt!mbufs!dibmmfohfe-!b!dpvsu!
vqifme!uif!bdujpo!opujoh!uibu!uif!DFTB!qspwjefe!Hpwfsops!Ebwjt!xjui!uif!
qpxfs!up!tqfoe!hpwfsonfou!gvoet!up!beesftt!Tubuf!fnfshfodjft/!!Bu!uif!
ujnf!ju!xbt!voejtqvufe!uibu!uifsf!xbt!b!tveefo!boe!tfwfsf!fofshz!
3:
Nbsujo!w/!Nvojdjqbm!Dpvsu!)Qfpqmf!pg!uif!Tubuf!pg!Dbm/*!)2:94*!259!
Dbm/Bqq/4e!7:4-!7:7/!
41
Nbsujo-!tvqsb-!259!Dbm/Bqq/4e!bu!q/!7:5.7:6/!
42
Jcje/
3:
tipsubhf!uibu!dbvtfe!bo!jnnfejbuf!ebohfs!pg!xjeftqsfbe!boe!qspmpohfe!
43
ejtsvqujpot!pg!fmfdusjdbm!tfswjdft!up!sftjefout!boe!cvtjofttft/!!Uif!dpvsut!
vmujnbufmz!pqjofe!uibu!Hpwfsops!Ebwjt!bdufe!xjuijo!ijt!sjhiut!up!sftqpoe!up!
44
uif!fnfshfodz!cz!cvzjoh!fmfdusjdjuz!up!qsfwfou!nbttjwf!cmbdlpvut/
Jo!3119-!uif!Dpvsu!pg!Bqqfbm!bobmz{fe!b!tjnjmbs!fyfsdjtf!pg!
fnfshfodz!qpxfst!cz!Hpwfsops!Tdixbs{fofhhfs!sfmbujoh!up!uif!fnfshfodz!
efdjtjpo!up!tfoe!jonbuft!jo!pwfsdspxefe!qsjtpot!up!pvu.pg.tubuf!qsjwbuf!
qsjtpot!jo!Dbmjgpsojb!Qfbdf!Pggjdfst!Bttpdjbujpo!w/!Tdixbs{foofhfs!
45
)DDQPB*/
!!Uif!Dpvsu!jo!DDQPB!ifme!uibu!uif!Hpwfsops!eje!opu!
fydffe!ijt!qpxfs!voefs!DFTB!xifo!if!foufsfe!joup!dpousbdut!evsjoh!ijt!
efdmbsfe!tubuf!pg!fnfshfodz!boe!tvtqfoefe!tubuvupsz!bvuipsjuz!qsptdsjcjoh!
46
uif!qspdfevsf!gps!tubuf!cvtjoftt/!!Uipvhi!bsujdmf!WJJ!pg!uif!Dbmjgpsojb!
Dpotujuvujpo!qspijcjut!uif!Tubuf!gspn!dpousbdujoh!pvu!tfswjdft!uibu!bsf!
vtvbmmz!qfsgpsnfe!cz!tubuf!djwjm!tfswbout-!tfdujpo!2:241!pg!uif!Hpwfsonfou!
Dpef!bmmpxfe!tvdi!dpousbdut!up!cf!foufsfe!joup!xifo!\\u^if!tfswjdft!
dpousbdufe!pvu!bsf!opu!bwbjmbcmf!xjuijo!djwjm!tfswjdf-!boe!xifo!\\u^if!
tfswjdft!bsf!pg!tvdi!bo!vshfou-!ufnqpsbsz-!ps!pddbtjpobm!obuvsf!uibu!uif!
efmbz!jodvncfou!jo!uifjs!jnqmfnfoubujpo!voefs!djwjm!tfswjdf!xpvme!gsvtusbuf!
47
uifjs!wfsz!qvsqptf/!!Opubcmz-!uif!Dpvsu!jo!DDQPB!fnqibtj{fe!uibu!uif!
qsjwbuf!qsjtpo!dpousbdut!bsf!gps!b!mjnjufe!evsbujpo!boe!qfsnju!fbsmz!
48
dbodfmmbujpo!xifo!qsjtpo!cfet!cfdpnf!bwbjmbcmf/!!Bt!puifsxjtf!tubufe-!
43
Ifoesjdlt!w/!Ibojhbo!)Dbm/!Du/!Bqq/!Nbs/!25-!3113*!3113!XM!4:8759-!bu!
+9<tff!bmtp!Tpgu!Qbuit-!Ibse!Dipjdft;!Fowjsponfoubm!Mfttpot!JoUif
Bgufsnbui!Pg!Dbmjgpsojb(t!Fmfdusjd!Efsfhvmbujpo!Efcbdmf-!34!Wb/!Fowum/!M/K/!
362/
44
Jcje/
45
Dbm/!Dpss/!Qfbdf!Pggjdfst!Btto!w/!Tdixbs{fofhhfs!)3119*!274!
Dbm/Bqq/5ui!913-!923!)DDQPB*/!
46
Je/bu!qq/!919.91:/!
47
DDQPB-tvqsb-274!Dbm/Bqq/5ui!bu!qq/!932.933!)rvpubujpot!pnjuufe/*!
48
Je/!bu!q/!936!)fnqibtjt!beefe/*!
41
uif!dpousbdut!ibe!qspwjtjpot!xijdi!qfsnjuufe!uif!dbodfmmbujpo!vqpo!b!
dfttbujpo!pg!uif!efdmbsfe!tubuf!pg!fnfshfodz/!!
Uif!Hpwfsopst!psefst!boe!efmfhbujpot!pg!qpxfs!up!uif!DEQI!boe!
DQIP!cfbs!op!sftfncmbodf!up!mjnjufe!bdujpot!vqifme!cz!dpvsut!jo!sfhbse!up!
uif!bdujpot!pg!Hpwfsopst!Ebwjt!boe!Tdixbs{foofhfs/!Jo!gbdu-!Sftqpoefout!
bdujpot!bsf!voqsfdfefoufe!boe!cfbs!op!sftfncmbodf!up!boz!Hpwfsopst!
fnfshfodz!bdujpot!ublfo!voefs!uif!DFTB/!!Vomjlf!xjui!Hpwfsops!Ebwjt-
uif!Hpwfsops!jt!opu!nfsfmz!tqfoejoh!npofz-!cvu!jt!dsbgujoh!b!ofx!dsjnjobm!
mbx!bu!ijt!tpmf!ejtdsfujpo!up!qfobmj{f!puifsxjtf!mbx.bcjejoh!djuj{fot!gps!
mfbwjoh!uifjs!ipnft!gps!jnqspqfs!qvsqptft/!!Boe-!vomjlf!DDQPB-!uif!
Hpwfsopst!bdujpot!bsf!opu!nfsfmz!b!tvtqfotjpo!pg!bo!fyjtujoh!tubuvuf!jo!
psefs!up!fggfduvbuf!ofdfttbsz!tfswjdft!up!gjhiu!bhbjotu!DPWJE.2:/!!
Npsfpwfs-!uijt!jotubou!Qfujujpo!epft!opu!jowpmwf!uif!tfj{vsf!qpxfst!pg!uif!
49
Hpwfsops!qvstvbou!up!ijt!fnfshfodz!qpxfst/!!Jo!dpousbtu-!uif!Hpwfsops-!
jo!dppqfsbujpo!xjui!uif!DQIP!boe!DEQI-!dsfbufe!bscjusbsz!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!
mbxt-!tfdujpojoh!njmmjpot!pg!Dbmjgpsojbot!joup!gjwf!pwfscspbe!dbufhpsjft!
xijdi!hspvq!uphfuifs!djuj{fot!boe!djujft!uibu!bsf!ivoesfet!pg!njmft!bqbsu<!
boe!fssboumz!fyfsdjtfe!ijt!ejtdsfujpo!up!dsbgu!mbx!uibu!ejdubuft!xibu!
joevtusjft!bsf!qfsnjuufe!up!sfnbjo!pqfo-!boe!xibu!joevtusjft!nvtu!dmptf/!
Uif!Dpvouz!jt!dibshfe!xjui!ovnfspvt!puifs!qvcmjd!ifbmui!
pcmjhbujpot!up!jut!sftjefout!jodmvejoh!cvu!opu!mjnjufe!up!gbnjmz!tfswjdft-!
bojnbm!dbsf!boe!dpouspm-!ovusjujpo-!qvcmjd!ifbmui!fevdbujpo-!IJW0Bjet-!
fowjsponfoubm!ifbmui-!fnfshfodz!qsfqbsfeoftt-!boe!dmjojdbm!pqfsbujpot/!!
)Efdm/!pg!Qpsufs!·!4/*!!Ipxfwfs-!npsf!jnqpsuboumz-!uif!Dpvouz!xjmm!cf!
dibshfe!xjui!uif!ejtusjcvujpo!pg!uif!wbddjoft!ofdfttbsz!up!csjoh!bo!foe!up!
uijt!qboefnjd/!!)Efdm/!pg!Fsjdltpo!·!5/*!!Jotufbe!pg!qfsnjuujoh!uif!Dpvouz!up!
dbssz!pvu!jut!tubuvupsz!pcmjhbujpot-!uif!Sftqpoefout!tvctujuvuf!uifntfmwft!jo!
49
Nbsujo-tvqsb-!259!Dbm/Bqq/4e!bu!qq/!7:6.7:9<!Hpw/!Dpef!¨!9683/!
42
uif!qptjujpo!pg!uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf-!gpsdjoh!uif!Dpvouz!up!efdjef!cfuxffo!
bmmpdbujoh!sftpvsdft!up!uif!jnqmfnfoubujpo!pg!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbxt!bhbjotu!
njmmjpot!pg!opo.dpnqmzjoh!sftjefout!ps!bqqspqsjbufmz!nbobhjoh!jut!
sftpvsdft!up!dpoujovf!pggfsjoh!wbsjpvt!dpnnvojuz!ifbmui!qsphsbnt/!!
)Fyijcju!6.22<!Efdm/!pg!Toplf!·!:<!Efdm/!pg!Qpsufs!··!5.:/*!!Gvsuifs-!uif!
Dpvouz!xjmm!offe!uif!sftpvsdft!ofdfttbsz!up!dppsejobuf!bo!fggfdujwf!
ejtusjcvujpo!pg!wbddjoft!up!jut!sftjefout!jo!uif!dpnjoh!npouit/!!Uif!
Sftqpoefout!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbxt!ep!opu!dpotujuvuf!nbljoh-!bnfoejoh!ps!
sftdjoejoh!psefst!boe!sfhvmbujpot!voefs!uif!qmbjo!mbohvbhf!pg!uif!DFTB-!
cvu!sbuifs!uif!Sftqpoefout!bsf!fyfsdjtjoh!uifjs!kvehnfou-!ejtdsfujpo-!boe!
voqsfdfefoufe!qpxfs!up!hpwfso!xibu!djuj{fot!tipvme!boe!tipvme!opu!cf!
4:
bmmpxfe!up!ep!tubufxjef!!fyfsdjtjoh!uif!qpxfs!pg!uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf/
Kvtujdf!Hpstvdi!dbvujpofe!bhbjotu!tjnjmbs!tjuvbujpot!jo!ijt!ejttfou!jo!
Hvoez!w/!Vojufe!Tubuft/!!Bmuipvhi!b!Mfhjtmbuvsf!dbo!sfmz!po!uif!puifs!
csbodift!gps!bttjtubodf!jo!dsfbujoh!mbxt-!ju!nbz!ofwfs!iboe!pgguif!
qpxfs!up!xsjuf!ijt!pxo!dsjnjobm!dpef!hpwfsojoh!uif!mjwft!pg!b!ibmg.njmmjpo!
51
djuj{fot/!Uibu!jt!efmfhbujpo!svoojoh!sjpu/!!Uif!dbvujpobsz!xpset!pg!uif!
Tvqsfnf!Dpvsu!Kvtujdft!sjoh!usvf!ifsf/!!Bt!bttfsufe!jo!Hbmmbhifs-!uif!
Hpwfsops!cfmjfwft!if!dbo!mfhjtmbuf!boe!uibu!if!bmpof!ipmet!uif!bcjmjuz!up!
fyfsdjtf!bmm!qpmjdf!qpxfs!wftufe!jo!uif!tubuf!jo!psefs!up!gjhiu!DPWJE.2:!
tp!mpoh!bt!if!sfmjft!po!uif!efdmbsfe!tubuf!pg!fnfshfodz/!!Cvu!bt!ftubcmjtife!
ifsfjo-!uif!DFTB!epft!opu!qfsnju!uibu/DFTB!tqfdjgjdbmmz!fovnfsbuft!
uijoht!uif!Hpwfsops!dbo!ep!evsjoh!bo!fnfshfodz-!boe!uijt!Dpvsu!tipvme!
dpodmvef!cbtfe!vqpo!qsfdfefou!uibu!uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!joufoujpobmmz!esbgufe!uif!
qmbjo!mbohvbhf!pg!uif!DFTB!up!fotvsf!uif!Hpwfsops!xbt!opu!qspwjefe!
4:
Tff!Mpwjoh!w/!Vojufe!Tubuft!)2::7*!628!V/T/!859-!869.86:.
51
Hvoez!w/!Vojufe!Tubuft!)312:*!24:!T/Du/!3227-!3259!)Kvtujdf!Hpstvdi!
ejttfoujoh-!kpjofe!cz!Kvtujdf!Spcfsu!boe!Kvtujdf!Uipnbt/*!
43
52
vomjnjufe!qpxfst!jo!ujnft!pg!fnfshfodz/!!Uivt-!uif!Dpvouz!btlt!uijt!
Dpvsu!up!bobmz{f!uif!qmbjo!mbohvbhf!pg!Hpwfsonfou!Dpef!tfdujpo!9678!up!
gjoe!uibu!uif!DFTB!epft!opu!qspwjef!uif!Hpwfsops!qpxfs!up!mfhjtmbuf<!up!
gjoe!uibu!Hpwfsops!Ofxtpn!jt!mfhjtmbujoh!cz!dsfbujoh!ofx!mbxt-!tvdi!bt!uif!
Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbxt!xijdi!nboebuf!uibu!Dbmjgpsojbot!sfnbjo!joeppst!boe!
cvtjofttft!dfbtf!pqfsbujpot<!boe!up!sfoefs!bmm!psefst!boe!ejsfdujwft!xijdi!
bsf!cfzpoe!uif!qpxfst!fovnfsbufe!cz!uif!DFTB!wpje!cz!hsboujoh!uijt!
jotubou!qfujujpo/!
JJJ/SFTQPOEFOUT!FOBDUNFOUT!WJPMBUF!UIF!
BENJOJTUSBUJWF!QSPDFEVSFT!BDU
53
Uif!Benjojtusbujwf!Qspdfevsf!Bdu!)BQB*!tubuft-!\\o^p!Tubuf
Bhfodz!tibmm!jttvf-!vujmj{f-!fogpsdf-!ps!buufnqu!up!fogpsdf!boz!!sfhvmbujpo!
!vomftt!!\\ju^!ibt!cffo!bepqufe!bt!b!sfhvmbujpo!boe!gjmfe!xjui!uif!
54
Tfdsfubsz!pg!Tubuf!qvstvbou!up!uijt!dibqufs/!!Uif!BQB!jt!pg!qbsujdvmbs!
jnqpsubodf!jo!uif!jotubou!nbuufs!bt!uif!ufsn!Tubuf!Bhfodz!jodmveft!uif!
efqbsunfout!xjuijo!uif!fyfdvujwf!csbodi!pg!hpwfsonfou!vomftt!fyqsfttmz!
55
fydfqufe/Uispvhi!jut!efgjojujpo-!kvejdjbm!ps!mfhjtmbujwf!efqbsunfout!pg!uif!
56
tubuf!hpwfsonfou!bsf!fyfnqufe/!!Bt!fyqmbjofe!gvsuifs!cfmpx-!uif!BQB!
xbt!ftubcmjtife!xjui!uif!joufoujpo!pg!dsfbujoh!b!sfwjfx!qspdftt!up!fotvsf!
sfhvmbujpot!gspn!uif!fyfdvujwf!csbodi-!jodmvejoh!uif!Hpwfsops-!bsf!xsjuufo!
jo!b!nboofs!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!bqqmjdbcmf!mbx!boe!bvuipsj{fe!cz!tubuvuf/!!
52
Tff!Hjlbt!w/!\[pmjo)2::4*!7!Dbm/5ui!952-!963!)Fyqsfttjp!vojvt!ftu!fydmvtjp!
bmufsjvt/!Uif!fyqsfttjpo!pg!tpnf!uijoht!jo!b!tubuvuf!ofdfttbsjmz!nfbot!uif!
fydmvtjpo!pg!puifs!uijoht!opu!fyqsfttfe/*!
53
!Hpw/!Dpef!¨!22451!fu!tfr/!
54
!Hpw/!Dpef!¨!22451/6-!tvce/!)b*/!
55
!Hpw/!Dpef!¨!22453/631!)efgjojujpo*<!tff-!f/h/-!Hpw/!Dpef!¨¨!22454-!
22462/!
56
!Hpw/!Dpef!¨!22451/:<!tff!bmtp!Mbvefscbdi!w/!\[pmjo!)2::6*!46!
Dbm/Bqq/5ui!689-!696!)BQB!svmfnbljoh!sfrvjsfnfout!ep!opu!bqqmz!up!
tubuvupsz!fobdunfout*/!
44
Sfhvmbujpo!nfbot!fwfsz!svmf-!sfhvmbujpo-!psefs-!ps!tuboebse!pg!
hfofsbm!bqqmjdbujpo!!bepqufe!cz!boz!tubuf!bhfodz!up!jnqmfnfou-!joufsqsfu-!
ps!nblf!uif!mbx!fogpsdfe!ps!benjojtufsfe!cz!ju-!ps!up!hpwfso!jut!
57
qspdfevsf/!!Xifo!b!opodpnqmjbou!sfhvmbujpo!jt!fogpsdfe!cz!b!tubuf!
bhfodz-!tvdi!bt!uif!DEQI-!xjuipvu!dpnqmzjoh!xjui!uif!BQB-!ju!jt!vombxgvm!
58
bt!bo!voefshspvoe!sfhvmbujpo/!!Bmuipvhi!bhfodjft!nbz!jnqmfnfou!
fnfshfodz!sfhvmbujpot!xjui!bccsfwjbufe!sfrvjsfnfout-!uifz!nbz!opu!xipmmz!
ejtsfhbse!uif!BQB!boe!nvtu!tbujtgz!uif!BQB!xjuijo!291!ebzt!gspn!uif!
59
fggfdujwf!ebuf!pg!uif!fnfshfodz!sfhvmbujpo-!vomftt!fyufoefe/
5:
Uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!qsfwjpvtmz!jefoujgjfe!fyfnqujpot!up!uif!BQB/
Ipxfwfs-!uif!DFTB!epft!opu!qspwjef!boz!tjnjmbs!fyfnqujpot/!!Sbuifs-!uif!
DFTB!dpoubjot!uxp!tfdujpot-!Hpwfsonfou!Dpef!tfdujpot!969:/2:!boe!
9793/:-!xijdi!jotusvdu!dpnqmjbodf!xjui!uif!BQB/!!Uif!jotusvdujpot!tuboe!bt!
bo!joejdbujpo!pg!uif!esbgufst!bdlopxmfehnfou!pg!uif!BQB!boe!uifjs!
qfsdfjwfe!joufoujpo!up!opu!dbswf!pvu!bo!fyfnqujpo!gps!uif!Sftqpoefout/!!Uif!
bctfodf!pg!fyfnqujpo!jt!mjlfmz!ujfe!up!uif!gjoejoh!uibu!uif!BQB!xbt!
ofdfttbsz!up!ftubcmjti!b!qspdftt!up!sfwjfx!sfhvmbujpot!up!fotvsf!uibu!uifz!
bsf!xsjuufo!jo!b!dpnqsfifotjcmf!nboofs-!bsf!bvuipsj{fe!cz!tubuvuf-!boe!bsf!
dpotjtufou!xjui!puifs!mbx!up!qsfwfou!mbohvbhf!\\xijdi^!jt!pgufo!dpogvtjoh!
61
up!uif!qfstpot!xip!nvtu!dpnqmz!xjui!uif!sfhvmbujpot/
Pwfs!uif!qbtu!ojof!npouit-!uif!Sftqpoefout!fobdufe!ovnfspvt!mbxt!
boe!psefst!xijdi!sfrvjsfe!uif!Dpvouz!up!jnqmfnfou-!joufsqsfu-!ps!nblf!
57
!Hpw/!Dpef!¨!22453/711/!
58
Dbm/!Dpef!Sfht/-!uju!2-!¨!361!)b*/!
59
!Hpw/!Dpef!¨!22457/2<!tff!bmtp!Hpw/!Dpef!¨¨!2245:/6-!2245:/7!
5:
Tffjo!sf!Hbsdjb!)2::9*!78!Dbm/Bqq/5ui!952)Gjoejoh!bo!fyfnqujpo!jo!
Qfobm!Dpef!¨!6169)d*)2*/*<!tff!bmtp!Qbmftlj!w/!Tubuf!Efqu/!pg!Ifbmui!
Tfswjdft)3117*!255!Dbm/Bqq/5ui!825!)Gjoejoh!bo!fyfnqujpo!jo!Xfmgbsf!'!
Jotujuvujpot!Dpef!¨!25216/4:6/*!!
61
!Hpw/!Dpef!¨!22451!tvce/!)c*-!)f*/!
45
tqfdjgjd!uif!Sftqpoefout!psefst!jo!wjpmbujpo!pg!boe!xjuipvu!dpnqmjbodf!
62
xjui!uif!BQB/!!Uif!Hpwfsopst!vombxgvm!psefst!gbmm!trvbsfmz!xjuijo!uif!
sfrvjsfnfout!pg!uif!BQB!bt!uifz!bmmpdbuf!mfhjtmbujwf!qpxfs!boe!vocsjemfe!
ejtdsfujpo!up!uif!DEQI!boe!DQIP!up!efdjef!gvoebnfoubm!jttvft!
tvsspvoejoh!DPWJE.2:-!boe!ubtlfe!uif!Dpvouz!xjui!uif!fogpsdfnfou/!!!!
Joeffe-!uif!BQB!xbt!eftjhofe!cz!uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!up!beesftt!tjuvbujpot!mjlf!
uif!nbuufs!bu!iboe!!sfwjfxjoh!uif!bdujpot!pg!uif!fyfdvujwf!csbodi!up!fotvsf!
uifz!xfsf!dpnqsfifotjcmf-!bvuipsj{fe-!mbxgvm-!boe!voefstuboebcmf!cz!uif!
hfofsbm!qvcmjd/!!Jotufbe-!Sftqpoefout!ejtsfhbse!uif!BQB-!fyfnqujoh!
uifntfmwft!mjlf!uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf-!boe!qptjujpojoh!uifntfmwft!jo!uif!spmf!pg!
uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf-!jotusvdujoh!uif!nbttft!uispvhi!spvujof!boe!gsfrvfou!boe!
dpnqmjdbufe!xfctjuf!vqebuft!xjuipvu!boz!qspdfevsf!up!sfwjfx!uif!
fobdunfout!bt!up!uifjs!mfhbmjuz/!!!
Cvu!Sftqpoefout!bsf!opu!uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!boe!dboopu!cf!fyfnqu!gspn!
uif!BQB/!!Uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!jt!opu!pof!qfstpo/!!Jut!nfncfst!bsf!dpnqsjtfe!pg!
fmfdufe!sfqsftfoubujwft!gspn!51!Tfobuf!Ejtusjdut!boe!91!Bttfncmz!Ejtusjdut!
63
sfqsftfoujoh!uif!Tubuf!pg!Dbmjgpsojb/!!Uiftf!fmfdufe!pggjdjbmt!fohbhf!jo!
tusvduvsfe!dpmmfdujwf!ejtdpvstf!up!fobdu!uifjs!ejtdsfujpo!bt!up!xibu!mbxt!
64
tipvme!hpwfso!uif!Tubuf!pg!Dbmjgpsojb/!!Uif!spmf!pg!uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!boe!
ejtdpvstf!gspn!uif!sfqsftfoubujwft!jo!jut!231!fmfdufe!tfbut!jt!b!gbs!dsz!gspn!
uif!pof.nbo!mfhjtmbups!boe!ijt!bqqpjoufft!xip!ep!opu!ibwf!uif!cfofgju!pg!
62
!Hpw/!Dpef!¨!9678!tvce/!)e*/!
63
!Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Mfhjtmbuvsf-!Mfhjtmbupst!boe!Ejtusjdut-!bwbjmbcmf!bu!uif!
ujnf!pg!gjmjoh!bu;!
iuuq;00xxx/mfhjtmbuvsf/db/hpw0mfhjtmbupst`boe`ejtusjdut/iunm!
64
Tff!Tuboejoh!Svmft!pg!uif!Tfobuf-!bwbjmbcmf!bt!pg!uif!ujnf!pg!gjmjoh!bu;!
iuuq;00xxx/mfhjogp/db/hpw0svmft0tfobuf`svmft/qeg<tff!bmtp-!Tuboejoh!Svmft!
pg!uif!Bttfncmz-!bwbjmbcmf!bt!pg!uif!ujnf!pg!gjmjoh!bu;!
iuuq;00mfhjogp/mfhjtmbuvsf/db/hpw0gbdft0cjmmObwDmjfou/yiunm@cjmm`je>3126312
71IS2'tfbsdi`lfzxpset><tff!bmtp!Tuboejoh!Kpjou!Svmft-!bwbjmbcmf!bt!pg!
uif!ujnf!pg!gjmjoh!bu;!iuuq;00xxx/mfhjogp/db/hpw0svmft0kpjou`svmft/qeg!
46
dpotusvdujwf!ejtdpvstf!bnpoh!frvbmt/!!Uijt!jt!fybdumz!uif!tjuvbujpo!xijdi!
uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!bjnfe!up!qsfwfou!jo!fobdujoh!uif!BQB;!voqsfdfefoufe!boe!
vodifdlfe!psefst!gspn!uif!fyfdvujwf!csbodi!xijdi!fyqfoe!qvcmjd!gvoet!
boe!jnqptf!dpnqmfy!mbxt!po!fwfsz.ebz!djuj{fot!xip!ep!opu!ibwf!uif!
65
sftpvsdft!up!ijsf!fyqfsut
Bddpsejohmz-!Sftqpoefout!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbxt!boe!sfmbufe!psefst!
xfsf!jnqspqfsmz!fobdufe!xjuipvu!dpnqmzjoh!xjui!uif!BQB!nvtu!cf!
efdmbsfe!vombxgvm!boe!vofogpsdfbcmf/!!
JW/UIF!MFHJTMBUVSF!DBOOPU!EFMFHBUF!JUT
BVUIPSJUZ!UP!UIF!HPWFSOPS!UISPVHI!UIF
FNFSHFODZ!TFSWJDFT!BDU
Uif!qmbjo!mbohvbhf!pg!uif!DFTB!jt!dmfbs;!Uif!Hpwfsops!epft!opu
ibwf!uif!bvuipsjuz!up!mfhjtmbuf!boe!dsfbuf!mbx!evsjoh!b!efdmbsfe!Tubuf!pg!
66
Fnfshfodz/!!Ipxfwfs-!tipvme!uijt!Dpvsu!gjoe!uibu!uif!Hpwfsopst!qpxfst!
voefs!DFTB!qfsnju!ijn!up!mfhjtmbuf!boe!fobdu!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbxt-!
Qfujujpofst!bttfsu!uibu!tvdi!bo!joufsqsfubujpo!pg!uif!DFTB!jt!bo!
vodpotujuvujpobm!efmfhbujpo!pg!qpxfs!cz!uif!Dbmjgpsojb!Mfhjtmbuvsf!up!uif!
Hpwfsops-!xijdi!jt!dpousbsz!up!uif!fyqsftt!mbohvbhf!pg!bsujdmf!JJJ!pg!uif!
67
Dbmjgpsojb!Dpotujuvujpo/
Jo!Dbmjgpsojb-!uif!qpxfst!pg!tubuf!hpwfsonfou!bsf!mfhjtmbujwf-!
fyfdvujwf-!boe!kvejdjbm/!Qfstpot!dibshfe!xjui!uif!fyfsdjtf!pg!pof!qpxfs!
nbz!opu!fyfsdjtf!fjuifs!pg!uif!puifst!fydfqu!bt!qfsnjuufe!cz!uijt!
65
!Hpw/!Dpef!¨22451/!
66
Tff!Qfpqmf!pg!Bnps-!tvqsb-!23!Dbm/4e!bu!q/!41!)Tubuvuft!bsf!up!cf!tp!
dpotusvfe-!jg!uifjs!mbohvbhf!qfsnjut-!bt!up!sfoefs!uifn!wbmje!boe!
dpotujuvujpobm-!sbuifs!uibo!jowbmje!boe!vodpotujuvujpobm-!boe!uif!dpvsut!nvtu!
bepqu!bo!joufsqsfubujpo!pg!b!tubuvupsz!qspwjtjpo!xijdi-!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!
tubuvupsz!mbohvbhf!boe!qvsqptf-!fmjnjobuft!epvcu!bt!up!jut!
dpotujuvujpobmjuz/*<!Tff!bmtp!Cfmsjehf!Pjm!Dp/-tvqsb-53!Dbm/3e!bu!q/!943/!
67
Dbm/!Dpotu/-!bsu/!JJJ-!¨!4/
47
68
Dpotujuvujpo/!!Uif!Dbmjgpsojb!Dpotujuvujpo!fyqsfttmz!wftut!uif!mfhjtmbujwf!
69
qpxfs!pg!uif!tubuf!jo!uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf/!!Bmuipvhi!uif!kvejdjbsz!ibt!
joufsqsfufe!uijt!wftujoh!tp!bt!opu!up!qspijcju!bmm!efmfhbujpot-!ju!ofwfsuifmftt!
6:
ibt!jnqptfe!jnqpsubou!mjnjubujpot/Pg!dpvstf-!\\p^odf!ju!ibt!ftubcmjtife!
uif!mbx-!uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!nbz!efmfhbuf!uif!bvuipsjuz!up!benjojtufs!ps!bqqmz!
71
uif!mbx/!!Cvu-!\\b^o!vodpotujuvujpobm!efmfhbujpo!pg!bvuipsjuz!pddvst!pomz!
xifo!b!mfhjtmbujwf!cpez!)2*!mfbwft!uif!sftpmvujpo!pg!gvoebnfoubm!qpmjdz!
jttvft!up!puifst!ps!)3*!gbjmt!up!qspwjef!befrvbuf!ejsfdujpo!gps!uif!
72
jnqmfnfoubujpo!pg!uibu!qpmjdz/
!!Uif!tfdpoe!mjnjubujpo!jnqptft!uif!evuz!
up!ftubcmjti!bo!fggfdujwf!nfdibojtn!up!bttvsf!uif!qspqfs!jnqmfnfoubujpo!pg!
73
jut!qpmjdz!efdjtjpot/!!Tvdi!qspqfs!jnqmfnfoubujpo!nbz!cf!bdijfwfe!
uispvhi!ftubcmjtijoh!befrvbuf!tbgfhvbset-!tvdi!bt!wjhpspvt!kvejdjbm!
74
sfwjfx-!tjnjmbs!up!uif!sfmjfg!tpvhiu!ifsf/!!Voefsmzjoh!uiftf!svmft!jt!uif!
cfmjfg!uibu!uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!bt!uif!nptu!sfqsftfoubujwf!pshbo!pg!hpwfsonfou!
68
Jcje/<Qbslfs!w/!Sjmfz!)2:52*!29!Dbm/3e!94-!9:!)Uif!qsjnbsz!qvsqptf!pg!
Dbm/!Dpotu/-!bsu/!JJJ-!¨!4jt!up!qsfwfou!uif!dpncjobujpo!jo!uif!iboet!pg!b!
tjohmf!qfstpo!ps!hspvq!pg!uif!cbtjd!ps!gvoebnfoubm!qpxfst!pg!
hpwfsonfou*<!tff!bmtpTuffo!w/!Bqqfmmbuf!Ejwjtjpo!pg!Tvqfsjps!
Dpvsu!)3125*!6:!Dbm/5ui!2156-!216:!)djujoh!Nbejtpo-!Uif!Gfefsbmjtu!Qbqfst-!
Op/!58!)Dpplf!fe/!2:72*!q/!435!\\\\u^if!bddvnvmbujpo!pg!bmm!qpxfst-!
mfhjtmbujwf-!fyfdvujwf-!boe!kvejdjbsz-!jo!uif!tbnf!iboet-!!nbz!kvtumz!cf!
qspopvodfe!uif!wfsz!efgjojujpo!pg!uzsbooz^/*!
69
!Dbm/!Dpotu/!bsu/!JW-!¨!2/!
6:
Tff!hfofsbmmz!Lvhmfs!w/!Zpdvn-!7:!Dbm/3e!482-!486!)2:79*!)\\U^if!
epdusjof!qspijcjujoh!efmfhbujpo!pg!mfhjtmbujwf!qpxfs!jt!xfmm!ftubcmjtife!jo!
Dbmjgpsojb/*<!tff!bmtp!Epvhiufsz!w/!Bvtujo!)29:3*!:5!Dbm/!712-!717.718!
)Ipmejoh!uif!qpxfs!up!tvtqfoe-!bnfoe-!sftdjoe-!dsfbuf-!boe!fogpsdf!mbx!jt!
mfhjtmbujwf!jo!dibsbdufs-!jt!wftufe!fydmvtjwfmz!jo!uif!mfhjtmbuvsf-!boe!dboopu!
cf!efmfhbufe!cz!ju/*!
71
Xjmljotpo!w/!Nbefsb!Dpnnvojuz!Iptqjubm!)2:94*!255!Dbm/Bqq/4e!547-!
553/!
72
Dbstpo!Npcjmfipnf!Qbsl!Pxofst!Btto/!w/!Djuz!pg!Dbstpo)2:94*!46!
Dbm/4e!295-!2:1/!
73
Lvhmfs-!tvqsb-!7:!Dbm/3e!bu!qq/!487.488/
74
Tff!Je/!bu!492.93/
48
tipvme!tfuumf!jotpgbs!bt!qpttjcmf!dpouspwfsufe!jttvft!pg!qpmjdz!boe!uibu!ju!
nvtu!efufsnjof!dsvdjbm!jttvft!xifofwfs!ju!ibt!uif!ujnf-!jogpsnbujpo!boe!
75
dpnqfufodf!up!efbm!xjui!uifn/
Bt!uijt!Dpvsu!qsfwjpvtmz!sfdphoj{fe-!usvmz!gvoebnfoubm!jttvft!
tipvme!cf!sftpmwfe!cz!uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!boe!opu!cz!uif!fyfdvujwf!ps!kvejdjbm!
76
csbodift/!!Xijmf!uif!joufsqmbz!cfuxffo!uif!uisff!csbodift!nbz!
pddbtjpobmmz!fggfdu!uif!puifst-!uif!joufsgfsfodf!jt!bqqspqsjbuf!tp!mpoh!bt!uif!
bdujpo!jt!qspqfsmz!xjuijo!\\uif^!tqifsf!pg!b!qbsujdvmbs!csbodi!xjui!pomz!bo!
jodjefoubm!fggfdu!pg!evqmjdbujoh!b!gvodujpo!ps!qspdfevsf!efmfhbufe!up!
77
bopuifs!csbodi/!!Uijt!Dpvsu!sfdphoj{fe!uif!jnqpsubodf!pg!ejtujodu!
78
csbodift!jo!Dbsnfm!Wbmmfz!Gjsf!Qspu/!Ejtu/!w/!Dbmjgpsojb-!tubujoh;!
\\D^pvsut!ibwf!opu!iftjubufe!up!tusjlf!epxo!qspwjtjpot!pg!mbx!
uibu!fjuifs!bddsfuf!up!b!tjohmf!csbodi!qpxfst!npsf!bqqspqsjbufmz!
ejggvtfe!bnpoh!tfqbsbuf!csbodift!ps!uibu!voefsnjof!uif!
bvuipsjuz!boe!joefqfoefodf!pg!pof!ps!bopuifs!dppsejobuf!
csbodi/!Uif!epdusjof-!ipxfwfs-!sfdphoj{ft!uibu!uif!uisff!
csbodift!pg!hpwfsonfou!bsf!joufsefqfoefou-!boe!ju!qfsnjut!
bdujpot!pg!pof!csbodi!uibu!nbz!tjhojgjdboumz!bggfdu!uiptf!pg!
bopuifs!csbodi/!Uif!qvsqptf!pg!uif!epdusjof!jt!up!qsfwfou!pof!
csbodi!pg!hpwfsonfou!gspn!fyfsdjtjoh!uif!dpnqmfuf!qpxfs!
dpotujuvujpobmmz!wftufe!jo!bopuifs<!ju!jt!opu!joufoefe!up!qspijcju!
pof!csbodi!gspn!ubljoh!bdujpo!qspqfsmz!xjuijo!jut!tqifsf!uibu!
ibt!uif!jodjefoubm!fggfdu!pg!evqmjdbujoh!b!gvodujpo!ps!qspdfevsf!
efmfhbufe!up!bopuifs!csbodi/!
Jg!uif!DFTB!jt!joufsqsfufe!up!qfsnju!uif!Hpwfsops!up!nblf!uiftf!psefst-!
uifo!uif!tubuvuf!tipvme!cf!ifme!vodpotujuvujpobm!bt!ju!qfsnjut!uif!Hpwfsops!
up!fyfsdjtf!uif!qpxfs!bmmpdbufe!up!uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!voefs!uif!Dbmjgpsojb!
75
Dmfbo!Bjs!Dpotujuvfodz!w/!Tubuf!Bjs!Sftpvsdft!Ce/!)2:85*!22!Dbm/4e!912-!
927.928/!
76
Xjmlf!'!Ipm{ifjtf-!Jod/!w/!Efqu!pg!Bmdpipmjd!Cfwfsbhf!Dpouspm!)2:77*!
76!Dbm/3e!45:-!47:/!
77
Dbsnfm!Wbmmfz!Gjsf!Qspu/!Ejtu/!w/!Tubuf!)3112*!36!Dbm/5ui!398-!3:9!
)rvpubujpot!pnjuufe/*!
78
Jcje/!!
49
Dpotujuvujpo/!!Joeffe-!dpvsut!ipme!uibu!\\e^fdjejoh!xibu!dpnqfujoh!wbmvft!
xjmm!ps!xjmm!opu!cf!tbdsjgjdfe!up!uif!bdijfwfnfou!pg!b!qbsujdvmbs!pckfdujwf!jt!
79
uif!wfsz!fttfodf!pg!mfhjtmbujwf!dipjdf/!!Qsftfoumz!uif!Sftqpoefout!bdu!up!
tvctujuvuf!uifjs!kvehfnfou!gps!uibu!pg!uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!jo!cbmbodjoh!uif!
dpnqfujoh!wbmvft!pg!djuj{fot!bdsptt!uif!tubuf!up!efufsnjof!xibu!xjmm!boe!
xjmm!opu!cf!tbdsjgjdfe!up!gjhiu!bhbjotu!DPWJE.2:/!!Jg!uif!DFTB!qspwjeft!uif!
qpxfs!gps!Sftqpoefout!up!ejdubuf!uif!ebz.up.ebz!mjwft!pg!djuj{fot!uispvhipvu!
uif!tubuf!uispvhi!uif!dsfbujpo!pg!b!ofx!qfobm!dpef-!uifo!uif!DFTB!jt!\\b^o!
vodpotujuvujpobm!efmfhbujpo!pg!mfhjtmbujwf!qpxfs!uibu!dpogfst!vqpo!bo!
benjojtusbujwf!bhfodz!vosftusjdufe!bvuipsjuz!up!nblf!gvoebnfoubm!qpmjdz!
7:
efdjtjpot/
Uif!Tvqsfnf!Dpvsu!pg!Njdijhbo!sfbdife!b!tjnjmbs!dpodmvtjpo!
81
sfhbsejoh!b!tjnjmbs!fnfshfodz!qpxfst!tubuvuf/!!Jo!uif!Njdijhbo!dbtf!uif!
Njdijhbo!Tvqsfnf!Dpvsu!svmfe!uibu!Hpwfsops!Xijunfs!mbdlfeuif!bvuipsjuz!
up!fyufoe!ps!efdmbsf!tubuft!pg!fnfshfodz!jo!sfmbujpo!up!uif!DPWJE.2:!
qboefnjd-!vmujnbufmz!svmjoh!uibu!Njdijhbot!Fnfshfodz!Qpxfst!pg!uif!
Hpwfsops!Bdu!pg!2:56!xbt!vodpotujuvujpobm!po!uif!hspvoet!uibu!uif!
efmfhbujpo!pg!qpxfs!xbt!bo!vombxgvm!efmfhbujpo!pg!mfhjtmbujwf!qpxfs!up!
82
Hpwfsops!Xijunfs!jo!wjpmbujpo!pg!uif!Njdijhbo!Dpotujuvujpo/!!Uif!
Njdijhbo!Tvqsfnf!Dpvsu!sfbtpofe!uibu;!
\\U^if!vmujnbuf!kvehnfou!sfhbsejoh!uif!dpotujuvujpobmjuz!pg!b
efmfhbujpo!nvtu!cf!nbef!opu!po!uif!cbtjt!pguif!tdpqf!pg!uif
qpxfs!bmpof-!cvu!po!uif!cbtjt!pg!jut!tdpqf!qmvt!uif!tqfdjgjdjuz
pg!uif!tuboebset!hpwfsojoh!jut!fyfsdjtf/!!Xifo!uif!tdpqf
79
Dpvouz!pg!Tpopnb!w/!Dpifo!)3126*!346!Dbm/Bqq/5ui!53-!59/!
7:
Qfpqmf!fy!sfm/!Mpdlzfs!w/!Tvo!Qbdjgjd!Gbsnjoh!Dp/!)3111*!88!Dbm/Bqq/5ui!
72:-!743745/!
81
Jo!sf!Dfsujgjfe!Rvftujpot!)3131*!616!Njdi/!````-!3131!XM!69886::/!
82
Op!qfstpo!fyfsdjtjoh!qpxfs!pg!pof!csbodi!tibmm!fyfsdjtf!qpxfst!qspqfsmz!
cfmpohjoh!up!bopuifs!csbodi/!)Njdi/!Dpotu/-!bsu/!JJJ-!¨!3/*<tff!bmtp!Ipnf!
Cmeh!'!Mpbo!Btto!w/!Cmbjtefmm!)2:45*!3:1!VT!3:9-!536!)Fnfshfodz!epft!
opu!dsfbuf!qpxfs/*
4:
jodsfbtft!up!jnnfotf!qspqpsujpot!uif!tuboebset!nvtu!cf!
dpssftqpoejohmz!npsf!qsfdjtf/!!
Uif!efdjtjpo!xbt!hspvoefe!jo!uif!Njdijhbo!Tvqsfnf!Dpvsut!
bdlopxmfehfnfou!uibu!\\u^if!qsjodjqbm!pg!tfqbsbujpo!pg!qpxfst!xbt!up!
qspufdu!joejwjevbm!mjcfsuz/!!Uif!Njdijhbo!Tvqsfnf!Dpvsu!fnqibtj{fe!uibu!
83
uif!evsbujpobm!tdpqf!pg!efmfhbufe!qpxfs!bmtp!ibt!tpnf!sfmfwbou!cfbsjoh
opujoh!uibu!dpogfssbm!pg!joefgjojuf!bvuipsjuz!bddpset!b!hsfbufs!bddvnvmbujpo!
84
pg!qpxfs!uibo!epft!uif!hsbou!pg!ufnqpsbsz!bvuipsjuz/!!Uif!Dpvouz!btlt!
uijt!Dpvsu!up!jnqmfnfou!tjnjmbs!sfbtpojoh!ifsf/!
Uif!Sftqpoefout!joefgjojuf!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbxt-!jobqqspqsjbuf!
efmfhbujpo!pg!mfhjtmbujwf!qpxfst!up!uif!DEQI!boe!DQIP-!boe!uif!
Sftqpoefout!mbxt!tufnnjoh!gspn!uif!fyfsdjtf!pg!mfhjtmbujwf!qpxfst!
jogsjohf!po!dpsf!mfhjtmbujwf!gvodujpot/!!Sftqpoefout!joufsqsfubujpo!pg!uif!
DFTB!qfsnjut!uif!Hpwfsops!boe!vofmfdufe!tubuf!ifbmui!pggjdjbmt!up!efdjef-!
gps!bt!mpoh!bt!uifz!dipptf-!xibu!bdujwjujft!bsf!nptu!jnqpsubou!boe!mfbtu!
85
ebohfspvt!gps!njmmjpot!pg!qfpqmf/!!Votvsqsjtjohmz-!uif!Sftqpoefout!
ejtdsfujpo!dpjodjefoubmmz!bmjhot!xjui!uif!joufsftut!pg!mbshf!joevtusz!joufsftut!
xip!ibwf!uif!gjobodjbm!tubcjmjuz!up!mpccz-!tvdi!bt!uif!npwjf!boe!ufmfwjtjpo!
joevtusjft/Tvdi!efdjtjpot!nvtu!cf!nbef!cz!uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf-!vtjoh!uif!
bqqspqsjbuf!mfhjtmbujwf!qspdfevsft!up!fotvsf!spcvtu!qvcmjd!efcbuf!boe!
usbotqbsfodz!cz fmfdufe!sfqsftfoubujwft!pg!uif!qfpqmf/!!Uiftf!qpxfst!dboopu!
cf!efmfhbufe!cz!uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!up!uif!Hpwfsops!ps-!bt!xjui!uif!Efdfncfs!6-!
3131!psefst-!up!vofmfdufe!tubuf!ifbmui!pggjdjbmt/!
83
Jcje/
84
Jcje/!
85
Dpvouz!pg!Tpopnb-!tvqsb-346!Dbm/Bqq/5ui!bu!q/!59/!)Efdjejoh!xibu!
dpnqfujoh!wbmvft!xjmm!ps!xjmm!opu!cf!tbdsjgjdfe!up!uif!bdijfwfnfou!pg!b!
qbsujdvmbs!pckfdujwf!jt!uif!wfsz!fttfodf!pg!mfhjtmbujwf!dipjdf/*
51
Gvsuifsnpsf-!uifsf!jt!opuijoh!jo!uif!Fnfshfodz!Tfswjdft!Bdu!uibu!
fyqmbjot!xibu!qpmjdjft!uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!xbout!uif!fyfdvujwf!csbodi!up!gpmmpx!
jo!dipptjoh!xijdi!bdujwjujft!bsf!fttfoujbm!boe!tbgf!evsjoh!b!qboefnjd-!ops!
bsf!uifsf!boz!tuboebset!up!hvjef!uif!Sftqpoefout!jo!nbljoh!uiptf!efdjtjpot/!
Efmfhbufe!qpxfs!nvtu!cf!bddpnqbojfe!cz!tvjubcmf!tbgfhvbset!up!hvjef!jut!
86
vtf!boe!up!qspufdu!bhbjotu!jut!njtvtf/!!Uif!bctfodf!pg!tvdi!tuboebset-!ps!
tbgfhvbset!///!sfoefst!fggfdujwf!sfwjfx!pg!uif!fyfsdjtf!pg!uif!efmfhbufe!
87
qpxfs!jnqpttjcmf/!!Bt!sfbtpofe!cz!uif!Njdijhbo!Tvqsfnf!Dpvsu-!uif!
joefgjojuf!obuvsf!pg!efmfhbujpot-!ps!b!tuboebse!uibu!uif!Hpwfsops!nbz!ep!
xibufwfs!jt!ofdfttbsz!up!dpncbu!DPWJE.2:-!jt!opu!b!nfbojohgvm!
88
tuboebse/
Uif!qspcmfnt!dsfbufe!cz!bo!bctfodf!pg!tbgfhvbset!ps!hvjebodf!cz!
uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!jt!fwjefou!jo!uijt!jotubou!nbuufs/!!Sftqpoefout!xjmm!mjlfmz!
bttfsu!uibu!uifjs!dpoevdu!boe!fobdunfout!xfsf!sfbtpobcmf!boe!voefsublfo!jo!
hppe!gbjui!up!qspufdu!qvcmjd!ifbmui!pg!djuj{fot!uispvhipvu!uif!tubuf!bt!
qfsnjuufe!cz!uif!DFTB/!!Cvu-!xjuipvu!xfmm.efgjofe!pckfdujwf!tuboebset!up!
hvjef!fobdunfout!nbef!voefs!DFTB-!sfbtpobcmfoftt!uvsot!joup!bo!
bnpsqipvt!tuboebse!xijdi-!evsjoh!bo!fnfshfodz-!xjmm!uvso!bmnptu!foujsfmz!
up!uif!Sftqpoefout!tvckfdujwf!efufsnjobujpo!bcpvu!xibu!nvtu!cf!epof!up!
qspufdu!qvcmjd!ifbmui/!!Bctfou!uiftf!tuboebset-!uifsf!jt!opuijoh!up!difdl!uif!
Sftqpoefout!bcvtf!pg!qpxfs!voefs!uifjs!joufsqsfubujpo!pg!uif!DFTB-!
qfsnjuujoh!upubm!dpouspm!pwfs!uif!Tubuf-!joefgjojufmz-!evsjoh!b!qboefnjd-!bt!
86
Cmvnfouibm!w/!Ce/!pg!Nfe/!Fybnjofst!)2:73*!68!Dbm/3e!339-!347/
87
Jcje/
88
Jo!sf!Dfsujgjfe!Rvftujpot-!tvqsb-!616!Njdi/!bu!q/!+29<!tff!bmtp!Hpw/!Dpef!
¨9738!)Evsjoh!b!tubuf!pg!fnfshfodz!uif!Hpwfsops!tibmm-!up!uif!fyufoe!if
effnt!ofdfttbsz-!ibwf!dpnqmfuf!bvuipsjuz!pwfs!bmm!bhfodjft!pg!uif!tubuf
hpwfsonfou!boe!uif!sjhiu!up!fyfsdjtf!xjuijo!uif!bsfb!eftjhobufe!bmm!qpmjdf
qpxfs!wftufe!jo!uif!tubuf!cz!uif!Dpotujuvujpo!boe!mbxt!pg!uif!Tubuf!pg
Dbmjgpsojb!jo!psefs!up!fggfduvbuf!uif!qvsqptft!pg!uijt!dibqufs/*
52
Hpwfsops!Ofxtpn!ibt!epof!ifsf/!Djuj{fot!tubufxjef!xjuofttfe!
Sftqpoefout!bcvtf!pg!qpxfs!boe!gmbhsbou!ejtsfhbse!gps!uifjs!pxo!psefst!
gjstuiboe!.!xbudijoh!uif!Hpwfsops!buufoe!b!ejoofs!qbsuz!xjui!mpcczjtut!jo!
89
wjpmbujpo!pg!ijt!pxo!psefst/!!Uif!Hpwfsopst!gmbhsbou!ejtsfhbse!pg!ijt!pxo!
mbxt!jnqmjdjumz!dpodfeft!uif!pwfscspbe-!jotjodfsf-!boe!bscjusbsz!obuvsf!pg!
Sftqpoefout!fobdunfout/!
Up!bwpje!joufsqsfujoh!uif!DFTB!jo!tvdi!b!xbz!bt!up!nboebuf!b!
efdmbsbujpo!uibu!ju!jt!vodpotujuvujpobm-!uijt!Dpvsu!tipvme!hsbou!uif!xsju!boe!
gjoe!uibu!uif!Hpwfsops!epft!opu!ibwf!uif!bvuipsjuz!up!mfhjtmbuf!boe!dsfbuf!
mbx!evsjoh!b!efdmbsfe!Tubuf!pg!Fnfshfodz!boe!wpje!uif!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!
8:
mbxt/!!Uif!uisftipme!rvftujpo!pg!tubuvupsz!joufsqsfubujpo!pg!uif!DFTB!jt!pg!
uif!vunptu!jnqpsubodf!ifsf!xifsf!uif!Sftqpoefout!jnqptf!dsjnjobm!
qfobmujft-!uvsojoh!puifsxjtf!mbx.bcjejoh!djuj{fot!joup!dsjnjobmt!pwfsojhiu!
tjnqmz!gps!hpjoh!up!b!qmbdf!pg!xpsl!uibu!uif!Hpwfsops!ibt!tpmfmz!effnfe!
89
Tff!Gpy!22-!Hpw/!Ofxtpn!bu!Gsfodi!sftubvsbou!bmmfhfemz!opu!gpmmpxjoh!
DPWJE.2:!qspupdpmt-!bwbjmbcmf!bu!uif!ujnf!pg!gjmjoh!bu;!
iuuqt;00xxx/gpymb/dpn0ofxt0gpy.22.pcubjot.fydmvtjwf.qipupt.pg.hpw.
ofxtpn.bu.gsfodi.sftubvsbou.bmmfhfemz.opu.gpmmpxjoh.dpwje.2:.qspupdpmt/<!
tff!bmtp!MB!Ujnft-!Qipupt!sbjtf!epvcut!bcpvu!Ofxtpnt!dmbjn!uibu!ejoofs!
xjui!mpcczjtu!xbt!pvueppst!bnje!DPWJE.2:!tvshf-!bwbjmbcmf!bu!uif!ujnf!pg!
gjmjoh!bu;!iuuqt;00xxx/mbujnft/dpn0dbmjgpsojb0tupsz03131.22.290ofxtpn.
gsfodi.mbvoesz.ejoofs.fyqmbobujpo.qipupt.kbtpo.ljoofz.dbmjgpsojb.nfejdbm.
bttpdjbujpo.dpwje.2:/!
8:
Tff!Qfpqmf!pg!Bnps-!tvqsb-!23!Dbm/4e!bu!q/!41!)Tubuvuft!bsf!up!cf!tp!
dpotusvfe-!jg!uifjs!mbohvbhf!qfsnjut-!bt!up!sfoefs!uifn!wbmje!boe!
dpotujuvujpobm-!sbuifs!uibo!jowbmje!boe!vodpotujuvujpobm-!boe!uif!dpvsut!nvtu!
bepqu!bo!joufsqsfubujpo!pg!b!tubuvupsz!qspwjtjpo!xijdi-!dpotjtufou!xjui!uif!
tubuvupsz!mbohvbhf!boe!qvsqptf-!fmjnjobuft!epvcu!bt!up!jut!
dpotujuvujpobmjuz/*<!TffbmtpQfpqmf!w/!Hvujfssf{!)3125*!69!Dbm/5ui!2465-!
2484!)ejtdvttjoh!epdusjof!pg!dpotujuvujpobm!bwpjebodf-!uif!qsfdfqu!uibu!b!
dpvsu-!xifo!gbdfe!xjui!bo!bncjhvpvt!tubuvuf!uibu!sbjtft!tfsjpvt!
dpotujuvujpobm!rvftujpot-!tipvme!foefbwps!up!dpotusvf!uif!tubuvuf!jo!b!
nboofs!xijdi!bwpjet!boz!epvcu!dpodfsojoh!jut!wbmjejuz-!rvpubujpot!
pnjuufe/*!
53
91
opofttfoujbm/!Npsfpwfs-!uijt!Dpvsut!tubuvupsz!joufsqsfubujpo!xjmm!tfswf!b!
tjhojgjdbou!qvcmjd!joufsftu!cz!qspwjejoh!hvjebodf!up!puifs!dbtft!qfoejoh!
bdsptt!uif!tubuf!xijdi!bsf!xpsljoh!uispvhi!mpxfs!tubuf!boe!gfefsbm!dpvsut/!
Bddpsejohmz-!uif!Dpvouz!sftqfdugvmmz!sfrvftut!uibu!uif!Dpvsu!hsbou!
uijt!Qfujujpo-!gjoejoh!uibu!uif!DFTB!epft!opu!qspwjef!uif!Hpwfsops!qpxfs!
up!mfhjtmbuf!boe!efufsnjojoh!uibu!uif!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbxt!boe!mbxt!
tufnnjoh!gspn!uif!Sftqpoefout!jnqspqfs!joufsqsfubujpo!pg!uif!DFTB!bsf!
vombxgvm<!ps!jo!uif!bmufsobujwf-!up!ipme!uibu!uif!DFTB!jt!bo!vodpotujuvujpobm!
efmfhbujpo!pg!qpxfs!jo!wjpmbujpo!pg!xfmm.tfuumfe!Opo.Efmfhbujpo!qsfdfefou/!
W/UIF!FNFSHFODZ!DPOEJUJPOT!OP!MPOHFS!EFNBOE
SFTQPOEFOUT!JOUFSWFOUJPO
Fwfo!jg!Sftqpoefout!ibwf!fyusbpsejobsz!bvuipsjuz!voefs!uif!DFTB!
boe!uif!efmfhbujpo!pg!tbje!qpxfs!jt!gpvoe!dpotujuvujpobm!!uijt!Dpvsu!tipvme!
hsbou!uijt!Qfujujpo!boe!psefs!Sftqpoefout!up!ufsnjobuf!uif!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!
mbxt!cfdbvtf!uif!fnfshfodz!dpoejujpot!xijdi!xfsf!sfmjfe!vqpo!jo!
fobdujoh!uif!efdmbsfe!tubuf!pg!fnfshfodz!dfbtfe!up!fyjtu/!!Xijmf!uif!
DPWJE.2:!qboefnjd!sfnbjot!b!uisfbu!up!joejwjevbmt!bspvoe!uif!hmpcf-!uif!
tveefo-!voboujdjqbufe-!boe!vshfou!obuvsf!pg!uif!uisfbu!sfrvjsfe!up!beesftt!
uif!qboefnjd!jo!uif!Tubuf!pg!Dbmjgpsojb!ibt!dfbtfe!ojof!npouit!mbufs/!!!
Hpwfsonfou!Dpef!tfdujpo!9669!efgjoft!b!Tubuf!pg!Fnfshfodz!bt;!
\\U^if!evmz!qspdmbjnfe!fyjtufodf!pg!dpoejujpot!pg!ejtbtufs!ps!
pg!fyusfnf!qfsjm!up!uif!tbgfuz!pg!qfstpot!boe!qspqfsuz!xjuijo!
uif!tubuf!dbvtfe!cz!dpoejujpot!tvdi!bt!bjs!qpmmvujpo-!gjsf-!gmppe-!
tupsn-!fqjefnjd-!sjpu-!espvhiu-!dzcfsufsspsjtn-!tveefo!boe!
tfwfsf!fofshz!tipsubhf-!qmbou!ps!bojnbm!jogftubujpo!ps!ejtfbtf-!
uif!Hpwfsopst!xbsojoh!pg!bo!fbsuirvblf!ps!wpmdbojd!
qsfejdujpo-!ps!bo!fbsuirvblf-!ps!puifs!dpoejujpot-!puifs!uibo!
dpoejujpot!sftvmujoh!gspn!b!mbcps!dpouspwfstz!ps!dpoejujpot!
dbvtjoh!b!tubuf!pg!xbs!fnfshfodz-!xijdi-!cz!sfbtpo!pg!uifjs!
91
Hvujfssf{-tvqsb-!69!Dbm/5ui!bu!q/!2484!)djujoh!dbtft!boe!opujoh!uibu!xf!
ibwf!sfqfbufemz!dpotusvfe!qfobm!mbxt-!jodmvejoh!mbxt!fobdufe!cz!jojujbujwf-!
jo!b!nboofs!uibu!bwpjet!tfsjpvt!dpotujuvujpobm!rvftujpot/*
54
nbhojuvef-!bsf!ps!bsf!mjlfmz!up!cf!cfzpoe!uif!dpouspm!pg!uif!
tfswjdft-!qfstpoofm-!frvjqnfou-!boe!gbdjmjujft!pg!boz!tjohmf!
dpvouz-!djuz!boe!dpvouz-!ps!djuz!boe!sfrvjsf!uif!dpncjofe!
gpsdft!pg!b!nvuvbm!bje!sfhjpo!ps!sfhjpot!up!dpncbu-!ps!xjui!
sftqfdu!up!sfhvmbufe!fofshz!vujmjujft-!b!tveefo!boe!tfwfsf!
fofshz!tipsubhf!sfrvjsft!fyusbpsejobsz!nfbtvsft!cfzpoe!uif!
bvuipsjuz!wftufe!jo!uif!Dbmjgpsojb!Qvcmjd!Vujmjujft!
Dpnnjttjpo/!
Uif!mbohvbhf!pg!uif!Hpwfsonfou!Dpef!dpnnvojdbuft!b!hfofsbm!pwfsupof;!
bo!fnfshfodz!jt!tpnfuijoh!xijdi!jt!tveefo-!tfwfsf-!ps!vofyqfdufe/!!Jo!gbdu-!
dpvsut!ibwf!ifme!uibu!uif!ufsn!fnfshfodz!efqfoet!vqpo!uif!
djsdvntubodft!pg!fbdi!dbtf<!jut!dfousbm!jefb!jt!uibu!b!tveefo!ps!vofyqfdufe!
92
ofdfttjuz!sfrvjsft!tqffez!bdujpo/!!Bt!jo!uif!DFTB-!uif!dpvsu!jo!Nbmjcv
opufe!uibu!xifo!uif!tubuvuf!tqfblt!pg!bo!fnfshfodz!bggfdujoh!uif!qvcmjd!
ifbmui!ps!tbgfuz-!uif!wjubm!fmfnfou!jt!opu!pggjdjbm!qsftdjfodf!ps!jut!mbdl!cvu!
93
sbuifs!uif!bdvufoftt!pg!uif!uisfbu!up!uif!qvcmjd!joufsftu/!!Tjnjmbs!sfbtpojoh!
jt!fwjefodfe!cz!uif!DFTB!bt!nbojgftufe!cz!jut!sfrvjsfnfou!uibu!uif!
Hpwfsops!jefoujgz!uif!tjuvbujpo!pg!fyusfnf!qfsjm!boe!ufsnjobuf!uif!tubuf!pg!
94
fnfshfodz!bu!uif!fbsmjftu!qpttjcmf!ebuf!uibu!dpoejujpot!xbssbou/
Sftqpoefout!fydffe!uifjs!bvuipsjuz!voefs!uif!DFTB!boe!bcvtf!uifjs!
ejtdsfujpo!cz!fyufoejoh!boe!dpoujovjoh!up!jnqmfnfou!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!Mbxt!
gps!uif!evsbujpo!pg!uif!qboefnjd/!!Nblf!op!njtublf-!uif!Dpvouz!
voefstuboet!uif!ejsf!uisfbu!uibu!DPWJE.2:!qptft!up!jut!sftjefout/!!)Efdm/!pg!
Toplf!·!4<!Efdm/!pg!Ibhnbo!·!4/*!!Cvu!DPWJE.2:!jt!op!mpohfs!bo!
vofyqfdufe!boe!tveefo!dpoejujpo!pg!fyusfnf!qfsjm!bt!ju!xbt!jo!Nbsdi!pg!
3131/!!Po!Nbsdi!29-!3131-!Hpwfsops!Ofxtpn!qfoofe!b!mfuufs!up!uif!
Qsftjefou!pg!uif!Vojufe!Tubuft!tubujoh-!\\x^f!qspkfdu!uibu!spvhimz!67&!pg!
92
Nbmjcv!X/!Txjnnjoh!Dmvc!w/!Gmpvsopz!)2:87*!71!Dbm/Bqq/4e!272-!277!
)fnqibtjt!beefe/*!
93
Jcje/
94
Hpw/!Dpef!¨¨!9669-!973:/
55
pvs!qpqvmbujpo!.!36/6!njmmjpo!qfpqmf!.!xjmm!cf!jogfdufe!xjui!uif!wjsvt!pwfs!
95
bo!fjhiu!xffl!qfsjpe/!!Uif!Hpwfsops!qspwjefe!uif!qspkfdujpo!jo!
dpokvodujpo!xjui!b!qmfb!uibu!uif!VTOT!Nfsdz!Iptqjubm!Tijq!cf!tfou!up!Mpt!
Bohfmft!up!ifmq!efdpnqsftt!uif!ifbmui!dbsf!efmjwfsz!tztufn!jo!sftqpotf!
96
up!uif!tveefo!boe!vofyqfdufe!tvshf!jo!dsjujdbm!dbsf!offet/!!Uif!
qspkfdujpo-!bu!uif!ujnf-!xbt!dpotjtufou!xjui!qspdmbnbujpot!nbef!xifo!
efdmbsjoh!uif!Nbsdi!5-!3131!tubuf!pg!fnfshfodz!joejdbujoh!uibu!uif!
ovncfs!pg!qfstpot!offejoh!nfejdbm!dbsf!nbz!fydffe!mpdbmmz!bwbjmbcmf!
sftpvsdft!boe!uibu!njujhbujpo!fggpsut!xjmm!cf!ofdfttbsz!up!sftqpoe!up!bo!
jodsfbtjoh!ovncfs!pg!joejwjevbmt!sfrvjsjoh!nfejdbm!dbsf!boe!
iptqjubmj{bujpo/!!Bu!uif!ujnf-!uif!voqsfdfefoufe!qboefnjd!dsfbufe!b!offe!
up!gmbuufo!uif!dvswf!boe!tmpx!uif!usbotnjttjpo!pg!DPWJE!uispvhipvu!uif!
tubuf/!!Uiftf!dpotjefsbujpot!xfsf!bu!uif!wfsz!dpsf!pg!Hpwfsops!Ofxtpnt!
efdmbsfe!tubuf!pg!fnfshfodz/!!!
Ojof!npouit!mbufs-!DPWJE.2:!sfnbjot!cvu!jt!op!mpohfs!bo!
fnfshfodz!bt!cpui!uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!boe!dpvoujft-!ibwjoh!bekvtufe!up!mjgf!
jo!uif!qboefnjd-!bsf!npsf!uibo!bcmf!up!beesftt!b!wjsvt!xijdi!ibt!
joufsuxjofe!jutfmg!xjui!uif!ebz.up.ebz!mjwft!pg!qfpqmf!xpsmexjef/!!Jo!gbdu-!
uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!dbo!!boe!ibt!!bqqspqsjbufmz!fobdufe!mbxt!xijdi!bsf!
bjnfe!bu!beesfttjoh!uif!DPWJE.2:!qboefnjd/!!Cz!xbz!pg!fybnqmf-!uif!
Mfhjtmbuvsf!qbttfe!ovnfspvt!mbxt!jodmvejoh-!cvu!opu!mjnjufe!up;!
BC!2978-!bt!dpejgjfe!voefs!Mbcps!Dpef!tfdujpot!359!boe!359/2-
qspwjejoh!tvqqmfnfoubm!qbje!tjdl!mfbwf!sfmbujoh!up!DPWJE.2:<
95
Hpwfsops!Hbwjo!Ofxtpn-Mfuufs!up!uif!Qsftjefou!pg!uif!Vojufe!Tubuft!
)Nbsdi!29-!3131*!bwbjmbcmf!bt!pg!uif!ebuf!pg!gjmjoh!bu;!
iuuqt;00xxx/hpw/db/hpw0xq.dpoufou0vqmpbet0313101404/29/31.Mfuufs.
VTOT.Nfsdz.Iptqjubm.Tijq/qeg
96
Jcje/
56
BC!796!bt!dpejgjfe!voefs!Mbcps!Dpef!tfdujpot!7436-!751:/7-!boe!
75431-!dsfbujoh!ofx!opujdf!boe!sfdpselffqjoh!sfrvjsfnfout!gps!
DPWJE.2:!dbtft!jo!uif!xpslqmbdf<!!
TC!226:-!bt!dpejgjfe!voefs!Mbcps!Dpef!tfdujpot!4323/96-!4323/99-!
ftubcmjtijoh!b!sfwjtfe!gsbnfxpsl!gps!xpslfst!dpnqfotbujpo!dmbjnt!
sfmbujoh!up!DPWJE.2:<!boe!
TC!2494-!bt!dpejgjfe!jo!tfdujpo!23:56/3!pg!uif!Hpwfsonfou!Dpef-!
fyqboejoh!uif!Dbmjgpsojb!Gbnjmz!Sjhiut!Bdu!gps!fnqmpzfft!xjui!
gbnjmz!nfncfst!xip!ibwf!tfsjpvt!ifbmui!dpoejujpot/!
Uiftf!bsf!b!gfx!fybnqmft!pg!uif!ovnfspvt!mbxt!xijdi!xfsf!qbttfe!cz!uif!
97
Dbmjgpsojb!Mfhjtmbuvsf!jo!sftqpotf!up!DPWJE.2:/!!Uif!efdmbsfe!tubuf!pg!
fnfshfodz!pqfsbufe!bt!joufoefe-!up!beesftt!uif!jnnfejbuf!vofyqfdufe!
offe!up!qfsnju!uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!up!tufq!jo!boe!fobdu!mfhjtmbujpo!up!
bqqspqsjbufmz!hpwfso!uif!sftjefout!pg!uif!Tubuf!pg!Dbmjgpsojb/!!Uif!
Mfhjtmbuvsf!ibt!boe!dpoujovft!up!beesftt!DPWJE.2:!uispvhi!bqqspqsjbuf!
fobdunfout/Ju!dbo!dpoujovf!up!ep!tp!xjuipvu!uif!bttjtubodf!pg!Sftqpoefout!
fssbou!mfhjtmbujpo/!!
97
Tff!BC!2978!)bt!dpejgjfe-!Dbm/!Mbcps!Dpef!¨¨359-!359/2!\\Qspwjejoh!
tvqqmfnfoubm!qbje!tjdl!mfbwf^*<!Tff!bmtp!TC!226:!)bt!dpejgjfe-!Dbm/!Mbcps!
Dpef!¨¨4323/96-!4323/99!\\Ftubcmjtijoh!b!sfwjtfe!gsbnfxpsl!gps!xpslfst!
dpnqfotbujpo!dmbjnt^*<!tff!bmtp!TC!2494!)bt!dpejgjfe-!Hpw/!Dpef!¨!23:56/3*!
\\Fyqboejoh!uif!Dbmjgpsojb!Gbnjmz!Sjhiut!Bdu!gps!fnqmpzfft!xjui!gbnjmz!
nfncfst!xip!ibwf!tfsjpvt!ifbmui!dpoejujpot^<!tff!bmtp!BC!796!)bt!dpejgjfe-!
Dbm/!Mbcps!Dpef!¨¨7436-!751:/7-!75431-!\\Dsfbujoh!ofx!opujdf!boe!
sfdpselffqjoh!sfrvjsfnfout!gps!DPWJE.2:!dbtft!jo!uif!xpslqmbdf/^*<tff!
bmtp BC!3154!)bt!dpejgjfe-!Dbm/!Mbc/!Dpef!¨!7836!\\Bo!fnfshfodz!nfbtvsf!
xijdi!cfdbnf!fggfdujwf!jnnfejbufmz sfrvjsjoh!Dbmjgpsojb!Ejwjtjpo!pg!
Pddvqbujpobm!Tbgfuz!boe!Ifbmui!up!ejttfnjobuf!up!fnqmpzfst!jogpsnbujpo!po!
cftu!qsbdujdft!gps!qsfwfoujoh!DPWJE.2:!jogfdujpot^<tff!bmtp!BC!4199!)bt!
dpejgjfe-!Djw/!Dpef!¨89:/5<!bnfoejoh!Djw/Dpef!¨¨8:9/67-!2:53/6-!2:57/3-!
2:58/23-!2:58/24-!3:35/26<!Ujumf!2:!pg!Qbsu!5!pg!Ejwjtjpo!4!pg!uif!Djw/!Dpef<!
boe!Dibqufs!6!)Dpnnfodjoh!xjui!Tfdujpo!228:/12*!pg!Ujumf!4!pg!qbsu!4!pg!uif!
Dpef!pg!Djw/!Qspd/*!!
57
Npsfpwfs-!xijmf!uif!Hpwfsops!cfmjfwfe!ju!xbt!ofdfttbsz!up!fobdu!
Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbxt!jo!Nbsdi-!uif!fnfshfodz!ibt!dfsubjomz!dfbtfe!ifsf!
tjodf!uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!boe!dpvoujft!pcubjofe!tjhojgjdbou!beejujpobm!
jogpsnbujpo!bcpvu!uif!wjsvt!jo!uif!qbtu!ojof!npouit-!qfsnjuujoh!uifn!up!
qspqfsmz!beesftt!uif!qboefnjd/!!)Efdm/!pg!Qpsufs!·!:/*!!Boz!fyjhfodz!
sfrvjsfe!evsjoh!uif!tveefo!pvucvstu!pg!DPWJE.2:!jogfdujpo!sbuft!jo!uif!
tubuf!ibwf!tvctjefe!bt!DPWJE.2:!jt!op!mpohfs!tveefo!ps!vofyqfdufe-!boe!
98
op!mpohfs!sfrvjsft!jnnfejbuf!bdujpo!cz!uif!Sftqpoefout/!
Tbo!Cfsobsejop!Dpvouz!jt!b!nbttjwf!hfphsbqijd!bsfb!xjui!
99
bqqspyjnbufmz!3-291-96!sftjefout/!!)Efdm/!pg!NdNbipo!·!3/*!!Gps!
fybnqmf-!uif!fbtufso!qbsut!pg!uif!Dpvouz!bsf!bqqspyjnbufmz!411!njmft!gspn!
epxoupxo!Mpt!Bohfmft!boe!Tbo!Ejfhp-!491!njmft!gspn!Tboub!Cbscbsb-!boe!
561!njmft!gspn!tbo!Mpvjt!Pcjtqp/!!)Efdm/!pg!Toplf!·7.9<!Efdm/!pg!Ibhnbo!
·!5<!Efdm/!pg!NdNbipo!·!3/*!!Uif!mbshf!hfphsbqijd!bsfb!dpoubjot!mbshf!
eftfsut!cfuxffo!djujft-!npvoubjo!sbohft-!boe!hfphsbqijdbmmz!tfqbsbuft!djujft!
uispvhipvu!uif!dpvouz/!!)Efdm/!pg!Toplf!·!7<!Efdm/!pg!Ibhnbo!·!5/*Jo!gbdu-!
uifsf!bsf!dpnnvojujft!xjuijo!uif!Dpvouz!uibu!qptf!mjuumf!sjtl!pg!
fyqfsjfodjoh!b!DPWJE.2:!pvucsfbl/!!)Efdm/!pg!Toplf!·!8<!Efdm/!pg!Ibhnbo!
··5.6/*!!Cvtjofttft!jo!uif!mpx!sjtl!bsfbt!pg!uif!Dpvouz!tipvme!opu!cf!dmptfe!
evf!up!JDV!dbqbdjujft!ivoesfet!pg!njmft!bxbz/!!Uif!Dpvouz!tipvme!opu!cf!
gpsdfe!up!bmmpdbuf!tjhojgjdbou!qvcmjd!ifbmui!sftpvsdft!up!fogpsdf!
Sftqpoefout!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbxt!jo!mpxfs!sjtl!bsfbt/!!Ju!jt!vosfbtpobcmf-!
jssbujpobm-!boe!jt!opu!hspvoefe!jo!boz!sfbtpobcmf!qvcmjd!ifbmui!kvtujgjdbujpo/!!
)Efdm/!pg!Toplf!·!8.9<!Efdm/!pg!Ibhnbo!··!5.6/*!!Uif!Sftqpoefout!
sfhjpobm!dmbttjgjdbujpo!jt!foujsfuz!bscjusbsz/!!Sftqpoefout!bsf!sftusjdujoh!uif!
98
Nbmjcv-!tvqsb-!71!Dbm/Bqq/4e!bu!q/!277/!
99
!V/T/!Dfotvt!Cvsfbv-!Rvjdl!Gbdut-!bwbjmbcmf!bt!pg!uif!ujnf!pg!gjmjoh!bu;!
iuuqt;00xxx/dfotvt/hpw0rvjdlgbdut0gbdu0ubcmf0tbocfsobsejopdpvouzdbmjgpsoj
b0BGO231323!!
58
Dpvouz!sftjefout!boe!voofdfttbsjmz!ubyjoh!jut!qvcmjd!ifbmui!sftpvsdft!cbtfe!
po!uif!JDV!dbqbdjujft!pg!vosfmbufe!djujft!xijdi!bsf!ivoesfet!pg!njmft!bxbz/!!
Uif!Dpvouz!boe!TCQI!bsf!jo!uif!cftu!qpttjcmf!tjuvbujpo!up!voefstuboe!uif!
JDV!dbqbdjujft!uispvhipvu!uifjs!mbshf!hfphsbqijd!bsfb!boe!ubjmps!sftusjdujpot!
uispvhi!bqqspqsjbuf!mbxgvm!psefst!up!tbgfhvbse!jut!sftjefout!xijmf!
bqqspqsjbufmz!cbmbodjoh!jut!sftpvsdft!up!nffu!jut!mfhbm!pcmjhbujpot!up!
sftjefout/!!Uif!vombxgvm!fobdunfou!pg!uif!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbxt!fggfdujwfmz!
vtvsqt!uif!Dpvouzt!pxo!qpmjdf!qpxfs!boe!qsfwfout!jut!evujft!up!jut!
sftjefout/!!Bctfou!joufswfoujpo!gspn!uijt!Dpvsu-!uif!Dpvouz!dboopu!dbssz!pvu!
jut!mfhbm!pcmjhbujpot!up!jut!sftjefout!bt!uif!Sftqpoefout!bdujpot!gsvtusbuf!
fggfdujwf!ejtusjcvujpo!pg!wbddjoft!jo!uif!dpnjoh!npouit!bt!uifjs!vombxgvm!
Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbxt!joufsgfsf!xjui!uif!Dpvouzt!vtf!pg!jut!pxo!sftpvsdft/!!
)Efdm/!pg!Toplf!··!5-!:<!Efdm/!pg!Ibhnbo/!··!7.8<!Efdm/!pg!Qpsufs!·!:/*!!Uif!
pomz!sftvmu!xijdi!dbo!dpnf!gspn!b!efmbz!jo!wbddjobujpot!jt!gvsuifs!mptt!pg!
mjgf!voefs!uif!jmmvtpsz!kvtujgjdbujpo!uibu!sftjefout!bsf!bduvbmmz!dpnqmzjoh!boe!
sfnbjojoh!joeppst/!!Cz!xbz!pg!fybnqmf-!uif!Dpvouzt!Tifsjgg!jt!dibshfe!
xjui!benjojtufsjoh!b!sbohf!pg!mbx!fogpsdfnfou!bdujwjujft!gps!uif!cfofgju!pg!
Dpvouz!sftjefout!tvdi!bt-!lffqjoh!uif!qfbdf-!fogpsdjoh!uif!mbx-!qbuspm!
bdujwjujft-!sftqpoejoh!up!fnfshfodz!dbmmt-!boe!jowftujhbujoh!dsjnft!
uispvhipvu!uif!Dpvouz/!)Efdm/!pg!NdNbipo!·!3/*!!Uiftf!qvcmjd!evujft!bsf!
kfpqbsej{fe!cz!uif!bnpvou!pg!sftpvsdft!efnboefe!cz!uif!fogpsdfnfou!pg!
Sftqpoefout!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbxt/!!)Efdm/!pg!NdNbipo!·!7/*!Ju!ibt!dpnf!
ujnf!gps!uif!Hpwfsops!up!mjgu!uif!tubuf!pg!fnfshfodz!boe!qfsnju!uif!Dpvouz!
up!dpoujovf!bttjtujoh!jut!dpnnvojuz!uispvhi!uif!mpdbm!qvcmjd!ifbmui!pggjdf/!!
UifTubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbxt-!xijdi!xfsf!podf!eftjhofe!up!qspwjef!uif!
iptqjubmt!xjui!tvggjdjfou!ujnf!up!qsfqbsf!up!beesftt!uif!offet!pg!uifjs!mpdbm!
dpnnvojuz-!opx!dpoubjo!ep{fot!pg!fydfqujpot!dsfbufe!cz!Sftqpoefout!
nbojgftujoh!boe!jnqmjdjumz!dpodfejoh!uif!gbdu!uibu!uif!bdujpo!jt!ofdfttbsz/!!
Bt!pof!pg!uijt!Dpvsut!gpsnfs!nfncfst!opufe-!dsfbujoh!b!Cz{boujof!tztufn!
59
pg!qspdfevsbm!ivsemft-!fbdi!sjeemfe!xjui!fydfqujpot!boe!gbdu.joufotjwf!
9:
rvbmjgjdbujpot-!pomz!voefsnjoft!uifjs!joufoefe!qvsqptf/!!Uif!Dpvouz!
epft!opu!tffl!up!ibwf!uijt!Dpvsu!tvctujuvuf!jut!pqjojpo!gps!uibu!pg!nfejdbm!
qspgfttjpobmt/!!Sbuifs-!uif!Dpvouz!tjnqmz!tfflt!b!efufsnjobujpo!uibu!uif!
Sftqpoefout!mfhjtmbujwf!bdut!bsf!op!mpohfs!xbssboufe!jo!uif!gjhiu!bhbjotu!
DPWJE.2:/!!Uif!joufoefe!qvsqptf!jt!xfmm!qbtu-!boe!uif!fovnfsbufe!mjtu!pg!
fttfoujbm!fydfqujpot!voefsnjoft!boz!qvsqptf!ju!podf!ibe/!!Ojof!npouit!
mbufs-!uif!tfotf!pg!fyjhfodz!boe!voqsfdfefoufe!pvucsfbl!dbo!cf!dpouspmmfe!
cz!uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!bt!xfmm!bt!dpvoujft!bdsptt!uif!tubuf/!!
Uivt-!uif!Hpwfsops!ibt!b!evuz!up!ufsnjobuf!uif!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbxt!
boe!tipvme!ibwf!epof!tp!bu!uif!foe!pg!uif!jojujbm!fjhiu.xffl!qfsjpe/!!
Sftqpoefout!bcvtf!uifjs!ejtdsfujpo!jo!dpoujovjoh!up!fobdu!joefgjojuf!Tubz.
Bu.Ipnf!mbxt!boe!uif!Dpvouz!sfrvftut!uibu!uijt!Dpvsu!dpssfdu!uifjsbcvtf!pg!
ejtdsfujpo!boe!psefs!uif!Sftqpoefout!up!ufsnjobuf!uif!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbxt!
:1
podf!boe!gps!bmm/
WJ/JSSFQBSBCMF!IBSN!FYJTUT!XIJDI-!JG!MFGU
VOBEESFTTFE-!JT!EFUSJNFOUBM!UP!UIF!DPVOUZ
BOE!UIVT-!UIF!OFFE!GPS!KVEJDJBM!BDUJPO!BOE
JNNFEJBUF!SFMJFG!JT!OFDFTTBSZ
B/Op!Befrvbuf!Sfnfez!bu!Mbx
Uif!obuvsf!pg!uif!Fyfdvujwf!Psefst!jt!tvdi!uibu!op!befrvbuf!sfnfez
bu!mbx!fyjtut/!!\\N^boebnvt!nbz!cf!jowplfe!jo!uiptf!dbtft!xifsf!sfnfez!
cz!boz!puifs!gpsn!pg!bdujpo!ps!qspdffejoh!xpvme!opu!cf!frvbmmz!bt!
9:
Jo!sf!Hbmmfhp!)2::9*!29!Dbm/5ui!936-!953!)Cspxo-!K-!dpodvssjoh!jo!qbsu!
boe!ejttfoujoh!jo!qbsu/*
:1
F/h/-Obum!Uby.Mjnjubujpo!Dpnn/!w/!Tdixbs{fofhhfs!)3114*!224!
Dbm/Bqq/5ui!2377-!9!Dbm/!Squs/!4e!5-!23.32!)djujoh!dbtft!boe!dpodmvejoh!
uibu!dpvsu!dpvme-!voefs!bqqspqsjbuf!djsdvntubodft-!psefs!Hpwfsops!up!
ufsnjobuf!tubuf!pg!fnfshfodz/*
5:
:2
dpowfojfou-!cfofgjdjbm-!boe!fggfdujwf/Cfdbvtf!uif!Dpvouz!sfrvftut!uif!
bcjmjuz!up!jnnfejbufmz!sftvnf!uif!gvmm!tdpqf!pg!jut!qvcmjd!evujft!boe!tfflt!
bqqspqsjbuf!psefst!wpjejoh!Sftqpoefout!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbxt-!uif!xsju!pg!
nboebuf!jt!uif!nptu!dpowfojfou-!cfofgjdjbm-!boe!fggfdujwf!sfmjfg!bwbjmbcmf/!!
Bctfou!uijt!Dpvsut!joufswfoujpo-!uif!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbxt!xjmm!sfnbjo!jo!gvmm!
gpsdf!boe!fggfdu!voujm!uif!foe!pg!uif!qboefnjd/!!Uijt!dbtf!jt!qsfdjtfmz!uif!
tpsu!uibu!uif!xsju!pg!nboebuf!jt!eftjhofe!up!sfnfez;!sfjhojoh!jo!qvcmjd!
pggjdjbmt!xip!bsf!jhopsjoh!mpoh.tuboejoh!opo.efmfhbujpo!epdusjof!boe!
vtvsqjoh!uif!dpotujuvujpobm!qpxfst!pg!uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!uispvhi!b!tubuf!pg!
fnfshfodz!xijdi!uifz!ibwf!tpmf!dpouspm!pwfs!foejoh/!!Bddpsejohmz-!uif!
Dpvouz!qfujujpot!uijt!Dpvsu!up!tffl!sfmjfg!voefs!uif!fyusbpsejobsz!xsju!boe!
jnnfejbuf!tubz!qspdfevsft/!
Bmuipvhi!dpvsut!hfofsbmmz!efoz!xsju!sfmjfg!!b!xsju!pg!nboebuf!
tipvme!opu!cf!efojfe!xifo!uif!jttvft!qsftfoufe!bsf!pg!hsfbu!qvcmjd!
:3
jnqpsubodf!boe!nvtu!cf!sftpmwfe!qspnqumz/!!Tjnjmbsmz-!uif!Tvqsfnf!
Dpvsu!ibt!sfqfbufemz!sfdphoj{fe!uif!joufswfoujpo!pg!bo!bqqfmmbuf!dpvsu!nbz!
cf!sfrvjsfe!up!dpotjefs!jotubodft!pg!b!hsbwf!obuvsf!ps!pg!tjhojgjdbou!mfhbm!
jnqbdu-!ps!up!sfwjfx!rvftujpot!pg!gjstu!jnqsfttjpo!boe!hfofsbm!jnqpsubodf!up!
uif!cfodi!boe!cbs!xifsf!hfofsbm!hvjefmjoft!dbo!cf!mbje!epxo!gps!gvuvsf!
:2
Sptt!w/!Ce/!pg!Fevd/!)2:23*!29!Dbm/Bqq/!333-!336/
:3
Dpscfuu!w/!Tvqfsjps!Dpvsu!)Cbol!pg!Bnfsjdb-!O/B/*!)3113*!212!
Dbm/Bqq/5ui!75:-!768!)rvpujoh!Dpvouz!pg!Tbdsbnfoup!w/!Ijdlnbo!)2:78*!77!
Dbm/3e!952-!956/*
61
:4
dbtft/!!Boe!xsju!sfwjfx!nbz!cf!hsboufe!xifo!uif!sftpmvujpo!pg!uif!jttvf!
:5
xpvme!sftvmu!jo!b!gjobm!ejtqptjujpo!bt!up!uif!qfujujpofs/
Joeffe-!uifsf!bsf!wfsz!gfx!jotubodft!jo!uijt!tubuft!ijtupsz!xijdi!
qbsbmmfm!uif!offe!gps!uijt!fyusbpsejobsz!sfmjfg/!!DPWJE.2:!jt!voqsfdfefoufe/!
Boe!uibu!voqsfdfefoufe!obuvsf!efnboet!fyusbpsejobsz!joufswfoujpo/!!
Sftqpoefout!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbxt!xbssbou!joufswfoujpo!cz!uijt!Dpvsu/!!Uif!
Dpvouz!ibt!uif!sftqpotjcjmjuz!voefs!tfdujpo!9679!pg!uif!DFTB!up!ublf!
ofdfttbsz!bdujpot!up!dbssz!pvu!uif!Hpwfsopst!psefst!boe!nvtu!cf!qspqfsmz!
boe!gvmmz!jogpsnfe!xjui!sftqfdu!up!uif!mfhbmjuz!pg!tbje!psefst!up!benjojtufs!
jut!qvcmjd!evujft/!!Up!uibu!foe-!uif!Dpvouz!sfrvftut!uijt!Dpvsu!up!gvmgjmm!jut!
evuz!bt!uif!vmujnbuf!bscjufs!pg!tubuf!mbx!boe!efdmbsf-!jo!uif!gjstu!jotubodf-!
uibu!Sftqpoefout!bdujpot!fydffe!uifjs!qpxfst/!!
C/Uif!Xsju!Tipvme!Cf!Jttvfe!Jo!uif!Gjstu!Jotubodf!up
Dpssfdu!uif!Sftqpoefout!Vocsjemfe!Bcvtft!pg!Qpxfs/!
Voefs!Dpef!pg!Djwjm!Qspdfevsf!tfdujpo!2199!boe!puifs!bqqmjdbcmf!
mbx-!uijt!Dpvsu!tipvme!jttvf!b!qfsfnqupsz!xsju!jo!uif!gjstu!jotubodf/!!B!dpvsu!
nbz!jttvf!b!qfsfnqupsz!xsju!jo!uif!gjstu!jotubodf!xifsf!qfujujpofst!
foujumfnfou!up!sfmjfg!jt!tp!pcwjpvt!uibu!op!qvsqptf!dpvme!sfbtpobcmz!cf!
:6
tfswfe!cz!qmfobsz!dpotjefsbujpo!pg!uif!jttvf/
Sftqpoefout!ibwf!bshvfe!boe!xjmm!mjlfmz!bshvf!jo!uijt!nbuufs!uibu!
uifz!nblf!b!hppe!gbjui!buufnqu!up!tbgfhvbse!uif!djuj{fot!pg!uijt!hpmefo!tubuf/!!
:4
Boefstpo!w/!Tvqfsjps!Dpvsu!)2:9:*!324!Dbm/Bqq/4e!2432-!2439-!
rvpubujpot!pnjuufe<!tff!bmtp!Opf!w/!Tvqfsjps!Dpvsu!)Mfwz!Qsfnjvn!
Gppetfswjdf!Mjnjufe!Qbsuofstijq*!)3126*!348!Dbm/Bqq/5ui!427-!436!
)hsboujoh!xsju!sfwjfx!cfdbvtf!uif!qfujujpo!qsftfout!b!tjhojgjdbou!jttvf!pg!
gjstu!jnqsfttjpo-!rvpubujpot!pnjuufe/*
:5
Bqqmf!Jod/!w/!Tvqfsjps!Dpvsu!)Uif!Qpmjdf!Sfujsfnfou!Tzt/!pg!Tu/!Mpvjt*
)3128*!29!Dbm/Bqq/6ui!333-!34:/!
:6
Tff!Bmfyboefs!w/!Tvqfsjps!Dpvsu!)2::4*!6!Dbm/5ui!2329<!Oh!w/!Tvq/!Du/
)2::3*!5!Dbm/5ui!3:-!46!)dmfbs!fssps!voefs!ftubcmjtife!mbx!boe!vovtvbm!
vshfodz!bsf!gbdupst!gps!Qbmnb qspdfevsf/*!
62
Cvu!uijt!sfbtpojoh!pomz!gvsuifst!uif!ofdfttjuz!pg!b!efufsnjobujpo!cz!uijt!
Dpvsu/!Fyqfsjfodf!tipvme!ufbdi!vt!up!cf!nptu!po!pvs!hvbse!up!qspufdu!
mjcfsuz!xifo!uif!hpwfsonfout!qvsqptft!bsf!cfofgjdfou/!Nfo!cpso!up!
gsffepn!bsf!obuvsbmmz!bmfsu!up!sfqfm!jowbtjpo!cz!fwjm.njoefe!svmfst/!Uif!
hsfbuftu!ebohfst!up!mjcfsuz!mvsl!jo!jotjejpvt!fodspbdinfou!cz!nfo!pg!{fbm-!
:7
xfmm.nfbojoh!cvu!xjuipvu!voefstuboejoh/!!Uijt!Dpvsu!bdlopxmfehfe!uif!
:8
hsbwf!xbsojoh!pg!Kvtujdf!Csboefjt!jo!Dpotfswbupstijq!pg!Spvmfu
!boe!
:9
Dpotfswbupstijq!pg!Fbsmz/!!Uif!Dpvouz!btlt!uibu!uijt!Dpvsu!bhbjo!iffe!
Kvtujdf!Csboefjt!xbsojoh!bt!up!DPWJE.2:/!!Uif!DFTB!epft!opu!qspwjef!
uif!Hpwfsops!xjui!uif!qpxfs!up!mfhjtmbuf!boe!uijt!Dpvsu!tipvme!efdjef!uif!
dsjujdbm!jttvf!pg!tubuvupsz!joufsqsfubujpo!podf!boe!gps!bmm/!!Bctfou!ejsfdu!
joufswfoujpo!cz!uijt!Dpvsu-!uif!Sftqpoefout!bdujpot!xjmm!dpoujovf!up!
gsvtusbuf!uif!Dpvouzt!fggfdujwf!bmmpdbujpo!pg!sftpvsdft!bt!ju!tusvhhmft!up!
jnqmfnfou!uif!vombxgvm!Tubz.Bu.Ipnf!mbxt!bhbjotu!njmmjpot!pg!jut!
sftjefout/!!)Efdm/!pg!Ibhnbo!·!4-!7.8<!Efdm/!pg!Qpsufs!··!4.7/*!!Uif!Dpvouz-!
boe!jut!sftjefout-!bsf!jo!vshfou!offe!pg!b!efdmbsbujpo!bt!up!uif!Sftqpoefout!
qpxfst!voefs!DFTB/!!!
Fwfo!jg!uif!pqfsbujpo!pg!uif!tubuft!qpxfst!gbmm!up!uif!Hpwfsops-!
::
joufsqsfujoh!uif!mbx!jt!\\tujmm^!b!kvejdjbm!gvodujpo/!!Uif!Dpvouz!sfrvftut!
uibu!uijt!Dpvsu!fyfsdjtf!jut!kvejdjbm!gvodujpo!up!dmbsjgz!uif!qpxfst!boe!
bvuipsjujft!bmmpdbufe!up!uif!Sftqpoefout!voefs!uif!DFTB!boe-!jg!ofdfttbsz-!
efdmbsf!uif!DFTB!vodpotujuvujpobm/!!Uif!qboefnjd!qsftfout!hsbwf!ebohfst!
:7
Pmntufbe!w/!Vojufe!Tubuft!)2:39*!388!V/T/!549-!591!)Csboefjt-!K/-!
ejttfoujoh/*
:8
Dpotfswbupstijq!pg!Spvmfu!)2:8:*!34!Dbm/4e!32:-!336/!
:9
Dpotfswbupstijq!pg!Fbsmz!)2:94*!46!Dbm/4e!335-!364/!
::
NdDmvoh!w/!Fnqmpznfou!Efw/!Efqu!)3115*!45!Dbm/!5ui!578-!581!)djujoh!
Nbscvsz!w/!Nbejtpo!)2914*!6!V/T/!)2!Dsbodi*!248-!288/*
63
up!ivnbojuz!bdsptt!uif!hmpcf-!cvu!ju!dbo!cf!op!mpohfs!dbufhpsj{fe!bt!tveefo-!
211
voqsfejdufe-!ps!efnboejoh!pg!tqffez!bdujpo!gspn!uif!Hpwfsops/
Uijt!Qfujujpo!sfrvjsft!uijt!Dpvsut!jnnfejbuf!buufoujpo!boe!uif!
jttvbodf!pg!uif!xsju!jo!uif!gjstu!jotubodf/!!Uif!foujumfe!sfmjfg!jt!pcwjpvt;!
Sfrvjsf!Hpwfsops!Ofxtpn!boe!uif!DEQI!up!dpnqmz!xjui!uif!
Dpotujuvujpobm!gsbnfxpsl!pg!uif!Tubuf!Dpotujuvujpo/!!Cfdbvtf!uif!Dpvouz
fggfdufe!qfstpobm!tfswjdf!pg!uijt!qfujujpo!boe!b!opujdf!pg!bo!bqqmjdbujpo!gps!b!
xsju!pg!nboebuf!jo!uif!gjstu!jotubodf!po!Sftqpoefout!po!uijt!ebuf!boe!tffl!
bo!jnnfejbuf!tubz!boe!qfsfnqupsz!xsju!pg!nboebuf!jo!uif!gjstu!jotubodf-!
Qfujujpofst!sftqfdugvmmz!sfrvftu!uijt!Dpvsu!up!hjwf!Qbmnb opujdf!up!
212
Sftqpoefout/
Npsfpwfs-!b!qfsfnqupsz!xsju!nbz!jttvf!jo!uif!gjstu!jotubodf!xifo!bu!
mfbtu!ufo!ebzt!opujdf!jt!hjwfo!boe!fbdi!qbsuz!ibt!tvggjdjfou!pqqpsuvojuz!up!
213
cf!ifbse/!!Jo!uijt!dbtf-!21!ebzt!opujdf!jt!cfjoh!hjwfo!up!bmmpx!uif!qbsuz!
tvggjdjfou!ujnf!up!cf!ifbse/!!Cfdbvtf!uif!ibsn!up!uif!Dpvouz!xjmm!dpoujovf!
voujm!Sftqpoefout!gmbhsbou!ejtsfhbse!pg!uif!fovnfsbufe!qpxfst!voefs!uif!
DFTB!jt!beesfttfe-!b!tubz!jt!bqqspqsjbuf!jo!uijt!jotubou!nbuufs/!
211
Nbmjcv-!tvqsb-!71!Dbm/Bqq/4e!bu!q/!277/!
212
Qbmnbw/!V/T/!Joevtusjbm!Gbtufsofst-!Jod/!)2:95*47!Dbm/4e!282-!289<!tff
bmtp!Oh-tvqsb-!5!Dbm/5ui!bu!q/!46!)Qbmnb!qspdfevsf!qspqfs!xifo!uifsf!ibt!
cffo!dmfbs!fssps!voefs!xfmm.tfuumfe!qsjodjqmft!pg!mbx!boe!voejtqvufe!gbdut!/!/!
/!ps!xifo!uifsf!jt!bo!vovtvbm!vshfodz*/!
213
!Dpef!Djw/!Qspd/-!¨!2199/!!Qbmnb-!tvqsb-!47!Dbm/4e!bu!q/!291/!
64
DPODMVTJPO!
Gps!bmm!pg!uif!gpsfhpjoh!sfbtpot-!uif!Dpvouz!sftqfdugvmmz!sfrvftut!
uibu!uijt!Dpvsu!hsbou!uif!sfmjfg!tpvhiu!jo!uif!Wfsjgjfe!Qfujujpo!gps!b
Qfsfnqupsz!Xsju!pg!Nboebuf!jo!uif!Gjstu!Jotubodf!boe!Sfrvftu!gps!
Jnnfejbuf!Tubz/!
Ebufe;!Efdfncfs!25-!3131!```````````````````````````!
Kfoojgfs!M/!Cvstdi!
Obuibo!S/!Lmfjo!
Dpez!K/!Cfmmnfzfs!
Uzmfs!'!Cvstdi-!MMQ!
36137!Mbt!Csjtbt!Se-
Nvssjfub-!Dbmjgpsojb!:3673!
Buupsofz!gps!Qfujujpofst!
65
DFSUJGJDBUF!PG!XPSE!DPVOU!
J-!uif!voefstjhofe!dpvotfm!gps!Qfujujpofst-!sfmzjoh!po!uif!xpse!dpvou!
gvodujpo!pg!Njdsptpgu!Xpse-!uif!dpnqvufs!qsphsbn!vtfe!up!qsfqbsf!uijt!csjfg-!
dfsujgz!uibu!uif!bcpwf!epdvnfou!dpoubjot!24-767!xpset/
`````````````````````
-!Ftr/!
Buupsofz!gps!Qfujujpofst!
66
DFSUJGJDBUF!PG!TFSWJDF!
J!bn!bo!fnqmpzff!jo!uif!Dpvouz!pg!Sjwfstjef/!!J!bn!pwfs!uif!bhf!pg!29!
zfbst!boe!opu!b!qbsuz!up!uif!xjuijo!foujumfe!bdujpo<!nz!cvtjoftt!beesftt!jt!
36137!Mbt!Csjtbt!Spbe-!Nvssjfub-!Dbmjgpsojb!:3673/!
Po!Efdfncfs!25-!3131-!J!tfswfe!b!dpqz!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!
epdvnfou)t*!eftdsjcfe!bt;!
WFSJGJFE!QFUJUJPO!GPS!QFSFNQUPSZ!XSJU!PG
NBOEBUF!JO!UIF!GJSTU!JOTUBODF<!NFNPSBOEVN
PG!QPJOUT!BOE!BVUIPSJUJFT
po!uif!joufsftufe!qbsuz)jft*!jo!uijt!bdujpo!cz.fnbjm!ps!fmfduspojd!tfswjdf!
\\D/D/Q/!Tfdujpo!2121/7<!DSD!3/361.3/372^/!!Uif!epdvnfout!mjtufe!bcpwf!
xfsf!usbotnjuufe!wjb!f.nbjm!up!uif!f.nbjm!beesfttft!po!uif!buubdife!tfswjdf!
mjtu/!
J!efdmbsf!voefs!qfobmuz!pg!qfskvsz!voefs!uif!mbxt!pg!uif!Vojufe!Tubuft!
pg!Bnfsjdb!uibu!uif!gpsfhpjoh!jt!usvf!boe!dpssfdu!boe!uibu!J!bn!bo!fnqmpzff!
jo!uif!pggjdf!pg!b!nfncfs!pg!uif!cbs!pg!uijt!Dpvsu!xip!ejsfdufe!uijt!tfswjdf/!
TifmmzN/!Qbejmmb
67
TFSWJDF!MJTU!
Hpwfsops!Hbwjo!OfxtpnSftqpoefou
ui
2414!21!Tusffu-!Tuf/!2284!
Tbdsbnfoup-!DB!:6925!
):27*556.3952
Fnbjm;!!TfswjdfpgQspdfttAhpw/db/hpw
Sftqpoefou
Tboesb!Tifxsz
Fnbjm;TfswjdfpgQspdfttAhpw/db/hpw
Sftqpoefou
Fsjdb!Qbo-!N/E/!
Fnbjm;!!TfswjdfpgQspdfttAhpw/db/hpw
68
FYIJCJU!2!
FYIJCJU!3!
FYIJCJU!4!
FYIJCJU!5!
FYIJCJU!6!
FYIJCJU!7!
FYIJCJU!8!
FYIJCJU!9!
State of California—Health and Human Services Agency
California Department of Public Health
SANDRA SHEWRY, MPH, MSWGAVIN NEWSOM
Acting DirectorGovernor
Statewide Public Health Officer Order,
August 28, 2020
NOW, THEREFORE, I, as Acting State Public Health Officer of the State of
California, order all of the following:
Terms of Orders
FYIJCJU!:!
FYIJCJU!21
FYIJCJU!22!
Sfhjpobm!Tubz!bu!Ipnf!Psefs2306031-!2311!QN
Tubuf!pg!DbmjgpsojbÅIfbmui!boe!Ivnbo
Tfswjdft!Bhfodz
Dbmjgpsojb!Efqbsunfou!pg
Qvcmjd!Ifbmui
Tboesb!Tifxsz
HBWJO!OFXTPN
Bdujoh!Ejsfdups
Hpwfsops
Fsjdb!T/!Qbo-!NE-!NQI
Bdujoh!Tubuf!Ifbmui!Pjdfs
Efdfncfs!4-!3131
UP;Bmm!Dbmjgpsojbot
TVCKFDU;Sfhjpobm!Tubz!bu!Ipnf!Psefs
Vqpo!bttfttnfou!pg!uif!sfdfou-!voqsfdfefoufe!sjtf!jo!uif!sbuf!pg!jodsfbtf!jo!DPWJE.2:!dbtft-!iptqjubmj{bujpot-!boe
uftu!qptjujwjuz!sbuft!bdsptt!Dbmjgpsojb-!uif!Dbmjgpsojb!Efqbsunfou!pg!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!)DEQI*!jt!ubljoh!jnnfejbuf!bdujpot
up!qsfwfou!uif!tqsfbe!pg!uif!wjsvt/
Uif!Tubuf-!mjlf!uif!obujpo-!dpoujovft!up!sfdpse!bo!voqsfdfefoufe!tvshf!jo!uif!mfwfm!pg!dpnnvojuz!tqsfbe!pg!DPWJE.
2:/!Dbmjgpsojb!jnqmfnfoufe!bo!bddfmfsbufe!bqqmjdbujpo!pg!uif!Cmvfqsjou!Gsbnfxpsl!nfusjdt!po!Opwfncfs!27!boe!b
mjnjufe!Tubz!bu!Ipnf!Psefs!jttvfe!po!Opwfncfs!2:/!Ipxfwfs-!jo!uif!joufsjn-!uif!ovncfs!pg!ofx!dbtft!qfs!ebz!ibt
jodsfbtfe!cz!pwfs!223&-!)gspn!9-854!up!29-699*!boe!uif!sbuf!pg!sjtf!pg!ofx!dbtft!qfs!ebz!dpoujovft!up!jodsfbtf
esbnbujdbmmz/!Uif!ovncfs!pg!ofx!iptqjubm!benjttjpot!ibt!jodsfbtfe!gspn!888!po!Opwfncfs!26-!up!2-762!po
Efdfncfs!3-!boe!cfdbvtf!pg!uif!mbh!cfuxffo!dbtf!jefoujgjdbujpo!boe!iptqjubmj{bujpot-!xf!dbo!pomz!fyqfdu!uiftf
ovncfst!up!jodsfbtf/
Dvssfou!qspkfdujpot!tipx!uibu!xjuipvu!beejujpobm!joufswfoujpo!up!tmpx!uif!tqsfbe!pg!DPWJE.!2:-!uif!ovncfs!pg
bwbjmbcmf!bevmu!Joufotjwf!Dbsf!Voju!)JDV*!cfet!jo!uif!Tubuf!pg!Dbmjgpsojb!xjmm!cf!bu!dbqbdjuz!jo!nje.Efdfncfs/!Uijt!jt!b
tjho!uibu!uif!sbuf!pg!sjtf!jo!dbtft-!jg!ju!dpoujovft-!jt!bu!sjtl!pg!pwfsxifmnjoh!uif!bcjmjuz!pg!Dbmjgpsojb!iptqjubmt!up
efmjwfs!ifbmuidbsf!up!jut!sftjefout!tvfsjoh!gspn!DPWJE.2:!boe!gspn!puifs!jmmofttft!sfrvjsjoh!iptqjubm!dbsf/!JDV!cfet
bsf!b!dsjujdbm!sftpvsdf!gps!joejwjevbmt!xip!offe!uif!nptu!bewbodfe!tvqqpsu!boe!dbsf!boe!uif!bcjmjuz!up!bee
beejujpobm!JDV!dbqbdjuz!jt!mjnjufe!cz!uif!mbdl!pg!bwbjmbcmf!JDV!ovstft!boe!qiztjdjbot!bt!b!sftvmu!pg!uif!obujpoxjef
tvshf!jo!iptqjubmj{bujpot!boe!JDV!benjttjpot/
Cfdbvtf!uif!sbuf!pg!jodsfbtft!jo!ofx!dbtft!dpoujovft!up!ftdbmbuf!boe!uisfbufot!up!pwfsxifmn!uif!tubuf(t!iptqjubm
tztufn-!gvsuifs!bhhsfttjwf!bdujpo!jt!ofdfttbsz!up!sftqpoe!up!uif!rvjdlmz!fwpmwjoh!tjuvbujpo/!Xijmf!wbddjoft!bsf
qspnjtjoh!gvuvsf!joufswfoujpot-!uifz!bsf!opu!bwbjmbcmf!up!beesftt!uif!jnnfejbuf!sjtlt!up!ifbmuidbsf!efmjwfsz!jo!uif
dvssfou!tvshf/!Uif!jnnfejbuf!bhhsfttjwf!jotujuvujpo!pg!beejujpobm!opo.qibsnbdfvujdbm!qvcmjd!ifbmui!joufswfoujpot!jt
dsjujdbm!up!bwpje!gvsuifs!pwfsxifmnjoh!iptqjubmt!boe!up!qsfwfou!uif!offe!up!sbujpo!dbsf/
iuuqt;00xxx/deqi/db/hpw0Qsphsbnt0DJE0EDED0Qbhft0DPWJE.2:0Sfhjpobm.Tubz.bu.Ipnf.Psefs./btqyQbhf!2!pg!5
Sfhjpobm!Tubz!bu!Ipnf!Psefs2306031-!2311!QN
OPX-!UIFSFGPSF-!J-!bt!Bdujoh!Tubuf!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!Pjdfs!pg!uif
Tubuf!pg!Dbmjgpsojb-!psefs;
2/!!!!DEQI!xjmm!fwbmvbuf!qvcmjd!ifbmui!cbtfe!po!Sfhjpot-!sftqpotjwf!up!iptqjubm!dbqbdjuz!gps!qfstpot!sftjefou!jo!uiptf
Sfhjpot/
!
3/!!!!DEQI!xjmm!fwbmvbuf!uif!bevmu!JDV!cfe!dbqbdjuz!gps!fbdi!Sfhjpo!boe!jefoujgz!po!dpwje2:/db/hpw!boz!Sfhjpot!gps
xijdi!uibu!dbqbdjuz!jt!mftt!uibo!26&/!Xifo!uibu!dbqbdjuz!jt!mftt!uibo!26&-!uif!gpmmpxjoh!ufsnt!)uif!Ufsnt!pg!uijt
Psefs*!xjmm!bqqmz/
!
b/!!Bmm!hbuifsjoht!xjui!nfncfst!pg!puifs!ipvtfipmet!bsf!qspijcjufe!jo!uif!Sfhjpo!fydfqu!bt
fyqsfttmz!qfsnjuufe!ifsfjo/
!
c/!!Bmm!joejwjevbmt!mjwjoh!jo!uif!Sfhjpo!tibmm!tubz!ipnf!ps!bu!uifjs!qmbdf!pg!sftjefodf!fydfqu
bt!ofdfttbsz!up!dpoevdu!bdujwjujft!bttpdjbufe!xjui!uif!pqfsbujpo-!nbjoufobodf-!ps!vtbhf!pg
dsjujdbm!jogsbtusvduvsf-2!bt!sfrvjsfe!cz!mbx-!ps!bt!tqfdjgjdbmmz!qfsnjuufe!jo!uijt!psefs/
!
d/!!Xpstijq!boe!qpmjujdbm!fyqsfttjpo!bsf!qfsnjuufe!pvueppst-!dpotjtufou!xjui!fyjtujoh
hvjebodf!gps!uiptf!bdujwjujft/
!
e/!Dsjujdbm!jogsbtusvduvsf!tfdupst!nbz!pqfsbuf!boe!nvtu!dpoujovf!up!npejgz!pqfsbujpot
qvstvbou!up!uif!bqqmjdbcmf!tfdups!hvjebodf/
!
f/!Hvjebodf!sfmbufe!up!tdippmt!sfnbjo!jo!ffdu!boe!vodibohfe/!Bddpsejohmz-!xifo!uijt
Psefs!ublft!ffdu!jo!b!Sfhjpo-!tdippmt!uibu!ibwf!qsfwjpvtmz!sfpqfofe!gps!jo.qfstpo
jotusvdujpo!nbz!sfnbjo!pqfo-!boe!tdippmt!nbz!dpoujovf!up!csjoh!tuvefout!cbdl!gps!jo.
qfstpo!jotusvdujpo!voefs!uif!Fmfnfoubsz!Tdippm!Xbjwfs!Qspdftt!ps!Dpipsujoh!Hvjebodf/
!
g/!Jo!psefs!up!sfevdf!dpohftujpo!boe!uif!sftvmujoh!jodsfbtf!jo!sjtl!pg!usbotnjttjpo!pg!DPWJE.
2:!jo!dsjujdbm!jogsbtusvduvsf!sfubjmfst-!bmm!sfubjmfst!nbz!pqfsbuf!joeppst!bu!op!npsf!uibo!31&
dbqbdjuz!boe!nvtu!gpmmpx!uif!hvjebodf!gps!sfubjmfst/!Bmm!bddftt!up!sfubjm!nvtu!cf!tusjdumz
nfufsfe!up!fotvsf!dpnqmjbodf!xjui!uif!mjnju!po!dbqbdjuz/!Uif!tbmf!pg!gppe-!cfwfsbhft-!boe
bmdpipm!gps!jo.!tupsf!dpotvnqujpo!jt!qspijcjufe/
!
iuuqt;00xxx/deqi/db/hpw0Qsphsbnt0DJE0EDED0Qbhft0DPWJE.2:0Sfhjpobm.Tubz.bu.Ipnf.Psefs./btqyQbhf!3!pg!5
Sfhjpobm!Tubz!bu!Ipnf!Psefs2306031-!2311!QN
h/Up!qspnpuf!boe!qspufdu!uif!qiztjdbm!boe!nfoubm!xfmm.cfjoh!pg!qfpqmf!jo!Dbmjgpsojb-
pvuepps!sfdsfbujpo!gbdjmjujft!nbz!dpoujovf!up!pqfsbuf/!Uiptf!gbdjmjujft!nbz!opu!tfmm!gppe!ps
esjol!gps!po.tjuf!dpotvnqujpo/!Pwfsojhiu!tubzt!bu!dbnqhspvoet!bsf!opu!qfsnjuufe/
i/Opuijoh!jo!uijt!Psefs!qsfwfout!boz!ovncfs!pg!qfstpot!gspn!uif!tbnf!ipvtfipme!gspn
mfbwjoh!uifjs!sftjefodf-!mpehjoh-!ps!ufnqpsbsz!bddpnnpebujpo-!bt!mpoh!bt!uifz!ep!opu
fohbhf!jo!boz!joufsbdujpo!xjui!)ps!puifsxjtf!hbuifs!xjui*!boz!ovncfs!pg!qfstpot!gspn!boz
puifs!ipvtfipme-!fydfqu!bt!tqfdjgjdbmmz!qfsnjuufe!ifsfjo/
j/Ufsnt!)b*!boe!)c*!pg!uijt!tfdujpo!ep!opu!bqqmz!up!qfstpot!fyqfsjfodjoh!ipnfmfttoftt/
4/Fydfqu!bt!puifsxjtf!sfrvjsfe!cz!mbx-!op!ipufm!ps!mpehjoh!foujuz!jo!Dbmjgpsojb!tibmm!bddfqu!ps!ipops!pvu!pg!tubuf
sftfswbujpot!gps!opo.fttfoujbm!usbwfm-!vomftt!uif!sftfswbujpo!jt!gps!bu!mfbtu!uif!njojnvn!ujnf!qfsjpe!sfrvjsfe!gps
rvbsboujof!boe!uif!qfstpot!jefoujgjfe!jo!uif!sftfswbujpo!xjmm!rvbsboujof!jo!uif!ipufm!ps!mpehjoh!foujuz!voujm!bfs!uibu
ujnf!qfsjpe!ibt!fyqjsfe/
5/Uijt!psefs!tibmm!ublf!ffdu!po!Efdfncfs!6-!3131!b
u!236:qn!QTU/
6/Gps!Sfhjpot!xifsf!uif!bevmu!JDV!cfe!dbqbdjuz!gbmmt!cfmpx!26&!bfs!uif!ffdujwf!ebuf!pg!uijt!psefs-!uif!Ufsnt!pg
uijt!Psefs!tibmm!ublf!ffdu!35!ipvst!bfs!uibu!bttfttnfou/
7/Uif!Ufsnt!pg!uijt!Psefs!tibmm!sfnbjo!jo!qmbdf!gps!bu!mfbtu!uisff!xfflt!gspn!uif!ebuf!uif!psefs!ublft!ffdu!jo!b
Sfhjpo!boe!tibmm!dpoujovf!voujm!DEQI(t!gpvs.xffl!qspkfdujpot!pg!uif!Sfhjpo(t!upubm!bwbjmbcmf!bevmu!JDV!cfe!dbqbdjuz
jt!hsfbufs!uibo!ps!frvbm!up!26&/!Gpvs.xffl!bevmu!JDV!cfe!dbqbdjuz!qspkfdujpot!xjmm!cf!nbef!bqqspyjnbufmz!uxjdf!b
xffl-!vomftt!DEQI!efufsnjoft!uibu!qvcmjd!ifbmui!dpoejujpot!nfsju!bo!bmufsobuf!qspkfdujpo!tdifevmf/!Jg!bfs!uisff
xfflt!gspn!uif!ffdujwf!ebuf!pg!uif!Ufsnt!pg!uijt!Psefs!jo!b!Sfhjpo-!DEQI(t!gpvs.xffl!qspkfdujpot!pg!uif!Sfhjpo(t
upubm!bwbjmbcmf!bevmu!JDV!cfe!dbqbdjuz!jt!hsfbufs!uibo!ps!frvbm!up!26&-!uif!Ufsnt!pg!uijt!Psefs!tibmm!op!mpohfs!bqqmz
up!uif!Sfhjpo
8/Bfs!uif!ufsnjobujpo!pg!uif!Ufsnt!pg!uijt!Psefs!jo!b!Sfhjpo-!fbdi!dpvouz!xjuijo!uif!Sfhjpo!xjmm!cf!bttjhofe!up!b
ujfs!cbtfe!po!uif!Cmvfqsjou!gps!b!Tbgfs!Fdpopnz!bt!tfu!pvu!jo!nz!Bvhvtu!39-!3131!Psefs-!boe!uif!Dpvouz!jt!tvckfdu!up
uif!sftusjdujpot!pg!uif!Cmvfqsjou!bqqspqsjbuf!up!uibu!ujfs/
iuuqt;00xxx/deqi/db/hpw0Qsphsbnt0DJE0EDED0Qbhft0DPWJE.2:0Sfhjpobm.Tubz.bu.Ipnf.Psefs./btqyQbhf!4!pg!5
Sfhjpobm!Tubz!bu!Ipnf!Psefs2306031-!2311!QN
9/!!!!J!xjmm!dpoujovf!up!npojups!uif!fqjefnjpmphjdbm!ebub!boe!xjmm!npejgz!uijt!Sfhjpobm!Tubz.bu.Ipnf!Psefs!bt
sfrvjsfe!cz!uif!fwpmwjoh!qvcmjd!ifbmui!dpoejujpot/!Jg!J!efufsnjof!uibu!ju!jt!ofdfttbsz!up!dibohf!uif!Ufsnt!pg!uijt
Psefs-!ps!puifsxjtf!npejgz!uif!Sfhjpobm!Tubz.bu.Ipnf!Psefs-!uiftf!npejgjdbujpot!xjmm!cf!qptufe!bu!dpwje2:/db/hpw/
:/!!!!Xifo!pqfsbujwf!jo!b!Sfhjpo-!uif!Ufsnt!pg!uijt!Psefs!tvqfstfef!boz!dpogmjdujoh!ufsnt!jo!puifs!DEQI!psefst-
ejsfdujwft-!ps!hvjebodf/!Tqfdjgjdbmmz-!gps!uiptf!Sfhjpot!xjui!JDV!cfe!dbqbdjuz!usjhhfsjoh!uijt!psefs-!uif!Ufsnt!pg!uijt
Psefs!tibmm!tvqfstfef!uif!Tubuf(t!Cmvfqsjou!gps!b!Tbgfs!Fdpopnz!boe!bmm!hvjebodf!)puifs!uibo!hvjebodf!gps!dsjujdbm
jogsbtusvduvsf!tfdupst*!evsjoh!uif!pqfsbujwf!qfsjpe/!Jo!bmm!Sfhjpot!uibu!bsf!opu!tvckfdu!up!uif!sftusjdujpot!jo!uijt
psefs-!uif!Cmvfqsjou!gps!b!Tbgfs!Fdpopnz!boe!bmm!hvjebodf!tibmm!sfnbjo!jo!ffdu/
!
21/!Uijt!psefs!jt!jttvfe!qvstvbou!up!Ifbmui!boe!Tbgfuz!Dpef!tfdujpot!231236-!231241)d*-!231246-!231251-!231256-
231286-2312:6!boe!242191<!FP!O.71.31-!O.36.31-!boe!puifs!bvuipsjuz!qspwjefe!gps!voefs!uif!Fnfshfodz!Tfswjdft
Bdu<!boe!puifs!bqqmjdbcmf!mbx/
!
Fsjdb!T/!Qbo-!NE-!NQI
Bdujoh!Tubuf!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!Pjdfs!
Dbmjgpsojb!Efqbsunfou!pg!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui
Dbmjgpsojb!Efqbsunfou!pg!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui
QP!Cpy-!::8488-!NT!1611-!Tbdsbnfoup-!DB!:69::.8488!
Efqbsunfou!Xfctjuf!)deqi/db/hpw*
Qbhf!Mbtu!Vqebufe!;!Efdfncfs!5-!3131
iuuqt;00xxx/deqi/db/hpw0Qsphsbnt0DJE0EDED0Qbhft0DPWJE.2:0Sfhjpobm.Tubz.bu.Ipnf.Psefs./btqyQbhf!5!pg!5
S______________
IN THE SUPREME COURT
OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
COUNTY OF SAN BERNARDINO; and JOSIE GONZALES, an
individual
Petitioners,
vs.
GAVIN NEWSOM, in his official capacity as Governor of California,
ERICA PAN, M.D., in her official capacity as Acting Public Health
Officer of the State of California, SANDRA SHEWRY, in her official
capacity as the State Public Health Officer and Department of Public
Health Director
Respondents.
DECLARATION OF MATTHEW ERICKSON IN SUPPORT OF
VERIFIED PETITION FOR PEREMPTORY WRIT OF MANDATE
IN THE FIRST INSTANCE
IMMEDIATE RELIEF REQUESTED
NO LATER THAN DECEMBER ___, 2020
(PalmaNotice Requested)
TYLER & BURSCH, LLP
Jennifer L. Bursch (State Bar No. 245512)
jbursch@tylerbursch.com
Nathan R. Klein (State Bar No. 306268)
nklein@tylerbursch.com
Cody J. Bellmeyer (State Bar No. 326530)
cbellmeyer@tylerbursch.com
25026 Las Brisas Road
Murrieta, California 92562
Tel: (951) 600-2733
Fax: (951) 600-4996
Attorneys for Petitioners
1
SERVICE LIST
Governor Gavin NewsomRespondent
th
1303 10 Street, Ste. 1173
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 445-2841
Email:ServiceofProcess@gov.ca.gov
Respondent
Sandra Shewry
Email:ServiceofProcess@gov.ca.gov
Respondent
Erica Pan, M.D.
Email:ServiceofProcess@gov.ca.gov
Attorney for Respondents
California Office of the Attorney
General
Xavier Becerra, Attorney General
Email: xavier.becerra@doj.ca.gov
7
S______________
IN THE SUPREME COURT
OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
COUNTY OF SAN BERNARDINO; and JOSIE GONZALES, an
individual
Petitioners,
vs.
GAVIN NEWSOM, in his official capacity as Governor of California,
ERICA PAN, M.D., in her official capacity as Acting Public Health
Officer of the State of California, SANDRA SHEWRY, in her official
capacity as the State Public Health Officer and Department of Public
Health Director
Respondents.
DECLARATION OF CURT HAGMANIN SUPPORT OF
VERIFIED PETITION FOR PEREMPTORY WRIT OF MANDATE
INTHEFIRST INSTANCE
IMMEDIATE RELIEF REQUESTED
NO LATER THAN DECEMBER ___, 2020
(PalmaNotice Requested)
TYLER & BURSCH, LLP
Jennifer L. Bursch (State Bar No. 245512)
jbursch@tylerbursch.com
Nathan R. Klein (State Bar No. 306268)
nklein@tylerbursch.com
Cody J. Bellmeyer (State Bar No. 326530)
cbellmeyer@tylerbursch.com
25026 Las Brisas Road
Murrieta, California 92562
Tel: (951) 600-2733
Fax:(951) 600-4996
Attorneys for Petitioners
1
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
I am an employee in the County of Riverside. I am over theage of
18 years and not a party to the within entitled action; my business address is
25026Las Brisas Road, Murrieta, California 92562.
On December 14, 2020, I served a copy of the following
document(s) described as:
DECLARATION OF CURT HAGMAN IN SUPPORT OF
VERIFIED PETITION FOR PEREMPTORY WRIT OF
MANDATE IN THE FIRST INSTANCE
on the interested party(ies) in this action by-email or electronic service
\[C.C.P. Section 1010.6; CRC 2.250-2.261\]. The documents listed above
were transmitted via e-mail to the e-mail addresses on theattached service
list.
I declare under penalty of perjury under the laws of the United States
of America that the foregoing is true and correct and that I am an employee
in the office of a member of the bar of this Court who directed this service.
ShellyM. Padilla
4
SERVICE LIST
Governor Gavin NewsomRespondent
th
1303 10 Street, Ste. 1173
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 445-2841
Email:ServiceofProcess@gov.ca.gov
Respondent
Sandra Shewry
Email:ServiceofProcess@gov.ca.gov
Respondent
Erica Pan, M.D.
Email:ServiceofProcess@gov.ca.gov
Attorney for Respondents
California Office of the Attorney
General
Xavier Becerra, Attorney General
Email: xavier.becerra@doj.ca.gov
7
S______________
IN THE SUPREME COURT
OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
COUNTY OF SAN BERNARDINO; and JOSIE GONZALES, an
individual
Petitioners,
vs.
GAVIN NEWSOM, in his official capacity as Governor of California,
ERICA PAN, M.D., in her official capacity as Acting Public Health
Officer of the State of California, SANDRA SHEWRY, in her official
capacity as the State Public Health Officer and Department of Public
Health Director
Respondents.
DECLARATION OF JOHN McMAHON IN SUPPORT OF
VERIFIED PETITION FOR PEREMPTORY WRIT OF MANDATE
IN THE FIRST INSTANCE
IMMEDIATE RELIEF REQUESTED
NO LATER THAN DECEMBER ___, 2020
(PalmaNotice Requested)
TYLER & BURSCH, LLP
Jennifer L. Bursch (State Bar No. 245512)
jbursch@tylerbursch.com
Nathan R. Klein (State Bar No. 306268)
nklein@tylerbursch.com
Cody J. Bellmeyer (State Bar No. 326530)
cbellmeyer@tylerbursch.com
25026 Las Brisas Road
Murrieta, California 92562
Tel: (951) 600-2733
Fax: (951) 600-4996
Attorneys for Petitioners
1
I,JOHN McMAHON, the undersigned, declare as follows:
1.I am the Sheriff/Coroner/Public Administrator for the County
of San Bernardino (the “County”). I have held this position since being
appointed 2013 to fulfill an unexpired term and I have since been elected and
reelected. I make the following declaration based on my own personal
knowledge and if called to testify as a witness I could and would testify
competently thereto.
2.The Sheriff’s Department (“Department”) provides law
enforcement services in the largest county in the contiguous United States by
area. The Department provides a full range of law enforcement services
throughout the County’s unincorporated areas and for 14 cities/towns within
the County and for the San Manuel Band of Mission Indians, thereby serving
a substantial portion of the County’s approximate population of 2.2 million.
The Department is charged with upholding peace, enforcing the law, and
serving the interests of the County’s residents through all facets of law
enforcement including: patrol activities, investigations, crime laboratory
services, operation of jails, and aviation services for general patrol and search
and rescue activities. The Department accomplishes these goals by
responding to emergency calls, non-emergency calls, investigating incidents,
and providing an active presence with the County by performing regular
patrolling. In addition to the services provided pursuant to my obligations as
Sheriff, as the Coroner, it is my obligation to investigate the cause and
manner of death of individuals, while the office of Public Administrator
manages the estate of deceased persons for whom no executor is appointed.
As Sheriff it is my job to establish and oversee the implementation of
Department policies, goals, performance measures.
2
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
I am an employee in the County of Riverside. I am over the age of 18
years and not a party to the within entitled action; my business address is
25026 Las Brisas Road, Murrieta, California 92562.
On December 14, 2020, I served a copy of the following
document(s) described as:
DECLARATION OF JOHN McMAHON IN SUPPORT OF
VERIFIED PETITION FOR PEREMPTORY WRIT OF
MANDATE IN THE FIRST INSTANCE
on the interested party(ies) in this action by-email or electronic service
\[C.C.P. Section 1010.6; CRC 2.250-2.261\]. The documents listed above
were transmitted via e-mail to the e-mail addresses on the attached service
list.
I declare under penalty of perjury under the laws of the United States
of America that the foregoing is true and correct and that I am an employee
in the office of a member of the bar of this Court who directed this service.
ShellyM. Padilla
4
SERVICE LIST
Governor Gavin NewsomRespondent
th
1303 10 Street, Ste. 1173
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916)445-2841
Email:ServiceofProcess@gov.ca.gov
Respondent
Sandra Shewry
Email:ServiceofProcess@gov.ca.gov
Respondent
Erica Pan, M.D.
Email: ServiceofProcess@gov.ca.gov
5
S______________
IN THE SUPREME COURT
OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
COUNTY OF SAN BERNARDINO; and JOSIE GONZALES, an
individual
Petitioners,
vs.
GAVIN NEWSOM, in his official capacity as Governor of California,
ERICA PAN, M.D., in her official capacity as Acting Public Health
Officer of the State of California, SANDRA SHEWRY, in her official
capacity as the State Public Health Officer and Department of Public
Health Director
Respondents.
DECLARATION OF CORWIN PORTER IN SUPPORT OF
VERIFIED PETITION FOR PEREMPTORY WRIT OF MANDATE
IN THE FIRST INSTANCE
IMMEDIATE RELIEF REQUESTED
NO LATER THAN DECEMBER ___, 2020
(PalmaNotice Requested)
TYLER & BURSCH, LLP
Jennifer L. Bursch (State Bar No. 245512)
jbursch@tylerbursch.com
Nathan R. Klein (State Bar No. 306268)
nklein@tylerbursch.com
Cody J. Bellmeyer (State Bar No. 326530)
cbellmeyer@tylerbursch.com
25026 Las Brisas Road
Murrieta, California 92562
Tel: (951) 600-2733
Fax: (951) 600-4996
Attorneys for Petitioners
1
SERVICE LIST
Governor Gavin NewsomRespondent
th
1303 10 Street, Ste. 1173
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 445-2841
Email:ServiceofProcess@gov.ca.gov
Respondent
Sandra Shewry
Email:ServiceofProcess@gov.ca.gov
Respondent
Erica Pan, M.D.
Email:ServiceofProcess@gov.ca.gov
Attorney for Respondents
California Office of the Attorney
General
Xavier Becerra, Attorney General
Email: xavier.becerra@doj.ca.gov
7
S______________
IN THE SUPREME COURT
OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
COUNTY OF SAN BERNARDINO; and JOSIE GONZALES, an
individual
Petitioners,
vs.
GAVIN NEWSOM, in his official capacity as Governor of California,
ERICA PAN, M.D., in her official capacity as Acting Public Health
Officer of the State of California, SANDRA SHEWRY, in her official
capacity as the State Public Health Officer and Department of Public
Health Director
Respondents.
DECLARATION OF LUTHER SNOKE IN SUPPORT OF VERIFIED
PETITION FOR PEREMPTORY WRIT OF MANDATE IN THE
FIRST INSTANCE
IMMEDIATE RELIEF REQUESTED
NO LATER THAN DECEMBER ___, 2020
(PalmaNotice Requested)
TYLER & BURSCH, LLP
Jennifer L. Bursch (State Bar No. 245512)
jbursch@tylerbursch.com
Nathan R. Klein (State Bar No. 306268)
nklein@tylerbursch.com
Cody J. Bellmeyer (State Bar No. 326530)
cbellmeyer@tylerbursch.com
25026 Las Brisas Road
Murrieta, California 92562
Tel: (951) 600-2733
Fax: (951) 600-4996
Attorneys for Petitioners
1
SERVICE LIST
Governor Gavin NewsomRespondent
th
1303 10 Street, Ste. 1173
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 445-2841
Email:ServiceofProcess@gov.ca.gov
Respondent
Sandra Shewry
Email:ServiceofProcess@gov.ca.gov
Respondent
Erica Pan, M.D.
Email:ServiceofProcess@gov.ca.gov
Attorney for Respondents
California Office of the Attorney
General
Xavier Becerra, Attorney General
Email: xavier.becerra@doj.ca.gov
7
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Psbohf!Dpvouz!Cpbse!pg!Fevdbujpo!
!
!
Psbohf!Dpvouz!Efqbsunfou!pg!Fevdbujpo!
311!Lbmnvt!
Dptub!Nftb-!DB!
Tqfdjbm!Dpnnvojuz!Gpsvn!po!
Pqfojoh!Tdippmt!jo!Psbohf!Dpvouz!
!!!
Sfdpnnfoebujpot!gps!uif!Tbgf!boe!Fggfdujwf!Sfpqfojoh!!
pg!Psbohf!Dpvouz!Tdippmt
!
!
!
!
Gpsvn!Npefsbups!
Xjmm!Txbjn-!Qsftjefou-!Dbmjgpsojb!Qpmjdz!Dfoufs
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
21!cjo.
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
.
!
!
!
.!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!!
!!
!
!
!!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
!!
!!
!
!!
!
!
!!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!!
!!
!!
!!
!!
!!
!
!
!!
!!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Qsftt!sfmfbtf!
Mpdbm!Qfejbusjdjbot!Vshf!Dpmmbcpsbujwf!Efdjtjpo.Nbljoh!Bcpvu!Sfpqfojoh!Tdippmt!!
QBTBEFOB-!DB!)Kvof!3-!3131*!!
Bt!qfejbusjdjbot-!pvs!upq!qsjpsjuz!jt!uif!ifbmui!boe!tbgfuz!pg!pvs!dijmesfo/!Xf!vshf!uiptf!jo!qvcmjd!
ifbmui!boe!fevdbujpo!up!xpsl!uphfuifs!up!tusjlf!uif!sjhiu!cbmbodf!cfuxffo!qsfwfoujoh!uif!tqsfbe!
pg!DPWJE.2:!boe!qspwjejoh!dijmesfo!xjui!uif!fevdbujpo-!ovusjujpo-!qiztjdbm!bdujwjuz-!boe!nfoubm!
ifbmui!cfofgjut!qspwjefe!uispvhi!uif!sfpqfojoh!pg!tdippmt/!!
Uif!sjtl!pg!DPWJE.2:!usbotnjttjpo!bnpoh!hspvqt!pg!dijmesfo!ibt!opu!cffo!xfmm.tuvejfe-!cvu!
dvssfou!sftfbsdi!tvhhftut!uibu!uif!sjtl!jt!nvdi!mpxfs!uibo!uif!bevmu!qpqvmbujpo/!Uif!ofhbujwf!
fggfdut!pg!njttjoh!jo.qfstpo!fevdbujpobm!ujnf!bt!dijmesfo!fyqfsjfodf!qspmpohfe!qfsjpet!pg!
jtpmbujpo!boe!mbdl!pg!jotusvdujpo-!ipxfwfs-!jt!dmfbs/!Dijmesfo!sfmz!po!tdippmt!gps!nvmujqmf!offet-!
jodmvejoh!cvu!opu!mjnjufe!up!fevdbujpo-!ovusjujpo-!qiztjdbm!bdujwjuz-!tpdjbmj{bujpo-!boe!nfoubm!
ifbmui/!Tqfdjbm!qpqvmbujpot!pg!tuvefout!sfdfjwf!tfswjdft!gps!ejtbcjmjujft!boe!puifs!dpoejujpot!uibu!
bsf!wjsuvbmmz!jnqpttjcmf!up!efmjwfs!pomjof/!Qspmpohjoh!b!nfbojohgvm!sfuvso!up!jo.qfstpo!fevdbujpo!
xpvme!sftvmu!jo!ivoesfet!pg!uipvtboet!pg!dijmesfo!jo!Mpt!Bohfmft!Dpvouz!cfjoh!bu!sjtl!gps!
xpstfojoh!bdbefnjd-!efwfmpqnfoubm!boe!ifbmui!pvudpnft/!!
Cfdbvtf!pg!uif!obuvsf!pg!DPWJE.2:!boe!pg!Mpt!Bohfmft!Dpvouz-!xf!dboopu!jnqmfnfou!b!pof.!
tj{f.!gjut.bmm!tfu!pg!svmft!gps!sfpqfojoh!tdippmt/!Mpt!Bohfmft!Dpvouz!dpwfst!npsf!uibo!5-811!
trvbsf!njmft!boe!ibt!b!qpqvmbujpo!pg!npsf!uibo!21!njmmjpo/!Tdippmt!nvtu!ibwf!uif!gmfyjcjmjuz!up!
jnqmfnfou!joufsnjuufou!dmptvsft-!qibtfe!sfpqfojoht-!boe!jtpmbujpo!qspupdpmt!uibu!bsf!bqqspqsjbuf!
gps!uifjs!tqfdjgjd!bsfbt!boe!uifjs!tqfdjgjd!qpqvmbujpot/!!
foumz!jttvfe!hvjefmjoft!gps!tdippmt!sf.pqfojoh!jo!Mpt!Bohfmft!Dpvouz!bsf!
xfbsjoh!
nbtlt!uispvhipvu!uif!ebz!dbo!ijoefs!mbohvbhf!boe!tpdjp.fnpujpobm!efwfmpqnfou-!qbsujdvmbsmz!gps!
!
u!xibu!jt!gfbtjcmf!gps!uif!nptu!ovncfs!pg!tuvefout!up!sfuvso!up!
jo.!
Uif!BBQ!fodpvsbhft!dpmmbcpsbujwf!efdjtjpo.nbljoh!bnpoh!tdippm!ejtusjdut!boe!mpdbm!boe!tubuf!
qvcmjd!ifbmui!efqbsunfout!up!cbmbodf!uif!bdbefnjd!offet!pg!tuvefout!xjui!njojnj{joh!uif!sjtl!pg!
usbotnjttjpo!pg!DPWJE.2:/!Qfejbusjdjbot!xbou!up!cf!jowpmwfe!jo!uiftf!ejtdvttjpot!bt!fyqfsut!po!
.qfstpo!
fevdbujpo!jotdippmt!dbo!cf!gpvoe!po!pvs!xfctjuf!bu;!!
iuuqt;00tfswjdft/bbq/psh0fo0qbhft0312:.opwfm.dpspobwjsvt.dpwje.2:.jogfdujpot0dmjojdbm.!
hvjebodf0dpwje.2:.qmboojoh.dpotjefsbujpot.sfuvso.up.jo.qfstpo.fevdbujpo.jo.tdippmt0!!
Uif!Tpvuifso!Dbmjgpsojb!dibqufs!pg!uif!Bnfsjdbo!Bdbefnz!pg!Qfejbusjdt!jt!bo!pshboj{bujpo!pg!
2-611!qsjnbsz!dbsf!qfejbusjdjbot-!qfejbusjd!nfejdbm!tvctqfdjbmjtut!boe!qfejbusjd!tvshjdbm!
tqfdjbmjtut!efejdbufe!up!uif!ifbmui-!tbgfuz!boe!xfmm.cfjoh!pg!jogbout-!dijmesfo-!bepmftdfout!boe!
zpvoh!bevmut/!!
BBQ!Tpvuifso!Dbmjgpsojb!Dibqufs!3!)BBQ.DB3*!Dibqufs3Abbq.db/psh!)929*!533.:988!
xxx/bbqdb3/psh!!
!
MEMORANDUM
COUNTY EXECUTIVE OFFICE
ADMINISTRATION
County of Placer
TO:Honorable Board of SupervisorsDATE:September 8, 2020
FROM:Todd Leopold, County Executive Officer
SUBJECT:Resolution Proclaiming Termination of the Placer County Declaration of Local
Health Emergency Regarding COVID-19 and Rescinding Resolution No. 2020-
034, as Modified by Resolution 2020-137, in its Entirety.
____________________________________________________________________________
ACTION REQUESTED
Consider a resolution proclaiming the termination of the Placer County declaration of local
health emergency regarding COVID-19 and rescinding Resolution No. 2020-034, as modified by
Resolution 2020-137, in its entirety.
BACKGROUND
The attached resolution memorializes the County and State actions to date to limit the spread of
Covid 19. Since the s declaration of a local health emergency on March 9, 2020, the
County has worked diligently and in good faith to manage local disease spread to the extent
possible, sharing community health information, reporting Covid case dynamics at each Board
meeting, updating its publiclywebsite-accessible Covid dashboard for community reference
(https://www.placer.ca.gov/DocumentCenter/View/46267/dashboard?bidId=#case-rate-and-
testing-data), addressing the needs of vulnerable populations throughoutthe Countyand
clarifying State guidance so local businesses could responsibly reopen consistent with state
public health ordersand safety protocols.
considerableefforts have yielded a remarkablylow incidence of
Covid disease, both in termsof case rates and testing positivity rates, the latest metrics used by
the State in its Blueprint for a Safer Economy, announced by Governor Newsom on August 28,
effective August 31. While this new framework uses lagging data which places Placer County in
its most restrictive tier for business reopenings, local data suggest there is sufficient cause to
terminate the local health emergency, acknowledgingthe CAState of Emergency and CA
Department of Public Health (CDPH) orders, directives and guidance remain in effect.
Because of this discrepancy with local data and the Statelagging metrics, the proposed
resolution also expresses the concerns withthestate framework for measuring Covid
dynamics, as it mischaracterizesthe current state of disease in Placer County, to the detriment
-being. These concerns have been
addressed to Governor Newsom in four letters to date(attached),to which the State has not yet
responded at this writing.
FISCAL IMPACT
There is no known fiscal impact to the County from the proposed action.
33
Honorable Board of Supervisors
September 8, 2020
Resolution to Terminate Local Health Emergency and Protest State Blueprint for a Safer Economy
Page 2
ATTACHMENTS:
Attachment 1: Resolution
Attachment 2: Letters dated July 30, August 5, August 21 and August 26, 2020
34
Before the Board of Supervisors
County of Placer, State of California
In the matter of:
Resolution ofthe Board of Supervisors Proclaiming the
ResolutionNo.: ____________
Termination of the Placer County DeclarationofLocal
Health EmergencyRegarding COVID-19and Rescinding
Resolution No. 2020-034,as modified by Resolution2020-
137,inits entirety.
The following Resolution was duly passed by the Board of Supervisors of the County of Placer
at a regular meeting held______________, by the following vote:
Ayes:
Noes:
Absent:
Signed and approved by me after its passage.
_______________________________
Chair, Board of Supervisors
Attest:
_______________________
Clerk of said Board
WHEREAS, on March 2, 2020 Placer County Public Health reported the first
confirmed case of COVID-19 in Placer County;and
WHEREAS, on March 3, 2020 the Placer County Public Health Officer issued a
Declaration of Local Health Emergency, pursuant to California Health and Safety Code
Section 101080,and the County Executive Officer issued a proclamation ofthe
existence of a county-wide local emergency, pursuant to Government CodeSections
8630 and 8558; and
WHEREAS, on March 4, 2020, California Governor Gavin Newsom declared a
State of Emergencyto formalize emergency actions and help
prepare for the broader spread of the COVID-19 disease; and
Page1of 7
35
WHEREAS, on March9, 2020, the Placer County Board of Supervisors passed a
resolutionratifying the Declaration of Local Health Emergency (Resolution No.2020-
034);and
WHEREAS, on March 19, 2020, Governor Newsom issued Executive Order N-
33-20 orderingall individuals in California to stay in their place of residence except as
needed tomaintain continuity of operations of federalcritical infrastructure sectors,
thereby reducing and stopping non-essential businesses from continuing operations
at; and
WHEREAS, on March 19, 2020,the Placer County Health Officer issued a
directive instructingindividuals to shelter at their place of residence and restricting non-
essential activities in response to the COVID-19 outbreak;and
WHEREAS,on April 10, 2020, the Placer County Health Officer issued an order,
th
which was amended on April 16, 2020, to replace the March 19Directive. The April
16, 2020 Order clarified, strengthened, and extended the terms of the previous directive
to reduce person-to-person contact and increase physical distancing in order to further
slow transmission of COVID-19.The Order was issued basedon the increasing
occurrence of cases of COVID-19, and itexpired on May 1, 2020; and
WHEREAS, on May7, 2020, the California State Public Health Officer and
Director of the California Department of Public Health orderedthat all local health
jurisdictions in the statecouldbegin agradual movement into Stage 2of Californias
Pandemic Roadmap to Resilience,which allowed for the gradual reopening of
businesses under the state order; and
WHEREAS, on May 11,2020, the Board approved the Placer County Health
Officers attestation for a variance from the California Department of Public Healthto
move more quickly throughStage 2 ofCalifornias Pandemic Roadmapthan the rest of
the state; and
WHEREAS, on May 12, 2020, the California Department of PublicHealth granted
Placer Countysvariance application; and
WHEREAS, on June 12, 2020, several Stage 3 economic sectors in Placer
County were allowed toresume operations after the California Department of Public
Health provided guidance for how thesesectors could reopen under the states
guidelines; and
WHEREAS, numerous businesses and uses in Placer County resumed
operations in Placer County in reliance on the States guidelines; and
WHEREAS, on June 18, 2020, GovernorNewsom and the CDPH mandatedthe
wearing ofmasks or cloth face coverings in most indoor public spaces, with very limited
exceptions; and
WHEREAS, on June 23, 2020, the Board adopted Resolution No. 2020-137
which amended Resolution No. 2020-034 to return the authority to terminatethe local
health emergency to the Board of Supervisors; and
Page2of 7
36
WHEREAS,on June 30, 2020, Placer County, as a statecondition to receive
CARES Actfunding(i.e. federal fundingallocated to local governments under the
Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and EconomicSecurity Act\[HR748; CARES Act\])certifiedthat
itwouldadhereto federalguidance and the states stay-at-home requirements and
other health requirements as directed in gubernatorial Executive Order N-33-20, and
subsequent Executive Orders or statutes,and all California Department of Public Health
orders, directives, and guidance in response to COVID-19 emergency; and
WHEREAS, on July 1, 2020, Governor Newsom and the CDPH ordered that all
counties on the statewatch list for more than three days inarow would have to shut
down bars and a range of indoor businesses, including dine-in restaurants, cardrooms
and movietheaters; and
WHEREAS, on July 11, 2020, the State Public Health Officer issued an
Amended State Public Health Officer Order for PlacerCountyafter PlacerCounty was
g list for three days. The state order(which is still in
effect)required the closure of bars and indoor operations for certainsectors
(restaurants, wineries, family entertainment centers, zoos, museums, and cardrooms);
and
WHEREAS,on July 13, 2020, Governor Newsom mandateda statewide
shutdown of bars, indoor and outdoor service, and the shutdown of indoor dine-in
restaurants, wineries, movie theaters, zoos, museums, cardrooms,and other
entertainment centers.For counties, determined by the state CDPHto be on a-
listdersuspended indoor business for places ofworship, fitness centers,
shopping malls, personal care services, non-essential office spaces, hair salons and
barbershops; and
WHEREAS, as a result of the states action, the businesses who had expended
th
time and money to adhere to the State guidelines and reopenedon or around June 12
were forced again to closedown most operations; and
WHEREAS, on July 17, 2020,the CDPH released a school reopening framework
that precluded schools from reopening for in-person instruction until 14 days after a
county is removed for the state watch list. The CDPH alsoannounced a waiver process
by which elementary schools could reopen for in-person instruction ifthey were granted
a waiver by the local Public Health Officer; and
WHEREAS, on August 7, 2020, the Governor and CDPH disclosed a statedata
glitch that resulted in an undercounting of the rate of COVID-19 infection fromJuly25,
2020toAugust 4, 2020,caused up to 300,000 records to be backlogged,and ledto
CDPH freezingthe statewatch list, as of July 31, 2020, resulting in nocounty, including
Placer, being able to move off the watch list until the State fixed its computer program
problems; and
WHEREAS,finally on August 19, 2020, the County was removed from the
Monitoring Listand the 14-daycountdown began to reopen schoolsin Placer;and
WHEREAS,onAugust28,2020,theStatePublicHealthOfficeissuedanew
frameworkentitledBlueprintforaSaferEconomy(Blueprint),whichtheState
Page3of 7
37
claimedwouldallowforthesafeprogressionofopeningupmorebusinessesineach
countysoimpactsofanygivenchangecanbefullyevaluated;and
WHEREAStheBlueprintisacolorcodedfourtiersystemwiththetiers
representingtheriskofcommunitydiseasetransmissionwithanassociatedlistof
usesandbusinessesthatcanreopenandthepercentageofreopeningpermitted.Tier
4(Yellow)ischaracterizedasminimaltransmissionandattheotherendofthe
spectrum,Tier1(Purple)ischaracterizedassubstantialtransmission;and
WHEREAS,asofAugust28,2020,thevastmajorityofcounties,including
Placer,wererankedinthewidespreadormostrestrictivecategory(Tier1-Purple),
despitethefactthatPlacerandSanDiegohadbeen(asofthatdate)offthemonitoring
listformorethan14days.WhilePlacerremainsinTier1,SanDiegoandSan
FranciscoCountieshavebeenrankedinTier2,theredzone,whichallowsabroader
rangeofbusinessesandchurchestoopenforlimitedindooruses;and
WHEREAS,theCountysPublicHealthOfficerpointedouttotheActingState
PublicHealthOfficerthattheStateusedtheCountydataforweeksending8/11and
8/18whichoverlapswithwhenPlacerCountywasstillontheMonitoringList.Asa
result,PlacerCountyhasbeenplacedinthemostrestrictivetier,Purple,despitehaving
beenremovedfromtheMonitoringListonAugust19.(LetterdatedAugust28,2020
fromPlacerCountyHealthOfficerDr.AimeeSissontoActingStatePublicHealth
OfficerDr.EricaPan);and
th
WHEREAS,Dr.SissonstatesinthesameAugust28letterthattheCountys
14-daycaseratehassteadilydeclinedanditstestingrateisat4.0%.belowtheState
thresholdforthisindicator,and
WHEREAS, on August 28, 2020, Dr. Pan responded to Dr. Sisson via email and
acknowledged that both Placer and San Diego Counties will have been offthe County
th
Data Monitoring list for 14 days as of 9/1st.Perour7/17framework, schools may
reopen once a county is off of the CDM for 14 days/2 weeks, thus your schools are
st
allowed to reopen unless you have stricter local health officer requirements as of 9/1
(Pan Email August 28, 2020);and
WHEREAS,underthisnewBlueprintsystem,evenattheTier4level,many
businessesandusessuchaschurches,movietheaters,gyms,restaurants,barsand
familyentertainmentcentersareonlyallowedtooperateindoorsata50%capacity;and
WHEREAS,theGovernoradmitsthatthereisnoTierintheBlueprintsystemthat
willallowbusinessesandusesinanycountytoopenupto100%capacityoruseevenif
acountyachievedTier4andremainedinthatTierforweeks.TheGovernorstatedin
hisAugust28,2020pressconferencethatthestatedidntputupgreenbecausewe
dontbelievethatthereisagreenlightwhichsaysgobacktothewaythingswereor
backtothepre-pandemicmindset;despitethefactthattheGovernorcanuseother
healthdirectivessuchasfacecoverings,distancing,handsanitizing,tocontinueto
reducethespread;and
WHEREAS,toqualifyfortheTier4undertheStatesBlueprintmonitoring
system,acountymusthavelessthan1newcaseper100,000residentsandeventhen,
businessesarelimitedto50%capacity.Thiscriteriondoesnotconstituteeitheralocal
Page4of 7
38
orstateemergencythatmeritstheStatescontinuedactionstorestrictbusinessesand
uses,suchasreligiousactivitiesinchurches,ineitherPlacerCountyorthestate;and
WHEREAS,theGovernorinhisSeptember2,2020,newsconferencemadethe
astoundingrecharacterizationoftheCOVID-19pandemicastheTwindemicand
statedthattheeffortbythestatewillnowbefocusedonfightingbothCOVDandtheflu
throughthefluseason;and
WHEREAS,theStatespositionisuntenableforresidentsofPlacerCountyand
manyothercountiesinthestate.Itwilllikelyforceasignificantnumberofbusinessesto
permanentlyclose,livelihoodstobedestroyed,andwillresultinsubstantialadditional
unemploymentandevictions;and
WHEREAS,theStatecannotsupportthecontinuedrestrictiononbusinesses
andusesfromreopeningwhenithasyettoarticulateorestablishtherootcauseofthe
spreadofCOVID-19inthestate;and
WHEREAS,theoriginalintentoftheStateofEmergencyandsubsequentStayat
HomeOrderate)wastopreventthecatastrophicfailureofthehospital
systemduetoananticipatedsurgeofCovid-19cases;and
WHEREAS,theBoardconcludesthishasbeenpreventedinPlacerCounty;and
WHEREAS,thekeyimplementationstepoftheStateActionswasdesignedto
flattenthecurveinordertoavoidtheovercrowdingofourhospitals;and
WHEREAS,theBoardconcludesthatthecurvehasbeenflattenedinPlacer
County;and
WHEREAS,theBoardofSupervisorsisinformedandbelieves,basedonexpert
opinion,thattheStatesresponsetotheCOVID-19emergencyhasnotpreventedthe
spreadofCOVID-19,butonlydelayedthespreadofCOVID-19casesandthatthe
Statesmonitoringplanshavenotestablishedthatanyoftheserestrictionson
businessesandusesactuallytargetstherootcauseorpreventsofthespreadof
COVID-19inCalifornia;and
WHEREAS,theBoardofSupervisorsisinformedandbelieves,basedonexpert
opinion,thattheactualinfectionfatalityrateofCOVID-19issubstantiallylowerthan
reportedbytheCDC,thatthecurrentherdimmunitythreshold(H.I.T.)couldverywell
beaslowas10%to20%ofanygivenpopulationbecausethecontactrateofeach
personvariesandsomeindividualshavepriorimmunitybasedonpreviousexposureto
othercoronaviruses,andthatlong-termmitigationeffortsunnecessarilyprolongthe
profoundnegativephysical,mental,emotionalandeconomicimpactscreatedby
COVID-19;and
WHEREAS,theBoardofSupervisorsisinformedandbelieves,basedonexpert
scientificopinion,thatCOVID-19isaseriousvirusthatcanleadtodeathandthat
particularsegmentsofsociety,suchasindividualsover65andpersonswithpre-
existingphysicalhealthconditions,aremoresusceptibletothenegativeeffectsof
COVID-19andthatstateorlocalrestrictions,ifany,shouldtargetthoseparticular
segmentsofthepopulation;and
Page5of 7
39
WHEREAS,recentinformationfromtheNationalCenterforHealthStatisticsthat
underscoredthatmostdeathsarenotbyCOVIDbutwithCOVID.Bycombiningthetwo
statistics,thestateissettingtherateofdeathsbyCOVIDartificiallyhigh.Underthe
subheadinglabeledcomorbidities,meaningtheadditionalconditionspeople
experiencedinadditiontoaprimarydiagnosissuchasCOVID,theNationalCenterfor
HealthStatisticssharedthatfor6%ofthedeaths,COVID-19wastheonlycause
mentionedonthedeathcertificate,meaningthatonly6percentofindividualshadno
underlyinghealthcomplicationsotherthanCOVID-19reportedwhentheydied.(The
ScientistquotingtheNationalCenterforHealthStatistics,September2,2020article
entitledNotheCDCHasNotQuietlyUpdatedCOVID-19DeathEstimates);and
WHEREAS,theBoardisinformedandbelieves,basedonexpertscientific
opinion,thatthestateshouldcarefullymovetowardsapublichealthimmunityinsteadof
penalizingmillionsofCalifornians,andthousandsofPlacerCountyresidentswithmore
th
unprovenandseeminglyarbitraryrestrictionsasevidencedintheStatesAugust28
Blueprintsystem;and
WHEREAS,theBoardofSupervisorsisinformedandbelieves,basedonexpert
scientificopinion,thatinitialstateactionshaveflattenedthecurvetoallowfor
adequatepreparationbythehospitalsysteminPlacerCountyandthatthehospital
systemisnotatriskofcatastrophicfailureduetoCOVID-19;and
WHEREAS,asofWednesday,September2,2020,thePlacerCountyCOVID-19
dashboardreportsthatPlacerCounty,withanestimatedpopulationof398,329bythe
U.S.CensusBureau,had3,062laboratoryconfirmedpositiveCOVID-19cases,2,689
likelyrecoveredCOVID-19cases,34deathsofpersonswithlaboratoryconfirmed
positiveCOVID-19cases;and
WHEREAS,theknownpositiveCOVID-19cases(3,062)represent8one-
hundredthof1%ofthepopulationofPlacerCountyandthenumberofdeaths(34)
associatedwithCOVID-19represent8ten-thousandthof1%ofthepopulationofPlacer
County;and
WHEREAS,basedonthefactthattheCountysCOVIDcasenumbershave
steadilyreducedinnumberthroughAugust,itistheBoardsconclusionthatthe
circumstancesthatledtotheBoardsresolutionratifyingtheMarch4thProclamationof
LocalHealthEmergencynolongerexist;and
WHEREAS,pursuanttoCaliforniaHealthandSafetyCodesection101080,the
Board,havingreviewedtheneedforcontinuingtheLocalHealthEmergencyand
recognizingthatitisobligatedunderstatutetoterminatethesameattheearliest
possibledatethattheconditionswarranttermination,nowconcludethatcurrent
conditionsrelatedtoCOVID-19inPlacerCountywarrantterminationoftheLocalHealth
EmergencyandrescissionofResolutionNo.2020-034.
NOWTHEREFOREBEITRESOLVED,bytheBoardofSupervisors,Countyof
Placer,StateofCaliforniadoesherebyterminate,pursuanttoCaliforniaHealthand
SafetyCodesection101080,theProclamationofLocalHealthEmergencyandthereby
rescindResolutionNo.2020-034,asmodifiedbyResolutionNo.2020-137inits
entirety.
Page6of 7
40
BEITFURTHERRESOLVED,bytheBoardofSupervisors,CountyofPlacer,
StateofCaliforniathatallresidentsofPlacerCountyshouldrecognizetheyare
individuallyresponsiblefortheirownpersonalchoicesinresponsetoCOVID-19,thatan
individualbehaviorcouldincreaseordecreasetheirchancesofbeinginfectedby
COVID-19(avirusthatcancausefatalitiesandotherseriousmedicalconditions)or
havingafamilymemberinfected,andthatlocalgovernment,inafreesociety,cannot
eliminateallrisktoCOVID-19.
BEITFURTHERRESOLVED,bytheBoardofSupervisors,CountyofPlacer,
StateofCaliforniathatCaliforniasnewBlueprintmonitoringsystemestablishesan
arbitraryregulationoflocaleconomiestothesignificantfinancialdetrimentofcitizens.
TheStatesBlueprintsystembytheGovernorsownadmissionhasnogreentierand
thereforenoendofstateregulationregardlessofwhatmanymedicalexpertswouldfind
tobeareasonableratioofnewcasesper100,000population.
BEITFURTHERRESOLVED,bytheBoardofSupervisors,CountyofPlacer,
StateofCalifornia,thattheGovernorsSeptember2,2020newsconference
recharacterizationoftheCOVID-19pandemicastheTwindemicandtheGovernors
statedgoalthattheeffortbythestatewillbefocusedonfightingbothCOVID-19andthe
fluthroughthefluseasonisanunwarrantedextensionofthepresentstateof
emergency.TheBoardfindsthisforecastanoverreachoftheGovernorsauthority
undertheStateEmergencyActandanoverregulationbytheStateoflocalcountyand
cityjurisdictions.
BEITFURTHERRESOLVED,bytheBoardofSupervisors,CountyofPlacer,
StateofCaliforniathattheCaliforniaStateofEmergencyandthestatesstay-at-home
requirementsandotherhealthrequirementsasdirectedingubernatorialExecutive
OrderN-33-20,andsubsequentExecutiveOrdersorstatutes,andallCalifornia
DepartmentofPublicHealthorders,directives,andguidance(StateRequirements)
remainineffect.
BEITFURTHERRESOLVED,bytheBoardofSupervisors,CountyofPlacer,
StateofCalifornia,thisresolutionshallbeeffectiveimmediatelyuponadoption.
Page7of 7
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Qpsuvhvftf!Dpvsu!Svmft!QDS!Uftut!ÆVosfmjbcmfÇ!'!
RvbsboujoftÆVombxgvmÇ
Jnqpsubou!mfhbm!efdjtjpo!gbdft!upubm!nfejb!cmbdlpvu!jo!Xftufso!xpsme
}!Opwfncfs!31-!3131
Bo!bqqfbmt!dpvsu!jo!Qpsuvhbm!ibt!svmfe!uibu!uif!QDS!qspdftt!jt!opu!b!sfmjbcmf!uftu!gps!Tbst.Dpw.3-!boe!
uifsfgpsf!boz!!
Gvsuifs-!uif!svmjoh!tvhhftufe!uibu!boz!gpsdfe!rvbsboujof!bqqmjfe!up!ifbmuiz!qfpqmf!dpvme!cf!b!wjpmbujpo!
pg!uifjs!gvoebnfoubm!sjhiu!up!mjcfsuz/!
Nptu!jnqpsuboumz-!uif!kvehft!svmfe!uibu
/!
Uif!tqfdjgjdt!pg!uif!dbtf!dpodfso!gpvs!upvsjtut!foufsjoh!uif!dpvousz!gspn!Hfsnboz!Ä!bmm!pg!xipn!bsf!
bopoznpvt!jo!uif!usbotdsjqu!pg!uif!dbtf!Ä!xip!xfsf!rvbsboujofe!cz!uif!sfhjpobm!ifbmui!bvuipsjuz/!Pg!
uif!gpvs-!pomz!pof!ibe!uftufe!qptjujwf!gps!uif!wjsvt-!xijmtu!uif!puifs!uisff!xfsf!effnfe!tjnqmz!pg!
Æijhi!jogfdujpo!sjtlÇ!cbtfe!po!qspyjnjuz!up!uif!qptjujwf!joejwjevbm/!Bmm!gpvs!ibe-!jo!uif!qsfwjpvt!83!
ipvst-!uftufe!ofhbujwf!gps!uif!wjsvt!cfgpsf!efqbsujoh!gspn!Hfsnboz/!
Jo!uifjs!svmjoh-!kvehft!Nbshbsjeb!Sbnpt!ef!Bmnfjeb!boe!Bob!Qbsbnt!sfgfssfe!up!tfwfsbm!tdjfoujgjd!
tuvejft/!Nptu!opubcmz!uijt!tuvez!cz!Kbbgbs!fu!bm/-!xijdi!gpvoe!uibu!Ä!xifo!svoojoh!QDS!uftut!xjui!
46!dzdmft!ps!npsf!Ä!uif!bddvsbdz!espqqfe!up!4&-!nfbojoh!vq!up!:8&!pg!qptjujwf!sftvmut!dpvme!cf!
gbmtf!qptjujwft/!
Uif!svmjoh!hpft!po!up!dpodmvef!uibu-!cbtfe!po!uif!tdjfodf!uifz!sfbe-!boz!QDS!uftu!vtjoh!pwfs!36!
dzdmft!jt!upubmmz!vosfmjbcmf/!Hpwfsonfout!boe!qsjwbuf!mbct!ibwf!cffo!wfsz!ujhiu.mjqqfe!bcpvu!uif!fybdu!
ovncfs!pg!dzdmft!uifz!svo!xifo!QDS!uftujoh-!cvu!ju!jt!lopxo!up!tpnfujnft!cf!bt!ijhi!bt!56/!Fwfo!
gfbsnpohfs.jo.dijfg!Bouipoz!Gbvdj!ibt!qvcmjdmz!tubufe!bozuijoh!pwfs!46!jt!upubmmz!vovtbcmf/!
Zpv!dbo!sfbe!uif!dpnqmfuf!svmjoh!jo!uif!psjhjobm!Qpsuvhvftf!ifsf-!boe!usbotmbufe!joup!Fohmjti!ifsf!
)tff!ÆKvehnfou!pg!uif!Mjtcpo!Dpvsu!pg!BqqfbmÇ!cfmpx/*!UifsfÉt!bmtp!b!hppe!xsjuf!vq!po!ju!po!Hsfbu!
Hbnf!Joejb-!qmvt!b!Qpsuvhvftf!qspgfttps!tfou!b!mpoh!fnbjm!bcpvu!uif!dbtf!up!Mpdlepxo!Tdfqujdt/!
+!
Uif!nfejb!sfbdujpo!up!uijt!dbtf!ibt!cffo!foujsfmz!qsfejdubcmf!Ä!uifz!ibwf!opu!nfoujpofe!ju/!Bu!bmm/!
Bozxifsf/!Fwfs/!
Uif!svmjoh!xbt!qvcmjtife!po!Opwfncfs!22ui-!boe!ibt!cffo!sfgfsfodfe!cz!nboz!bmu.ofxt!tjuft!tjodf½!
cvu!uif!nbjotusfbn!pvumfut!bsf!nbjoubjojoh!b!dpnqmfuf!cmbdlpvu!po!ju/!
Uif!sfeeju!Dpwje2:!cpbse!bduvbmmz!sfnpwfe!uif!qptu-!cfdbvtf!ju!xbt!Æopu!b!sfmjbcmf!tpvsdfÇ-!eftqjuf!
sfmzjoh!po!uif!pggjdjbm!dpvsu!epdvnfout;!
Mpplpvu!gps!b!gpsdfe!boe!ejtjohfovpvt!Ægbdu.difdlÇ!po!uijt!jttvf!gspn!IfbmuiGffecbdl!ps!tpnf!puifs!
Æopo.qbsujtboÇ!pvumfu!jo!uif!ofbs!gvuvsf/!Cvu!voujm!uifz!gjoe!tpnf!qpps!timvc!up!mfoe!uifjs!obnf!up!ju-!
uif!nfejb!cmbdlpvu!xjmm!dpoujovf/!
Xibufwfs!uifz!tbz-!uijt!jt!b!wjdupsz!gps!dpnnpo!tfotf!pwfs!bvuipsjubsjbojtn!boe!iztufsjb/!
Kvehnfou!pg!uif!Mjtcpo!Dpvsu!pg!Bqqfbm!
Qspdftt;!2894!0!31/8U9QEM/M2.4!
Sfqpsufs;NBSHBSJEB!SBNPT!EF!BMNFJEB
Eftdsjqupst;IBCFBT!DPSQVT
JOUFSFTU!JO!BDUJOH!!
TBST.DPW.3!!
SU.QDS!UFTUT
QSJWBDZ!PG!MJCFSUZ
JMMFHBM!EFUFOUJPO!
Epdvnfou!Op/;SM
Ebuf!pg!uif!Bhsffnfou;!2202203131!
Wpujoh;VOBOJNJUZ
Gvmm!Ufyu;T
Qbsujbm!Ufyu;!O!
!!
Qspdfevsbm!Nfejvn;DSJNJOBM!SFTPVSDFT
Efdjtjpo;!Efojfe!Qspwjtjpo!
!!
Gvmm!Ufyu!Efdjtjpo;Uifz!bhsff!up!b!dpogfsfodf!bu!uif!4se!Dsjnjobm!tfdujpo!pg!
uif!Mjtcpo!Dpvsu!pg!Bqqfbm!
J!.!Sfqpsu!!
2/Cz!efdjtjpo!pg!19037.3131-!uif!sfrvftu!gps ibcfbt!dpsqvt xbt!hsboufe-bt!ju!
xbt!jmmfhbm!up!efubjo!uifn-!efufsnjojoh!uif!jnnfejbuf!sftujuvujpo!up!uif!
gsffepnpg!Dmbjnbout!TI``TXI```-!BI```!boe!OL```/3/Uifo!
dbnf!uif!SFHJPOBM!IFBMUI!BVUIPSJUZ-!sfqsftfoufe!cz!uif!Sfhjpobm!
Ifbmui!Ejsfdupsbuf!pg!uif!Bvupopnpvt!Sfhjpo!pg!uif!B{psft-!up!bqqfbm!uijt!
efdjtjpo-!btljoh!uif!gjobm!up!wbmjebuf uif!nboebupsz!dpogjofnfou!pg!uif!
bqqmjdbout-!bt!uifz!bsf!dbssjfst!pg!uif!TBST.DpW.3!wjsvt!)BI```*!boe!gps!
cfjoh!voefs!bdujwf!tvswfjmmbodf-!evf!up!ijhi!sjtl!fyqptvsf-!efdsffe!cz!uif!
ifbmui!bvuipsjujft!)TI``-!TXI``!boe!OL```*/5/Uif!bqqfbm!xbt!
benjuufe/!6/!N´!Q´-!jo!ijt!sfqmz-!efgfoet!uibu!uif!qsftfou!bqqfbm!nvtu!cf!
dpotjefsfe!vogpvoefe/!7/!Jo!uijt!dpvsu-!uif!Gpsnfs!QHB!bgufs!b!wjtb/!JJ!.!
qsfwjpvt!qpjou/Tjodf!uif!bqqfbm!gjmfe!cz!uif!bqqfmmbou!nvtu!cf!sfkfdufe-!uif!
dpvsu!xjmm!mjnju!jutfmg-!voefs!uif!ufsnt!pg!qbsbhsbqit!2-!b*-!boe!3!pg!bsujdmf!531!
pg!uif!Dpef!pg!Dsjnjobm!Qspdfevsf-!up!csjfgmz!tqfdjgz!uif!hspvoet!pg!uif!
efdjtjpo/!JJJ!.!kvtujgjdbujpo/!2/!Uif!efdjtjpo!iboefe!epxo!cz!uif!Æb!rvpÇ!dpvsu!
sfbet!bt!gpmmpxt;!Qspwfo!gbdut;!!
2/!Po!1901203131!uif!dmbjnbout!bssjwfe!po!uif!jtmboe!pg!Tp!Njhvfm-!dpnjoh!cz!
qmbof!gspn!uif!Gfefsbm!Sfqvcmjd!pg!Hfsnboz-!xifsf-!jo!uif!83!)tfwfouz.uxp*!
ipvst!qsjps!up!bssjwbm-!uifz!ibe!qfsgpsnfe!b!uftu!up!DPWJE2:-!xjui!b!ofhbujwf!
sftvmu!boe!xiptf!dpqjft!uifz!qsftfoufe!boe!efmjwfsfe!up!uif!Sfhjpobm!Ifbmui!
Bvuipsjuz-!vqpo!bssjwbm!bu!uif!bjsqpsu!jo!Qpoub!Efmhbeb/!!
3/!Po!1901803131!boe!evsjoh!uifjs!tubz!po!uif!jtmboe!pg!Tp!Njhvfm-!uif!
bqqmjdbout!BI```!boe!OL```!dbssjfe!pvu!b!tfdpoe!uftu!up!DPWJE2:/!!
4/!Po!1902103131!boe!bmtp!evsjoh!uifjs!tubz!po!uif!jtmboe!pg!Tp!Njhvfm-!uif!
bqqmjdbout!TI```!boe!TXI```!dbssjfe!pvu!b!tfdpoe!uftu!up!DPWJE2:/!!
5/!Po!1901903131!uif!bqqmjdbou!BI```!xbt-!cz!ufmfqipof-!jogpsnfe!uibu!ifs!
uftu!dbssjfe!pvu!uif!qsfwjpvt!ebz!ibe!bddvtfe!Æefufdufe/Ç!!
6/!Gspn!uibu!ebz!1901903131!uif!bqqmjdbou!BI```!tupqqfe!dpibcjujoh!xjui!uif!
sfnbjojoh!uisff!bqqmjdbout-!ibwjoh!bmxbzt!nbjoubjofe!b!ejtubodf!ofwfs!mftt!
uibo!3!)uxp*!nfufst!gspn!uifn/!!
7/!Po!1902103131!uif!bqqmjdbout!TI```-!TXI```!boe!OL```!xfsf!jogpsnfe-!
cz!ufmfqipof-!uibu!uifjs!uftut!ibe!cffo!Æofhbujwf/Ç!
8/!Po!1902103131-!uif!epdvnfou!xbt!tfou!up!bmm!bqqmjdbout!wjb!fnbjm/!36-!
36wfstf-!37!boe!37!wfstf-!tjhofe!cz!uif!Ifbmui!Efmfhbuf!pg!uif!nvojdjqbmjuz!pg!
Mbhpb-!jo!pggjdf-!Es/!Nbhop!Kpt!Wjwfjspt!Tjmwb-!dbmmfe!Opujgjdbujpo!pg!
Qspqizmbdujd!Jtpmbujpo!.!Dpspobwjsvt!TBST.DpW.3!0!DPWJE!Ejtfbtf!.!2:-!boe!
uxp!boofyft!)pomz!pof!pg!uifn!jo!Fohmjti*!boe!jo!xijdi!ju!sfbet!)frvbm!dpoufou!
fydfqu!gps!uif!jefoujgjdbujpo!pg!fbdi!pg!uif!Bqqmjdbout*;!ÆJtpmbujpo!)///*!
Opujgjdbujpo!pg!Qspqizmbdujd!Jtpmbujpo!Dpspobwjsvt!TBST.!DpW.3!0!DPWJE!
ejtfbtf!.!2:!Nsjp!Wjwfjspt!Tjmwb!Bvupsjebef!ef!Tbef!ef!Mbhpb!Qvstvbou!up!
Opsnbujwf!Djsdvmbst!Op/!ESTDJOG!0!3131033!pg!3131014036!boe!EST!
DOPSN3131!0!4:C!pg!3131019015!pg!uif!SFHJPOBM!IFBMUI!BVUIPSJUZ!
)buubdife*!boe!uif!Tuboebse!op/!12603131-!pg!803503131!pg!uif!Hfofsbm!Ifbmui!
Ejsfdupsbuf!)buubdife*!J!efufsnjof!uifQSPQIZMBDUJD!
JOTVMBUJPO!PG!)///*!Djuj{fo!Dbse!Ipmefs!0!QBTTQPSU!Op/!)///*-!xjui!wbmjejuz!
///!voujm!///!xjui!uif!tpdjbm!tfdvsjuz!jefoujgjdbujpo!ovncfs!gspn!1901903131!up!
1903303131!evf!up!uif!sjtl!pg!dpoubhjpo!boe!bt!b!nfbtvsf!DPWJE!2:!)TBST.
Dpw.3*!dpoubjonfou!ebuf!3131019021!)///*!!
9/!Uif!Dmbjnbout!sfrvftufe!up!tfoe!uif!tbje!sftvmut-!boe!uif!uftu!sfqpsu!nbef!up!
Dmbjnbout!BI```!boe!OL```!xbt!tfou!wjb!f.nbjm!po!1902403131!boe!up!uif!
Dmbjnbout!TI```!boe!TXI```!po!zftufsebz-!1903503131-!wjb!f.nbjm-!sfqpsut!
xsjuufo!jo!Qpsuvhvftf/!!
:/!Cfuxffo!uif!2tu!boe!uif!25ui!pg!Bvhvtu!uif!bqqmjdbout!xfsf!bddpnnpebufe!
jo!uif!bddpnnpebujpo!Nbsjob!Nbs!JJ-!jo!Wjmb!Gsbodb!ep!Dbnqp/!!
21/!Gspn!Bvhvtu!25ui!poxbset-!bqqmjdbout!bsf!bddpnnpebufe!bu!ÆUIF!MJODF!
B\[PSFT!HSFBU!IPUFM-!DPOGFSFODF!'!TQBÇ-!jo!Qpoub!Efmhbeb!)xifsf!
uifz!bsf!dvssfoumz!mpdbufe*-!cz!psefs!pg!uif!Ifbmui!Efmfhbuf!bt!eftdsjcfe!jo!8!
bt!gpmmpxt;!.!Jo!sppn!613!bsf!uif!bqqmjdbout!TI```!boe!TXI```/!.!Jo!sppn!
612!jt!uif!bqqmjdbou!BI```/!.!Jo!sppn!617!jt!uif!bqqmjdbou!OL```/!!
22/!Uif!bqqmjdbout!usjfe!bu!mfbtu!4!ujnft!up!dpoubdu!uif!ufmfqipof!ifmqmjof!uifz!
lopx!)3:7!35:!331*!up!cf!dmbsjgjfe!jo!uifjs!mbohvbhf!ps!bu!mfbtu!jo!uif!Fohmjti!
mbohvbhf-!cvu!uifz!ofwfs!ibe!boz!tvddftt-!tjodf!uifz!pomz!botxfs!boe!sftqpoe!
jo!Qpsuvhvftf-!xijdi!bqqmjdbout!ep!opu!voefstuboe/!!
23/!Bu!uif!ipufm-!nfbmt!bsf!efmjwfsfe!up!uif!sppn-!cz!ipufm!tfswjdft-!bu!
qsfefufsnjofe!ujnft!boe!bddpsejoh!up!b!dipjdf!nbef!cz!b!uijse!qbsuz-!fydfqu!
evsjoh!uif!gjstu!4!ebzt!bu!Ipufm!Mzodf!xifsf!csfblgbtu!xbt!tfswfe!boe!uif!
sfnbjojoh!nfbmt!uispvhi!sppn!tfswjdf/!!
24/!Po!Bvhvtu!26ui-!xijmf!gvmgjmmjoh!uif!qspqizmbdujd!jtpmbujpo!efufsnjofe!cz!
uif!Ifbmui!Efmfhbuf-!uif!bqqmjdbou!BI```!tubsufe!up!tvggfs!gspn!bo!
jogmbnnbujpo!jo!uif!npvui-!bqqbsfoumz!sftvmujoh!gspn!uif!efoubm!bqqmjbodf!tif!
vtft/!!
25/!Ibwjoh-!cz!ufmfqipof-!up!3:7!35:!331-!J!tibsfe!uijt!tjuvbujpo!xjui!uif!
Sfhjpobm!Ifbmui!Bvuipsjuz-!xip!sfrvftufe!uif!ofdfttbsz!nfejdbm!tvqqpsu/!!
26/!Uijt!sfrvftu!xbt!jhopsfe!cz!uif!sfgfssfe!ifmqmjof-!xijdi!eje!opu!qspwjef!
uif!sfrvjsfe!BI```!xjui!uif!ofdfttbsz!tvqqpsu/!!
27/!Opu!tffjoh!boz!tvqqpsu-!uxp!ebzt!mbufs-!po!Bvhvtu!28-!qspqfsmz!qspufdufe!cz!
b!nbtl!boe!hmpwft-!uif!bqqmjdbou!TXI```!mfgu!ifs!sppn-!xfou!up!uif!qibsnbdz!
dmptftu!up!uif!ipufm-!xifsf!tif!bdrvjsfe!bo!pjounfou!up!ufnqpsbsjmz!rvfmm!
sfgfssfe!tjuvbujpo-!ibwjoh!jnnfejbufmz!sfuvsofe!up!uif!ipufm!boe!up!ijt!sppn/!!
28/!Po!1902:03131!ju!xbt!tfou!cz!uif!Ifbmui!Efmfhbuf-!Es/!KNT```-!up!uif!
Dmbjnbout!f.nbjm-!xifsf!ju!sfbet;!!
Æ)///*!BI```!jt!pomz!dvsfe!bgufs!ibwjoh!b!ofhbujwf!uftu!boe!b!3oe!ofhbujwf!dvsf!
uftu-!xifo!uibu!ibqqfot!uif!ifbmui!efmfhbujpo!xjmm!dpoubdu!zpv!)///*!)tjd*/!!
29/!Po!1903203131!uif!gpmmpxjoh!nfttbhf!xbt!usbotnjuufe!up!uif!gpvs!
bqqmjdbout-!cz!Ifbmui!Efmfhbuf!Es/!KNT```-!cz!fnbjm;!ÆObnfmz-!xifo!uif!
rvbsboujof!jt!pwfs-!zpv!ibwf!up!ep!b!uftu!boe!jg!ju!jt!ofhbujwf!zpv!dbo!mfbwf!
ipnf!Ç)tjd*/!!
2:/!Po!uibu!tbnf!Bvhvtu!32tu-!uif!bqqmjdbou!TI```!rvftujpofe!uif!sfgfssfe!
epdups!boe!Ifbmui!Efmfhbuf-!Es/!KNT```-!cz!f.nbjm!uibu!tfou-!uif!gpmmpxjoh!
)usbotmbufe!joup!Qpsuvhvftf!jo!gsff!sfhjnf*;!!
ÆEfbs!Es/!KNT```!-
Xf!ibwf!bmsfbez!epof!uxp!DPWJE!0!qfstpo!uftut-!bmm!pg!xijdi!xfsf!ofhbujwf!
)TI```-!TXI```-!OL```*/!//boe!bgufs!uibu!xf!tqfou!3!xfflt!jo!jtpmbujpo-!boe!
opof!pg!vt!ibwf!boz!tznqupnt""
Xf!ibwf!Es/!NNT!```!epdvnfout-!dpogjsn/!!
Opcpez!upme!vt!bozuijoh!bcpvu!uif!ofx!uftut!bgufs!uif!jtpmbujpo!ujn!@"!!
Xf!ibwf!bmsfbez!sftdifevmfe!pvs!gmjhiut!boe!qmbo!up!mfbwf!uif!jtmboe/!!
Fyqmbjo!uif!sfbtpo!gps!zpvs!tubufnfou/!!
Xiz!xbt!uif!BI```!DPWJE!uftu!opu!epof!zftufsebz@!!
Hsffujoht-!!
TI```!Ç31/Uif!!
dmbjnbout!eje!opu!sfdfjwf!boz!sftqpotf!up!uijt!f.nbjm-!xjui!uif!fydfqujpo!pg!
Dmbjnbou!BI```!xip!xbt!opujgjfe!pg!b!ofx!tdsffojoh!uftu-!tqfdjgjdbmmz-!gps!uif!
ofyu!ebz!3:01903131/!!
32/!Po!1903103131!uif!bqqmjdbou!BI```!dbssjfe!pvu!b!uijse!uftu!up!DPWJE2:-!
boe!po!uif!gpmmpxjoh!ebz!)1903203131*-!pomz!cz!qipof-!ju!xbt!jogpsnfe!uibu!uif!
sftvmu!ibe!bddvtfe!ÆefufdufeÇ/!!
33/Uif!bqqmjdbou!BI```!btlfe!up!cf!tfou!xsjuufo!fwjefodf!pg!uijt!qptjujwf!
sftvmu-!xijdi!xbt!tfou!up!ifs!wjb!f.nbjm!zftufsebz-!1903503131/!!
34/Uif!Dmbjnbout!rvftujpofe!uif!sfdfqujpo!tubgg!bu!uif!ipufm!xifsf!uifz!bsf!
tubzjoh-!boe!xfsf!upme!uibu!opof!pg!uif!gpvs!dmbjnbout-!xjuipvu!fydfqujpo-!xjmm!
cf!bcmf!up!mfbwf!uif!sppnt/!!
35/!Bqqmjdbout!ep!opu!ibwf-!ops!ibwf!uifz!fwfs!qsftfoufe-!boz!tznqupn!pg!uif!
ejtfbtf!)gfwfs-!dpvhi-!nvtdmf!qbjo-!toff{joh-!mbdl!pg!tnfmm!ps!qbmbuf*/!!
36/Uif!bqqmjdbout!ibwf!opu!fyqmbjofe!uif!dpoufou!pg!uif!uxp!epdvnfout!tfou!up!
uifn!xjui!uif!xsjujoht!mjtufe!jo!qbsbhsbqi!8/!!
37/Uif!bqqmjdbout!ibwf!uifjs!ibcjuvbm!sftjefodf!jo!uif!Gfefsbm!Sfqvcmjd!pg!
Hfsnboz-!jefoujgjfe!jo!uiftf!epdvnfout/!
Sbujpobmf;!!
Uif!rvftujpo!uibu!bsjtft!ifsf!jt!uibu!uif!Dmbjnbout!bsf!efqsjwfe!pg!uifjs!mjcfsuz!
)gspn!uif!21ui!pg!Bvhvtu!voujm!uif!qsftfou!ebuf-!bt!tipxo!cz!uif!qspwfo!gbdut*!
boe-!dpotfrvfoumz-!cfjoh!bcmf!up!vtf!uif!qsftfou!jotujuvuf!pg!uif!ibcfbt!dpsqvt!.!
bt!xf!xjmm!opx!fyqmbjo!.-!ju!sbjtft!uif!rvftujpo!pg!xifuifs!ps!opu!uifsf!jt!b!mfhbm!
cbtjt!gps!uijt!efqsjwbujpo!pg!mjcfsuz/!!
Joeffe-!xjuipvu!fwfo!rvftujpojoh!uif!pshbojd!dpotujuvujpobmjuz!pg!uif!Sftpmvujpo!
pg!uif!Dpvodjm!pg!uif!Sfhjpobm!Hpwfsonfou!Op/!31803131-!pg!Kvmz!42-!3131-!
dvssfoumz!jo!gpsdf!xjuijo!uif!tdpqf!pg!uif!qspdfevsft!bqqspwfe!cz!uif!
Hpwfsonfou!pg!uif!B{psft!jo!dpoubjojoh!uif!tqsfbe!pg!uif!TBST.DPW.!wjsvt!3!
jo!uijt!Bvupopnpvt!Sfhjpo-!jo!uif!qsftfou!tjuvbujpo!uif!efufoujpo!0!dpogjofnfou!
pg!uif!Dmbjnbout!tjodf!mbtu!21!Bvhvtu!jt!nbufsjbmj{fe!cz!b!dpnnvojdbujpo!
dbssjfe!pvu!wjb!f.nbjm-!jo!Qpsuvhvftf-!jo!uif!ufsnt!hjwfo!bt!qspwfo!voefs!qpjou!
8/
Opx-!bt!jt!dmfbs!gspn!qpjou!8!pg!uif!qspwfo!gbdut-!uif!sfhjpobm!ifbmui!bvuipsjuz-!
uispvhi!uif!sftqfdujwf!Ifbmui!Efmfhbuf!pg!uif!ufssjupsjbm!bsfb!xifsf!uif!
Dmbjnbout!xfsf!tubzjoh-!efufsnjofe!uifjs!qspqizmbdujd!jtpmbujpo!voefs!uif!
Opsnbujwf!Djsdvmbst!Op/!ESTDJOG!0!3131!0!33!pg!313101403136!boe!EST!
DOPSN3131!0!4:C!pg!3131019015!pg!uif!SFHJPOBM!IFBMUI!BVUIPSJUZ!
boe!Opsn!op/!12603131-!pg!1803503131!pg!uif!Hfofsbm!Ejsfdupsbuf!pg!Ifbmui/!
Boe-!ju!xbt!uispvhi!zpv!bsf!gspn!b!dpnnvojdbujpo!xjui!uif!bgpsfnfoujpofe!
tvqqpsu-!ju!jt!fnqibtj{fe-!jo!opsnbujwf!djsdvmbst!boe!b!opsn!pg!uif!Hfofsbm!
Ejsfdupsbuf!pg!Ifbmui-!uibu!uif!Sfhjpobm!Ifbmui!Bvuipsjuz!efqsjwfe!uif!
Dmbjnbout!pg!uifjs!gsffepn-!cfdbvtf!gspn!uif!qspwfo!gbdut!ju!efsjwft!gspn!uif!
tbujfuz!uibu!uiftf-!jo!sjhps!pg!uif!dpodfqut-!xfsf!efubjofe!gspn!uif!21ui!up!uif!
25ui!pg!Bvhvtu!3131!jo!b!ipufm!efwfmpqnfou!jo!Wjmb!Gsbodb!ep!Dbnqp!boe!gspn!
uif!25ui!pg!Bvhvtu!3131!voujm!uif!qsftfou!ebuf!dpogjofe-!boe!uifsfgpsf!efubjofe-!
jo!b!ipufm!sppn!jo!uijt!djuz!pg!Qpoub!Efmhbeb!/!Xf!dboopu!gpshfu-!opu!mfbtu!
cfdbvtf!ju!tuboet!pvu!gspn!uif!mjtu!pg!qspwfo!gbdut-!uibu!uif!Dmbjnbou(t!qpxfs!pg!
npwfnfou!boe!sjhiu!up!npcjmjuz!.!ps!boz!puifs!joejwjevbm!xip!jt!jo!uif!tbnf!
tjuvbujpo!.!bsf!tp!mjnjufe!uibu!uif!gjstu!fyju!gspn!uif!sppnt!xifsf!uifz!gpvoe!
xbt!up!hp!up!uijt!dpvsu!boe!nblf!tubufnfout!)xjui!uif!fydfqujpo!pg!uif!usjq!up!
uif!bqqmjdbou(t!qibsnbdz!TXI```!jo!dmfbs!eftqbjs!up!ifmq!ifs!ebvhiufs(t!qbjo!
jo!uif!qspwfo!ufsnt*/!!
Jo!tipsu-!bgufs!bobmz{joh!uif!gbduvbmjuz!gpvoe-!ju!jt!jofypsbcmf!up!dpodmvef!uibu!
xf!bsf!gbdjoh!b!sfbm!efqsjwbujpo!pg!uif!qfstpobm!boe!qiztjdbm!gsffepn!pg!uif!
bqqmjdbout-!opu!bmmpxfe!cz!uifn-!xijdi!qsfwfout!uifn!opu!pomz!gspn!npwjoh-!
cvu!bmtp!gspn!cfjoh!jo!gbnjmz-!mjwjoh!gps!bcpvu!27!ebzt/!tfqbsbufe!)dmbjnbout!
TI```!boe!TXI```!boe!uifjs!ebvhiufs-!Dmbjnbou!ifsf-!BI```*!boe-!jo!uif!
dbtf!pg!Dmbjnbou!OL```!upubmmz!bmpof-!xjuipvu!boz!qiztjdbm!dpoubdu!xjui!
bozpof/!Up!tbz!uibu!uifsf!jt!op!efqsjwbujpo!pg!mjcfsuz!cfdbvtf!bu!boz!ujnf!uifz!
nbz!cf!bctfou!gspn!uifjs!sftqfdujwf!sppnt-!jo!xijdi!uifz!gjoe!uifntfmwft!jt!b!
gbmmbdz-!kvtu!mppl!bu!uif!dpnnvojdbujpot!nbef!up!uifn!bgufs!uif!21ui!pg!Bvhvtu-!
opof!pg!uifn!jo!uif!Hfsnbo!mbohvbhf-!boe!uif!dpoejujpot!jo!xijdi!uifz!ibwf!
mjwfe!)opu!gpshfuujoh!uibu!uifz!bsf!gpsfjho!djuj{fot!xjui!uif!joifsfou!mjohvjtujd!
cbssjfs*!ps!sfrvftujoh!uifjs!sfuvso!up!uifjs!qmbdf!pg!psjhjo!jt!b!gbmmbdz-!boe!gps!
uijt!dpodmvtjpo-!ju!jt!fopvhi!up!qbz!buufoujpo!up!uif!mbuftu!dpnnvojdbujpot!nbef!
jo!Qpsuvhvftf-!voefsmjojoh!pg!xijdi!uif!pof!hjwfo!bt!qspwfo!voefs!qpjou!9!
tuboet!pvu-!jo!qbsujdvmbs!ÆObnfmz-!xifo!uif!rvbsboujof!jt!pwfs-!zpv!ibwf!up!ep!
b!uftu!boe!jg!uijt!jt!ofhbujwf!zpv!dbo!mfbwf!uif!ipvtf!bt!uif!ipufm!xifsf!zpv!bsf!
dpogjofe!jo!4!sppnt/!/!!
Uifsfgpsf-!jg!uif!Dmbjnbout!bsf!efqsjwfe!pg!uifjs!mjcfsuz-!jo!uif!gbdf!pg!qspwfo!
djsdvntubodft-!ju!jt!ofdfttbsz!up!usbdf!uif!qbui!jo!xijdi!xf!npwf-!cfhjoojoh!
uif!kpvsofz!uispvhi!uif!hvjejoh!mjhiu!pg!uif!Qpsuvhvftf!mfhjtmbujwf!tztufn;!uif!
Dpotujuvujpo!pg!uif!Qpsuvhvftf!Sfqvcmjd/
Uivt-!jo!ufsnt!pg!uif!ijfsbsdiz!pg!opsnt-!ju!jt!ofdfttbsz!up!sfnfncfs!uibu-!bt!
qspwjefe!gps!jo!bsujdmf!2!pg!uif!DSQ-!ÆQpsuvhbm!jt!b!tpwfsfjho!Sfqvcmjd-!cbtfe!
po!uif!ejhojuz!pg!uif!ivnbo!qfstpo!boepo!uif!qpqvmbs!xjmm!boe!dpnnjuufe!up!
uif!dpotusvdujpo!pg!b!gsff-!kvtu!tpdjfuz!boe!tvqqpsujwf/!Ç/!Ifodf-!ju!jt!dmfbs!uibu!
uif!vojuz!pg!nfbojoh!jo!xijdi!pvs!tztufn!pg!gvoebnfoubm!sjhiut!jt!cbtfe!jt!
cbtfe!po!ivnbo!ejhojuz!.!uif!qsjodjqmf!pg!uif!ejhojuz!pg!uif!ivnbo!qfstpo!jt!uif!
byjbm!sfgfsfodf!pg!uif!foujsf!tztufn!pg!gvoebnfoubm!sjhiut/!!
Pof!pg!uifn-!uif!nptu!sfmfwbou!jo!wjfx!pg!jut!tusvduvsjoh!obuvsf!pg!uif!
efnpdsbujd!tubuf!jutfmg-!jt!uif!qsjodjqmf!pg!frvbmjuz-!qspwjefe!gps!jo!bsujdmf!24!pg!
uif!DSQ-!xijdi!tubuft-!jo!jut!qbsbhsbqi!2-!uibu!ÆBmm!djuj{fot!ibwf!uif!tbnf!
tpdjbm!ejhojuz!boe!bsf!frvbm!cfgpsf!uif!mbx/!Ç-!beejoh!qbsbhsbqi!3-!uibuÆ!Op!
pof!dbo!cf!qsjwjmfhfe-!cfofgjufe-!ibsnfe-!efqsjwfe!pg!boz!sjhiu!ps!fyfnqu!gspn!
boz!evuz!evf!up!bodftusz-!tfy-!sbdf-!mbohvbhf-!ufssjupsz!pg!psjhjo-!sfmjhjpo-!
qpmjujdbm!ps!jefpmphjdbm!cfmjfgt-!fevdbujpo-!fdpopnjd!tjuvbujpo-!tpdjbm!tubuvt!ps!
tfyvbm!psjfoubujpo/!Ç!!
Boe-!jo!xibu!nbuufst!ifsf-!voefs!uif!ifbejoh!Æsjhiu!up!gsffepn!boe!tfdvsjuzÇ-!
bsujdmf!38-!op/!2!pg!uif!DSQ!qspwjeft-!ÆFwfszpof!ibt!uif!sjhiu!up!gsffepn!boe!
tfdvsjuzÇ-!sfgfssjoh!Kpt!Mpcp!Npvujoip-!jo!boopubujpo!up!uijt!bsujdmf-!uibu!
ÆGsffepn!jt!bo!bctpmvufmz!efdjtjwf!boe!fttfoujbm!npnfou!.!opu!up!tbz-!uif!wfsz!
dpotujuvujwf!xbz!pg!cfjoh!.!pg!uif!ivnbo!qfstpo!)Bd/!o!¢!718014;Æ!poujd!efnboe!
Ç*-!xijdi!mfoet!ijn!uibu!ejhojuz!jo!Uif!Qpsuvhvftf!mfhbm!psefs!)boe-!bcpwf!bmm-!
mfhbm.dpotujuvujpobm*!gjoet!jut!hsbojujd!gpvoebujpo!)Bsujdmf!2!pg!uif!Dpotujuvujpo*/!
Jo!uijt!tfotf-!pof!dbo!tbz!uif!dpsofstupof!pg!uif!tpdjbm!cvjmejoh!#)Bd/!O!¢!
22770:7*#!)bvu/dju/-!Jo!pq/!Dju/-!Q/!748*/!!
Tjodf!ivnbo!gsffepn!jt!opu!pof.ejnfotjpobm!boe!dbo!ublf!po!nvmujqmf!
ejnfotjpot-!bt!fyfnqmjgjfe!jo!Bsujdmft!48!boe!52!pg!uif!DSQ-!uif!gsffepn!jo!
rvftujpo!jo!Bsujdmf!38!jt!qiztjdbm!gsffepn-!voefstuppe!bt!gsffepn!pg!cpejmz!
npwfnfou-!pg!dpnjoh!boe!hpjoh-!bncvmbupsz!ps!mpdpnpujpo!gsffepn-!
tujqvmbujoh!jo!qbsbhsbqi!3!pg!uijt!mbtu!bsujdmf!uibu!Æ Op!pof!dbo!cf!upubmmz!ps!
qbsujbmmz!efqsjwfe!pg!mjcfsuz-!vomftt!bt!b!sftvmu!pg!b!dpoefnobupsz!kvejdjbm!
tfoufodf!gps!uif!qsbdujdf!pg!bo!bdu!qvojtibcmf!cz!mbx!xjui!jnqsjtponfou!ps!
jnqsjtponfou/!Kvejdjbm!bqqmjdbujpo!pg!b!tfdvsjuz!nfbtvsf/Ç!!
Uif!fydfqujpot!up!uijt!qsjodjqmf!bsf!uzqjgjfe!jo!qbsbhsbqi!4-!xijdi!qspwjeft!
uibu;!!
Æ Fydfqu!gps!uijt!qsjodjqmf!jt!efqsjwbujpo!pg!mjcfsuz-!gpsuif!ujnf!boe!voefs!uif!
dpoejujpot!efufsnjofe!cz!mbx-!jo!uif!gpmmpxjoh!dbtft;!
b*!Bssftu!jo!gmbhsbouf!efmjdup<!!
c*!Efufoujpo!ps!qsfwfoujwf!efufoujpo!gps!tuspoh!joejdbujpot!pg!b!dsjnjobm!
pggfotf!dpssftqpoejoh!up!b!qsjtpo!tfoufodf!xjui!b!nbyjnvn!mjnju!pg!npsf!uibo!
uisff!zfbst<!!
d*!Bssftu-!efufoujpo!ps!puifs!dpfsdjwf!nfbtvsf!tvckfdu!up!kvejdjbm!dpouspm-!pg!b!
qfstpo!xip!ibt!foufsfe!ps!sfnbjot!jmmfhbmmz!jo!obujpobm!ufssjupsz!ps!bhbjotu!
xipn!fyusbejujpo!ps!fyqvmtjpo!qspdffejoht!bsf!voefsxbz<!!
e*!Ejtdjqmjobsz!jnqsjtponfou!jnqptfe!po!njmjubsz!qfstpoofm-!xjui!hvbsbouff!pg!
bqqfbm!up!uif!dpnqfufou!dpvsu<!!
f*!Tvckfdujoh!b!njops!up!qspufdujpo-!bttjtubodf!ps!fevdbujpo!nfbtvsft!jo!bo!
bqqspqsjbuf!ftubcmjtinfou-!efdsffe!cz!uif!dpnqfufou!kvejdjbm!dpvsu<!!
g*!Efufoujpo!cz!kvejdjbm!efdjtjpo!evf!up!ejtpcfejfodf!up!uif!efdjtjpo!ublfo!cz!b!
dpvsu!ps!up!fotvsf!bqqfbsbodf!cfgpsf!uif!dpnqfufou!kvejdjbm!bvuipsjuz<!!
h*!Efufoujpo!pg!tvtqfdut-!gps!uif!qvsqptft!pg!jefoujgjdbujpo-!jo!dbtft!boe!gps!uif!
ujnf!tusjdumz!ofdfttbsz<!!
i*!Joufsonfou!pg!b!qbujfou!xjui!b!qtzdijd!bopnbmz!jo!bo!bqqspqsjbuf!
uifsbqfvujd!ftubcmjtinfou-!efdsffe!ps!dpogjsnfe!cz!b!dpnqfufou!kvejdjbm!
bvuipsjuz/!Ç!!
Gjobmmz-!ju!tipvme!cf!sfnfncfsfe!uibu-!jo!dbtf!pg!efqsjwbujpo!pg!mjcfsuz!bhbjotu!
uif!qspwjtjpot!pg!uif!Dpotujuvujpo!boe!uif!Mbx-!uif!Tubuf!jt!dpotujuvufe!xjui!uif!
evuz!up!joefnojgz!uif!jokvsfe!qbsuz!voefs!uif!ufsnt!ftubcmjtife!cz!uif!mbx-!bt!
gpmmpxt!gspn!qbsbhsbqi!6!pg!bsujdmf!38-!opujoh!uibu-!jo!mjof!xjui!bsujdmf!4!pg!uif!
DSQ;!!
)///*!3/!Uif!Tubuf!jt!tvcpsejobuf!up!uif!Dpotujuvujpo!boe!jt!cbtfe!po!efnpdsbujd!
mfhbmjuz/!!
4/!Uif!wbmjejuz!pg!mbxt!boe!puifs!bdut!pg!uif!Tubuf-!bvupopnpvt!sfhjpot-!mpdbm!
bvuipsjujft!boe!boz!puifs!qvcmjd!foujujft!efqfoet!po!uifjs!dpnqmjbodf!xjui!uif!
Dpotujuvujpo/!!
Xifo!xf!bssjwfe!ifsf-!ibwjoh!esbxo!vq!uif!mfhbm!ufssjupsz-!mfu!vt!ublf!b!dmptfs!
mppl!bu!uif!tjuvbujpo!jo!xijdi!uif!Sfhjpobm!Ifbmui!Bvuipsjuz!npwfe!jo!uif!
tjuvbujpo!voefs!bobmztjt/!!
Dmbjnbout!TI``TXI``!boe!OL`!voefsxfou!b!tdsffojoh!uftu!gps!uif!TBST.
DpW.3!wjsvt-!uif!sftvmu!pg!xijdi!xbt!ofhbujwf!gps!bmm-!xjui!uif!tbnf!qptjujwf!
uftu!gps!Dmbjnbou!BI```-!xijdi!mfe!up!uif!bgpsfnfoujpofe!psefs!pg!
qspqizmbdujd!jtpmbujpo!boe!dpotfrvfou!qfsnbofodf!pg!uiftf!jo!uif!ufsnt!tfu!pvu!
boe!qspwfo/!!
Uifsfgpsf-!jo!wjfx!pg!uif!dpoufou!pg!uif!opujgjdbujpo!nbef!up!uif!Dmbjnbout-!uijt!
dpvsu!dboopu!gbjm!up!fyqsftt-!bc!jojujp-!jut!qfsqmfyjuz!bu!uif!efufsnjobujpo!pg!
qspqizmbdujd!jtpmbujpo!up!uif!gpvs!Dmbjnbout/!!
Bt!gpmmpxt!gspn!uif!efgjojujpo!hjwfo!cz!uif!Hfofsbm!Ejsfdupsbuf!pg!Ifbmui-!
ÆRvbsboujof!boe!jtpmbujpo!bsf!nfbtvsft!pg!tpdjbm!jtpmbujpo!fttfoujbm!jo!qvcmjd!
ifbmui/!Uifz!bsf!ftqfdjbmmz!vtfe!jo!sftqpotf!up!bo!fqjefnjd!boe!bsf!joufoefe!up!
qspufdu!uif!qpqvmbujpo!gspn!usbotnjttjpo!cfuxffo!qfpqmf/!Uif!ejggfsfodf!
cfuxffo!rvbsboujof!boe!jtpmbujpo!tufnt!gspn!uif!tubuf!pg!jmmoftt!pg!uif!qfstpo!
xip!xbout!up!cf!bxbz/!Jo!puifs!xpset;!!
Ærvbsboujof!jt!vtfe!jo!qfpqmf!xip!bsf!bttvnfe!up!cf!ifbmuiz-!cvu!xip!nbz!
ibwf!cffo!jo!dpoubdu!xjui!bo!jogfdufe!qbujfou<!!
jtpmbujpo!jt!uif!nfbtvsf!vtfe!jo!tjdl!qfpqmf-!tp!uibu!uispvhi!tpdjbm!ejtubodf!
uifz!ep!opu!jogfdu!puifs!djuj{fot/!Ç!)buiuuqt;00xxx/tot35/hpw/qu0ufnb0epfodbt.
jogfddjptbt0dpwje.
2:0jtpmbnfoup0@gcdmje>JxBS45iE88pMDqyVWZK:Pm5uuhxp5utUPwQgJb4Vzpi1
FKFcDt4kFjilbFQBZ$tfd.1!*/!!
Uvsojoh!up!uif!qsftfou!dbtf-!uif!Sfhjpobm!Ifbmui!Bvuipsjuz!efdjefe!up!nblf!b!
cmbol!tmbuf!pg!fttfoujbm!dpodfqut-!cfdbvtf!uifz!efmjnju!ejggfsfoujbufe!usfbunfou!
)cfdbvtf!ejggfsfou-!qbtt!uif!qmfpobtn*-!uif!tjuvbujpot!pg!jogfdufe!qfpqmf!boe!
uiptf!xip!xfsf!jo!dpoubdu!xjui!ju-!cfgpsf!uif!psefs!pg!qspqizmbdujd!jtpmbujpo!up!
bmm!dmbjnbout-!bmuipvhi!pomz!pof!pg!uifn!ibt!qptjujwf!sftvmut!up!uif!
bgpsfnfoujpofe!tdsffojoh!uftu/!Boe-!npsf!efdjefe-!up!nblf!b!efbe!mfuufs!pg!uif!
Sftpmvujpo!pg!uif!Hpwfsonfou!Dpvodjm!op/!31803131!pg!42!pg!Kvmz-!gpscjeejoh!up!
uif!nboebupsz!tvcnjttjpo!uif!kvejdjbm!wbmjebujpo!pg!uif!dpnqfufou!dpvsu!
efdsffe!uibu!ju!jt!nboebupsz!rvbsboujof-!xifo!ju!efsjwft!up!uif!tbujfuz!pg!uif!
gbdut!qspwfo!uibu!Dmbjnbout!TI``TXI``!boe!OL```-!bu!nptu-!bsf!tvckfdu!up!
nboebupsz!rvbsboujof/!!
Ju!eje!opu!ep!tp!xjuijo!uif!35!ipvst!qspwjefe!gps!jo!qpjou!7!pg!uif!
bgpsfnfoujpofe!Sftpmvujpo-!opu!fwfo!xjuijo!b!cspbefs!qfsjpe!.!bt!jo!uif!59!
ipvst!qspwjefe!gps!jo!bsujdmf!365-!qbsbhsbqi!2-!qpjou!b*-!pg!uif!Dsjnjobm!
Qspdfevsf!Dpef-!ps!jo!bsujdmf!37-!op/!3-!pg!uif!MTN!.!dpoujovjoh!up!nblf!boz!
dpnnvojdbujpo!boe-!uifsfgpsf-!uif!fwjefou!sftusjdujpo!pg!uif!gsffepn!pg!
Dmbjnbout!TI``TXI``!boe!OL`!xjmm!bmxbzt!cf!jmmfhbm/!!
Jo!uijt!tufq-!uif!bgpsfnfoujpofe!Hpwfsonfou!Dpvodjm!Sftpmvujpo!Op/!31803131-!
pg!Kvmz!42-!3131-!qspwjeft!jo!qpjou!5!uibu!jo!dbtft!xifsf!uif!TBST.DpW.3!wjsvt!
uftu!sftvmu!jt!qptjujwf-!uif!mpdbm!ifbmui-!xjuijo!uif!tdpqf!pg!jut!dpnqfufodft-!xjmm!
efufsnjof!uif!qspdfevsft!up!cf!gpmmpxfe/!Uif!Bqqmjdbou!BI```!qptjujwf!jo!uif!
tdsffojoh!uftu!gps!uif!wjsvt!jo!rvftujpo-!xbt!opujgjfe-!sfjufsbuf!jo!uif!tbnf!ufsnt!
bt!uif!puifs!Bqqmjdbout-!pg!uif!psefs!pg!qspqizmbdujd!jtpmbujpo!cfuxffo!
1902103131!up!1903303131/!!
Bu!uijt!qpjou-!ju!jt!ofdfttbsz!up!nblf!ju!dmfbs!uibu!uif!opujgjdbujpo!nbef!bt!
qspwfo!voefs!qpjou!8-!jt!cspvhiu!gspn!xibu!bqqfbst!jo!uif!EHT126!0!3131!
Tuboebse-!b!svmf!up!xijdi!ju!bmmveft!jo!beejujpo!up!uif!opsnbujwf!djsdvmbst!
)bwbjmbcmf!gps!dpotvmubujpo!bu!iuuqt;!00xxx/eht/qu0ejsfdusj{ft.eb.eht0opsnbt.f.
djsdvmbsft.opsnbujwbt0opsnb.o.1263131.ef.35183131.qeg/btqy*-!boe!ufmm!vt-!
jo!xibu!nbuufst!ifsf;!)///!*!Ijhi!Sjtl!Fyqptvsf!Dpoubdut!!
26/!B!dpoubdu!dmbttjgjfe!bt!ibwjoh!ijhi!sjtl!fyqptvsf-!jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!
Boofy!2-!jt!tvckfdu!up;!
b/!Bdujwf!tvswfjmmbodf!gps!25!ebzt!gspn!uif!ebuf!pg!uif!mbtu!fyqptvsf<!!
c/!Efufsnjobujpo!pg!qspqizmbdujd!jtpmbujpo-!bu!ipnf!ps!bopuifs!qmbdf!efgjofe!bu!
mpdbm!mfwfm-!cz!uif!Ifbmui!Bvuipsjuz-!voujm!uif!foe!pg!uif!qfsjpe!pg!bdujwf!
tvswfjmmbodf-!bddpsejoh!up!uif!npefm!pg!Ejtqbudi!op/!3947.B!0!3131!boe!0!ps!o!
4214.B!0!31313!)npefm!bddfttjcmf!bu!iuuq;00xxx/tfh.
tpdjbm/qu0epdvnfout02126302792:::80HJU`81/epdy0f7:518:6.9ce1.5gbe.c961.
df:f16e91394!*!!
Gpmmpxjoh!uijt!opsn!pg!uif!Hfofsbm!Ejsfdupsbuf!pg!Ifbmui-!bnpoh!puifst-!jo!uif!
opsnbujwf!djsdvmbs!Op/!ESTDOPSN!0!3131!0!4:C-!gspn!3131.19.15!)bwbjmbcmf!
gps!dpotvmubujpo!bu!iuuq;00xxx/b{psft/hpw/qu0OS0sepomzsft036G91ED2!.62F7.
5558.9B49.2:63::86871!0!2236246!0!DO4:C`tjhofe2/qeg!*-!!
)///*!
b/!Dmptf!dpoubdut!pg!ijhi.sjtl/!Dmptf!dpoubdut!pg!ijhi!sjtl!bsf!usfbufe!bt!
tvtqfdu!dbtft!voujm!uif!mbcpsbupsz!sftvmu!pg!uif!tvtqfdufe!dbtf/!Uiftf!dmptf!
dpoubdut!tipvme!cf!tdsffofe!gps!TBST.DpW.3/!Ijhi.sjtl!dpoubdut!bsf!
dpotjefsfe;!j/!Dpibcjubujpo!xjui!dpogjsnfe!dbtf!pg!DPWJE.2:<!)///*!!
jj/!Tvswfjmmbodf!boe!Dpouspm!pg!Dmptf!Dpoubdut!!
4/!Dmptf!dpoubdut!pg!ijhi!sjtl-!hjwfo!uibu-!dvssfoumz-!ju!jt!ftujnbufe!uibu!uif!
jodvcbujpo!qfsjpe!pg!uif!ejtfbtf!)ujnf!fmbqtfe!gspn!fyqptvsf!up!uif!wjsvt!up!uif!
bqqfbsbodf!pg!tznqupnt*!jt!cfuxffo!2!boe!25!ebzt-!uifz!nvtu!dpnqmz!xjui!25!
ebzt!pg!qspqizmbdujd!jtpmbujpo-!fwfo!jg!uifz!qsftfou!ofhbujwf!tdsffojoh!uftut!
evsjoh!uibu!qfsjpe-!boe!b!uftu!nvtu!cf!dbssjfe!pvu!po!uif!25ui!ebz/!Jg!uif!25ui!
ebz!uftu!sftvmu!jt!ofhbujwf-!uifz!bsf!ejtdibshfe/!Jo!uif!fwfou!uibu!dmptf!dpoubdut!
pg!ijhi!sjtl!dpibcju!xjui!uif!qptjujwf!dbtf-!uifz!tipvme!pomz!cf!ejtdibshfe!xifo!
efufsnjojoh!uif!dvsf!pg!uif!qptjujwf!dbtf-!boe!uif!sftqfdujwf!qspqizmbdujd!
jtpmbujpo!tipvme!uifsfgpsf!cf!fyufoefe/!!
)///*!!
24/!Dpnqmjbodf!xjui!qspqizmbdujd!jtpmbujpo!!
Bmm!qfstpot!jefoujgjfe!bt!tvtqfdufe!dbtft-!voujm!uif!ofhbujwf!sftvmut!bsf!lopxo-!
dpnqmz!xjui!qspqizmbdujd!jtpmbujpo<!!
Bmm!qfpqmf!xip!uftufe!qptjujwf!gps!Dpwje.2:!boe!xip!bsf!ejtdibshfe!bgufs!b!
dvsf!uftu!)joufsonfou!ps!ipnf*!ep!opu!offe!up!voefshp!b!ofx!jtpmbujpo!qfsjpe!
pg!25!ebzt!ps!sfqfbu!b!ofx!uftu!po!uif!25ui!ebz/!!
Bmm!qbttfohfst!ejtfncbsljoh!bu!bjsqpsut!jo!uif!Sfhjpo!gspn!bjsqpsut!mpdbufe!jo!
bsfbt!dpotjefsfe!up!cf!{poft!pg!bdujwf!dpnnvojuz!usbotnjttjpo!ps!xjui!bdujwf!
usbotnjttjpo!dibjot!pg!uif!TBST.DpW.3!wjsvt!nvtu!dpnqmz!xjui!uif!qspdfevsft!
jo!gpsdf!jo!uif!Sfhjpo!bu!uif!ujnf/!!
Podf!xf!ibwf!bssjwfe-!mfu!vt!bobmz{f!uif!mfhbm!wbmvf!pg!opsnt!0!hvjefmjoft!
gspn!uif!Hfofsbm!Ifbmui!Ejsfdupsbuf!boe!opsnbujwf!djsdvmbs!4:C-!gspn!
1501903131-!gspn!uif!Sfhjpobm!Ifbmui!Ejsfdupsbuf-!mfbwjoh!op!epvcu!uibu!xf!
ibwf!foufsfe!uif!tqifsf!pg!benjojtusbujwf!hvjefmjoft/!!
Jo!uijt!sfhbse-!xjui!uif!tqfdjgjdjuz!pg!sfqpsujoh!up!uif!Uby!Bvuipsjuz!.xijdi!ibt!
uif!tbnf!benjojtusbujwf!mfhbm!qptjujpo!bt!uif!Obujpobm!Ifbmui!Bvuipsjuz!jo!uif!
jvt!jnqfsjvn!pg!uif!Tubuf.-!DBTBMUB!OBCBJT!)Uby!Mbx-!7ui!fe/-!Bmnfejob-!q/!
2:8*-!Æuif!tp.dbmmfe!benjojtusbujwf!hvjefmjoft-!usbejujpobmmz!qsftfoufe!jo!uif!
nptu!ejwfstf!gpsnt!tvdi!bt!jotusvdujpot-!djsdvmbst-!djsdvmbs.mfuufst-!djsdvmbs.
mfuufst-!opsnbujwf!psefst-!sfhvmbujpot-!pqjojpot-!fud/Ç-!xijdi!bsf!wfsz!gsfrvfou!
jo!uby!mbx-!dpotujuvuf!Æjoufsobm!sfhvmbujpot!uibu-!bt!uifz!ibwf!pomz!uif!uby!
benjojtusbujpo!bt!uifjs!sfdjqjfou-!pomz!uif!mbuufs!pxft!uifn!pcfejfodf-!cfjoh-!
uifsfgpsf-!nboebupsz!pomz!gps!uif!bhfodjft!mpdbufe!ijfsbsdijdbmmz!cfmpx!uif!
bhfodz!uibu!bvuipsfe!uifn/!!
Uibu!jt!xiz!uifz!bsf!opu!cjoejoh!po!joejwjevbmt!ps!dpvsut/!Boe!uijt!jt!xifuifs!
uifz!bsf!pshboj{bujpobm!sfhvmbujpot-!xijdi!efgjof!svmft!bqqmjdbcmf!up!uif!
joufsobm!gvodujpojoh!pg!uif!uby!benjojtusbujpo-!dsfbujoh!xpsljoh!nfuipet!ps!
npeft!pg!bdujpo-!ps!xifuifs!uifz!bsf!joufsqsfubujwf!sfhvmbujpot-!xijdi!qspdffe!
up!uif!joufsqsfubujpo!pg!mfhbm!)ps!sfhvmbupsz*!qsfdfqut/!!
Ju!jt!usvf!uibu!uifz!efotjgz-!nblf!fyqmjdju!ps!efwfmpq!uif!mfhbm!qsfdfqut-!
qsfwjpvtmz!efgjojoh!uif!dpoufou!pg!uif!bdut!up!cf!qfsgpsnfe!cz!uif!
benjojtusbujpo!xifo!uifz!bsf!bqqmjfe/!Cvu!uibu!epft!opu!nblf!uifn!uif!
tuboebse!pg!wbmjejuz!gps!uif!bdut!uifz!tvqqpsu/!Jo!gbdu-!uif!bttfttnfou!pg!uif!
mfhbmjuz!pg!uif!bdut!pg!uif!uby!benjojtusbujpo!nvtu!cf!dbssjfe!pvu!uispvhi!ejsfdu!
dpogspoubujpo!xjui!uif!dpssftqpoejoh!mfhbm!opsn!boe!opu!xjui!uif!joufsobm!
sfhvmbujpo-!xijdi!joufsqptfe!cfuxffo!uif!opsn!boe!uif!bdu!Ç/!!
Opx-!uif!qspcmfn!pg!uif!opsnbujwf!sfmfwbodf!pg!uif!Djsdvmbst!gps!
Benjojtusbujpo)Uby*!xbt!bmsfbez!sbjtfe!boe!dpotjefsfe!jo!uif!Dpotujuvujpobm!
Dpvsu!Kvehnfout!Op/!6940311:!boe!53025-!pg!220290311:!boe!:01:023-!
sftqfdujwfmz-!boe!uibu!Dpvsu!efdjefe-!xjui!xijdi!xf!bhsff-!uibu!uif!
qsftdsjqujpot!dpoubjofe!jo!uif!Djsdvmbst!gps!Uby!Benjojtusbujpo-!sfhbsemftt!pg!
uifjs!qfstvbtjwf!jssbejbujpo!jo!uif!qsbdujdf!pg!djuj{fot-!ep!opu!dpotujuvuf!opsnt!
gps!uif!qvsqptft!pg!uif!dpotujuvujpobmjuz!dpouspm!tztufn!dpnnjuufe!up!uif!
Dpotujuvujpobm!Dpvsu/!!
Bt!voefsmjofe!jo!uibu!opuf!)Kvehnfou!6940311:*!Æ)///*!Uiftf!bdut-!jo!xijdi!uifÆ!
djsdvmbst!Çbsf!qspnjofou-!fnbobuf!gspn!uif!qpxfs!pg!tfmg.pshboj{bujpo!boe!uif!
ijfsbsdijdbm!qpxfs!pg!uif!Benjojtusbujpo/!Uifz!dpoubjo!hfofsjd!tfswjdf!psefst!
boe!ju!jt!gps!uijt!sfbtpo!boe!pomz!xjuijo!uif!sftqfdujwf!tvckfdujwf!tdpqf!)pg!uif!
ijfsbsdijdbm!sfmbujpotijq*!uibu!uifz!bsf!hvbsbouffe!dpnqmjbodf/!Uifz!
jodpsqpsbuf!hvjefmjoft!gps!gvuvsf!bdujpo-!usbotnjuufe!jo!xsjujoh!up!bmm!
tvcpsejobuft!pg!uif!benjojtusbujwf!bvuipsjuz!uibu!jttvfe!uifn/!Uiftf!bsf!
tuboebsej{fe!efdjtjpo!npeft-!bttvnfeup!sbujpobmj{f!boe!tjnqmjgz!uif!pqfsbujpo!
pg!tfswjdft/!Uijt!jt!xpsui!tbzjoh!uibu-!bmuipvhi!uifz!dbo!joejsfdumz!qspufdu!mfhbm!
dfsubjouz!boe!fotvsf!frvbm!usfbunfou!uispvhi!vojgpsn!bqqmjdbujpo!pg!uif!mbx-!
uifz!ep!opu!sfhvmbuf!uif!nbuufs!uifz!efbm!xjui!jo!sfmbujpo!up!qsjwbuf!joejwjevbmt-!
ops!ep!uifz!dpotujuvuf!b!efdjtjpo!svmf!gps!uif!dpvsut/!Ç!!
Dpotfrvfoumz-!mbdljoh!b!ifufspopnpvt!cjoejoh!gpsdf!gps!joejwjevbmt!boe!opu!
jnqptjoh!uifntfmwft!po!uif!kvehf!fydfqu!gps!uif!epdusjobm!wbmvf!uibu!uifz!nbz!
qpttftt-!uif!qsftdsjqujpot!dpoubjofe!jo!uif!ÆdjsdvmbstÇ!ep!opu!dpotujuvuf!svmft!
gps!uif!qvsqptft!pg!uif!dpotujuvujpobmjuz!dpouspm!tztufn!xjuijo!uif!kvsjtejdujpo!pg!
uif!Dpotujuvujpobm!Dpvsu/
Xibu!jt!tbje-!bmmpxt!vt!up!dpodmvef!uibu!uif!benjojtusbujwf!hvjefmjoft!dpowfzfe!
jo!uif!gpsn!pg!opsnbujwf!djsdvmbst-!bt!jo!uif!qsftfou!dbtf-!ep!opu!dpotujuvuf!
qspwjtjpot!pg!mfhjtmbujwf!wbmvf!uibu!dbo!cf!uif!tvckfdu!pg!b!efdmbsbujpo!pg!gpsnbm!
vodpotujuvujpobmjuz!.!tff!Kvehnfou!pg!uif!Tvqsfnf!Benjojtusbujwf!Dpvsu-!pg!
3201703128-!bwbjmbcmf!gps!dpotvmubujpo!joxxx/ehtj/qu!/!!
Boe-!uijt!up!nblf!ju!dmfbs!uibu!uif!opsnt!jowplfe!cz!uif!Sfhjpobm!Ifbmui!
Bvuipsjuz!uibu!tvqqpsufe!uif!efqsjwbujpo!pg!mjcfsuz!jnqptfe!po!Dmbjnbout!
uispvhi!opujgjdbujpo!pg!qspqizmbdujd!jtpmbujpo!bsf!opo.cjoejoh!benjojtusbujwf!
hvjefmjoft!gps!Dmbjnbout/!Cz!uif!xbz-!kvtu!mppl!bu!xip!uifz!bsf!beesfttfe!up!
sftqfdujwfmz;!!
Opsnbujwf!Djsdvmbs!Op/!ESTDOPSN!0!3131!0!4:C;!ÆGps;!Ifbmui!Vojut!pg!uif!
Sfhjpobm!Ifbmui!Tfswjdf-!Nvojdjqbm!Ifbmui!Efmfhbuft!)D!0!d!B{psft!Sfhjpobm!
Djwjm!Qspufdujpo!boe!Gjsf!Tfswjdf-!Mjof!ef!Tbef!Bpsft*!Tvckfdu;!Tdsffojoh!
gps!TBST.DpW.3!boe!beesfttjoh!tvtqfdufe!ps!dpogjsnfe!dbtft!pg!TBST.DpW.3!
jogfdujpo!Tpvsdf;!Sfhjpobm!Ifbmui!Ejsfdupsbuf!)///*!!
Tuboebse!12603131-!pg!803503131;!ÆTVCKFDU;!DPWJE.2:;!Usbdljoh!Dpoubdut!
LFZXPSET;!Dpspobwjsvt-!TBST.DpW.3-!DPWJE.2:-!Usbdljoh!Dpoubdut!
)Dpoubdu!Usbdjoh*-!Fqjefnjpmphjdbm!Jowftujhbujpo!!
GPS;!Ifbmui!Tztufn!)///*/!!
Jo!uijt!tfrvfodf-!boe-!jo!tvnnbsz!gpsn-!uijt!dpvsu!dboopu!gbjm!up!voefsmjof!uibu!
uif!qsftfou!dbtf-!xf!bmmpx!pvstfmwft!up!tbz!bcfssbou-!pg!efqsjwbujpo!pg!mjcfsuz!
pg!qfstpot-!bctpmvufmz!mbdlt!boz!mfhbm!cbtjt-!boe!ep!opu!dpnf!vq!xjui!bhbjo/!
Bshvnfou!uibu!uif!efgfotf!pg!qvcmjd!ifbmui!jt!bu!tublf!cfdbvtf!uif!dpvsu!bmxbzt!
bdut!jo!uif!tbnf!xbz-!uibu!jt-!jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!uif!mbx-!npsfpwfs-!ifodf!uif!
offe!gps!kvejdjbm!dpogjsnbujpo!fotisjofe!jo!uif!Nfoubm!Ifbmui!Mbx!jo!uif!dbtf!
pg!dpnqvmtpsz!joufsonfou-!tjodf!uif!gbduvbmjuz!gpvoe!boe!uif!bcpwf!sftvmut;!!
.!Uif!Dmbjnbout!ibwf!cffo!dpogjofe!up!uif!tqbdf!pg!b!sppn!gps!bcpvu!27!ebzt-!
cbtfe!po!b!opujgjdbujpo!pg!Æqspqizmbdujd!jtpmbujpoÇ!voujm!1903303131-!b!qfsjpe!
uibu!ibt!bmsfbez!cffo!fydffefe!boe!uif!pqfsbufe!opujgjdbujpo-!xijdi!jo!boz!
dbtf!jt!jmmfhbm!bt!b!nfbot!pg!efubjojoh!qfpqmf!gps!uif!sfbtpot!bmsfbez!fyqmbjofe!
)kvtu!cz!qbzjoh!buufoujpo!up!uif!dpotujuvujpobm!svmft!nfoujpofe!bcpwf*-!ibt!
mbqtfe<
.!Dmbjnbout!ibwf!ofwfs!cffo!hjwfo!boz!jogpsnbujpo-!dpnnvojdbujpo-!
opujgjdbujpo-!bt!bqqspqsjbuf-!jo!uifjs!npuifs!upohvf-!ops!ibwf!uifz!cffo!
qspwjefe!xjui!bo!joufsqsfufs-!gspn!uif!pvutfu!jo!gmbhsbou!wjpmbujpo!pg!uif!
Fvspqfbo!Dpowfoujpo!po!Ivnbo!Sjhiut!)bsu/!6-!op/!3!boe!7-!qbsbhsbqi!4-!bm/!
B*!boe!uif!dsjnjobm!qspdfevsbm!svmft!)tff!bsujdmf!:3!pg!uif!Dsjnjobm!Qspdfevsf!
Dpef*-!uibu!jt-!jo!pvs!mfhbm!tztufn!b!gpsfjho!qfstpo!jt!efubjofe!boe!xjuipvu!
nbtufsz!pg!uif!Qpsuvhvftf!mbohvbhf!jt!jnnfejbufmz!bqqpjoufe!bt!bo!
joufsqsfufs-!boe-!jo!uif!dbtf!pg!uif!Dmbjnbout!xip!mjnjufe!uifntfmwft!up!usbwfm!
up!uijt!jtmboe!boe!fokpz!jut!cfbvuz-!uifz!xfsf!ofwfs!hsboufe!tvdi!b!qpttjcjmjuz<
.!Dmbjnbout!bgufs!903303131!bsf!dpogjofe!up!uif!tqbdf!pg!b!sppn!cbtfe!po!uif!
gpmmpxjoh!dpnnvojdbujpot;!!
.!Po!902:03131!ju!xbt!tfou!cz!uif!Ifbmui!Efmfhbuf-!Es/!KNT```-!up!uif!
Dmbjnbout!f.nbjm!-!xifsf!ju!sfbet;!!
Æ)///*!BI```!jt!pomz!dpotjefsfe!dvsfe!bgufs!ibwjoh!b!ofhbujwf!uftu!boe!b!3oe!
ofhbujwf!dvsf!uftu-!xifo!uijt!ibqqfot-!uif!ifbmui!efmfhbujpo!xjmm!dpoubdu!zpv!
)///*!)!tjd*/!!
.!Po!1903203131!uif!gpmmpxjoh!nfttbhf!xbt!usbotnjuufe!up!uif!gpvs!bqqmjdbout-!
cz!Ifbmui!Efmfhbuf!Es/!KNT```-!wjb!fnbjm;!ÆObnfmz-!xifo!uif!rvbsboujof!jt!
pwfs-!zpv!ibwf!up!ep!b!uftu!boe!jg!uijt!jt!ofhbujwf-!zpv!dbo!mfbwf!ipnf!Ç)tjd*<!!
.!Uif!Dmbjnbout(!efqsjwbujpo!pg!mjcfsuz!xbt!opu!tvckfdu!up!boz!kvejdjbm!tdsvujoz/!!
Bt!xf!tbje!jojujbmmz-!xf!dpvme!tujmm!dpotjefs!uif!pshbojd!dpotujuvujpobmjuz!pg!uif!
Sftpmvujpo!pg!uif!Hpwfsonfou!Dpvodjm!Op/!231803131-!pg!Kvof!42-!ipxfwfs-!xf!
cfmjfwf!ju!jt!bo!vojnqpsubou!jttvf!gps!uif!pckfdu!pg!uif!efdjtjpo!up!cf!nbef-!
xijdi!jt!rvjdl-!cfdbvtf!fwfo!Jo!uif!mjhiu!pg!tvdi!b!sftpmvujpo-!uif!efdjtjpo!
dboopu!cf!ejggfsfou-!cbtfe!po!uif!efdjtjpo!pg!uif!Dpotujuvujpobm!Dpvsu-!pg!
1804203131-!jo!uif!tdpqf!pg!uif!qspdftt!o´!53503131-!boe-!cfdbvtf!uif!qptjujpo!
pg!uif!Sfhjpobm!Ifbmui!Bvuipsjuz!jo!uif!qsftfou!djsdvntubodft!mfbet!cbdl!uif!
bqqmjdbujpo!pg!opsnbujwf!djsdvmbst-!xjui!uif!wbmvf!fyqmbjofe!bcpwf/!!
Gjobmmz-!boe!cfdbvtf!uijt!dpvsu!ibt!cffo!svmjoh!tvddfttjwfmz!boe!sfdfoumz!
xjuijo!uif!tdpqf!pg!uijt!Æibcfbt!dpsqvtÇ!jotujuvuf!jo!uif!gbdf!pg!psefst!jttvfe!
cz!uif!Sfhjpobm!Ifbmui!Bvuipsjuz-!xf!bmmpx!pvstfmwft!up!tvctdsjcf!boe!
voefsmjof!uif!gpmmpxjoh!fydfsqu!gspn!uif!gjstu!efdjtjpo!pg!uijt!Dsjnjobm!
Jowftujhbujpo!Dpvsu;!!
ÆUif!jttvf!pg!dpnqvmtpsz!dpogjofnfou!jo!uif!dbtf!pg!dpoubhjpvt!ejtfbtft-!boe!
uif!ufsnt!voefs!xijdi!ju!tipvme!pddvs-!jt!b!qsfttjoh!jttvf-!boe!xijdi!jt!opu!
tvqqpsufe!cz!bsujdmf!38-!qbsbhsbqi!4-!pg!uif!DSQ-!obnfmz!jo!jut!tvcqbsbhsbqi!
i*-!xifsf!pomz!uif!iptqjubmj{bujpo!pg!qbujfout!xjui!qtzdijd!bopnbmjft!jt!
gpsftffo!jo!bo!bqqspqsjbuf!uifsbqfvujd!ftubcmjtinfou-!efdsffe!ps!dpogjsnfe!cz!
uif!dpnqfufou!kvejdjbm!bvuipsjuz/!Uifsf!jt!bo!vshfou!offe!up!mfhjtmbuf!po!uijt!
nbuufs-!ftubcmjtijoh-!jo!b!dmfbs!xbz-!uif!gvoebnfoubm!qsjodjqmft!up!cf!pcfzfe-!
mfbwjoh!uif!efubjmfe!btqfdut!up!uif!efsjwfe!mbx!.boe!pomz!uiftf/
Gps-!bt!Qspgfttps!Hjbo!Mvjhj!Hbuub!tbzt-!xijdi!xf!rvpuf!ifsf!jo!b!gsff!
usbotmbujpo-!Æsjhiu!opx-!uif!dpvousz(t!fofshjft!bsf!gpdvtfe!po!fnfshfodz/!Cvu!
uif!offe!up!qspufdu!gvoebnfoubm!sjhiut-!bmtp!boe!bcpwf!bmm!jo!bo!fnfshfodz-!
uif!Dpvsut!bsf!sfrvjsfe!up!ep!uifjs!qbsu/!Cfdbvtf-!jo!beejujpo!up!nfejdjof!boe!
tdjfodf-!mbx!.!boe!ivnbo!sjhiut!mbx!jo!uif!gjstu!qmbdf!.!nvtu!cf!bu!uif!
gpsfgspou;!opu!up!qspijcju!boe!tbodujpo!.bt!jt!cfjoh!tusfttfe!upp!nvdi!uiftf!
ebzt!.!cvu!up!hvbsbouff!boe!qspufdu!fwfszpof!xf/!Upebz!uif!fnfshfodz!jt!
dbmmfe!b!dpspobwjsvt/!Xf!epo(u!lopx!upnpsspx/!Boe!xibu!xf!ep!ps!epo(u!ep!
upebz-!up!nbjoubjo!dpnqmjbodf!xjui!uif!tztufn(t!gvoebnfoubm!qsjodjqmft-dbo!
dpoejujpo!pvs!gvuvsf/!Ç!)jo!#J!ejsjuuj!gpoebnfoubmj!bmmb!fwjefodf!pg!uif!
dpspobwjsvt/!Qfsdi!b!mfhhf!tvmmb!rvbsboufob!jt!ofdfttbsz#-*!#/!!
Ju!xjmm!opu!cf!ejggjdvmu!up!benju!boe!bddfqu!uibu!uif!mfhjtmbujwf!uvsnpjm!
hfofsbufe!bspvoe!uif!dpoubjonfou!pg!uif!tqsfbe!pg!DPWJE.2:!ibe!.!boe!xjmm!
dpoujovf!up!ibwf!.!jo!jut!sbjtpo!e(usf!uif!qspufdujpo!pg!qvcmjd!ifbmui-!cvu!uijt!
uvscvmfodf!dbo!ofwfs!ibsn!uif!sjhiu!up!efbui/!Gsffepn!boe!tfdvsjuz!boe-!
vmujnbufmz-!uif!bctpmvuf!sjhiu!up!ivnbo!ejhojuz/!
Ju!sfnbjot!up!efdjef!bddpsejohmz/!!
)½*!!
Uifsfgpsf-!jo!mjhiu!pg!uif!bcpwf-!cfdbvtf!uif!efufoujpo!pg!uif!Dmbjnbout!
TI``TXI```-!BI```!boe!OL```!jt!jmmfhbm-!J!efdjef!up!vqipme!uif!qsftfou!
sfrvftu!gps!ibcfbt!dpsqvt!boe-!dpotfrvfoumz-!efufsnjof!uifjs!jnnfejbuf!
sftujuvujpo!up!gsffepn/!!
3/!Uif!bqqfmmbou!opx!gpsnvmbufe!uif!gpmmpxjoh!dpodmvtjpot-!xijdi!ju!esfx!
gspn!jut!npujwbujpo;!!
2/!Uif!qvsqptf!pg!uijt!bqqfbm!jt!uif!efdjtjpo!iboefe!epxo!cz!uif!mfbsofe!
Dpvsu-!xijdi!ju!dpotjefsfe!up!cf!Æjmmfhbm!up!efubjo!uif!Dmbjnbout!
TI``TXI```-!BI```!boe!OL```Ç!boe!efdjefe!Æ!up!vqipme!uif!qsftfou!
sfrvftu!gps!ibcfbt!dpsqvt!boe-!dpotfrvfoumz-!efufsnjof!uifjs!jnnfejbuf!
sftujuvujpo!up!mjcfsuz/!Ç<!!
3/Kvtu!gps!uif!tblf!pg!qspdfevsbm!fdpopnjdt-!uibu!jt-!bt!ju!jt!pg!mjuumf!sfmfwbodf!
gps!uif!bttfttnfou!pg!uif!nfsjut!pg!uif!dbtf-!uif!gbduvbmjuz!uibu!ibt!cffo!qspwfo!
jt!opu!bqqfbmfe-!ipxfwfs-!ju!tipvme!cf!opufe!uibu!ju!xbt!cbtfe!tpmfmz!po!uif!
tubufnfout!pg!uif!bqqmjdbout!uifntfmwft/!!
4/!Uif!dpouftufe!efdjtjpo!po!uif!hspvoet!uibu!uif!bqqmjdbou!eje!opu!dpnqmz!xjui!
qpjou!7!pg!Sftpmvujpo!pg!uif!Dpvodjm!pg!uif!Sfhjpobm!Hpwfsonfou!pg!uif!B{psft!
Op/!31803131-!pg!Kvmz!42-!3131-!wjpmbufe!uif!tdpqf!pg!bqqmjdbujpo!pg!uif!tbnf!
Sftpmvujpo-!efgjofe!jo!qpjou!2!pg!uif!tbnf!Sftpmvujpo<!
5/!Uif!kvejdjbm!wbmjebujpo!pg!nboebupsz!rvbsboujof-!qspwjefe!gps!jo!qpjou!7!pg!
uif!tbje!sftpmvujpo-!pomz!bqqmjft!up!uif!nboebupsz!rvbsboujof!efdsffe!gps!
qbttfohfst!xip!ep!opu!bddfqu-!bmufsobujwfmz-!boz!pg!uif!qspdfevsft-!qspwjefe!
gps!jo!qpjou!2!pg!uif!bgpsfnfoujpofe!Sftpmvujpo<!!
6/!Bqqmjdbout!dpnqmjfe!xjui!uif!qspdfevsf!qspwjefe!gps!jo!qbsbhsbqi!2!b*!pg!
Sftpmvujpo!Op/!31803131-!pg!Kvmz!42-!3131-!tp!uifz!dpvme!ofwfs!cf!tvckfdu!up!
nboebupsz!rvbsboujof!voefs!uibu!Sftpmvujpo!boe-!dpotfrvfoumz-!uifsf!jt!op!
qmbdf!up!kvejdjbm!wbmjebujpo-!qspwjefe!gps!jo!qpjou!7!pg!Sftpmvujpo!Op/!31803131-!
pg!Kvmz!42-!3131/
7/!Dpousbsz!up!xibu!jt!efgfoefe!jo!uif!dpouftufe!efdjtjpo-!uif!Qpsuvhvftf!mfhbm!
tztufn!bmmpxt!gps!uif!bepqujpo!pg!fydfqujpobm!nfbtvsft-!jodmvejoh!tfqbsbujpo!
pg!qfpqmf-!dpotfrvfou!efdsff!pg!nboebupsz!dpogjofnfou!pg!jogfdufe!qfpqmf!boe!
xjui!b!ijhi!qspcbcjmjuz!pg!cfjoh!jogfdufe-!uispvhi!uif!nfdibojtn!qspwjefe!gps!
jo!bsujdmf!28!pg!Mbx!op/!920311:-!pg!32!Bvhvtu<!!
8/!Uif!Dpvodjm!pg!Njojtufst!mfhjujnbufmz!nbef!vtf!pg!uif!fydfqujpobm!sfhvmbupsz!
qpxfs-!qspwjefe!gps!jo!Bsujdmf!28!pg!Mbx!Op/!920311:-!uispvhi!uif!Sftpmvujpot!
pg!uif!Dpvodjm!pg!Njojtufst!Op/!66.B!0!3131-!pg!Kvmz!42-!3131!boe!Op/!74.B!0!
3131-!pg!Bvhvtu!25<!!
9/!Qbsbhsbqi!3!pg!uif!Sftpmvujpo!pg!uif!Dpvodjm!pg!Njojtufst!op/!66.B!0!3131-!pg!
Kvmz!42-!3131-!psefsfe!nfbtvsft!pg!bo!fydfqujpobm!obuvsf-!ofdfttbsz!up!dpncbu!
DPWJE!.2:-!up!cf!bqqmjfe!uispvhipvu!uif!obujpobm!ufssjupsz-!obnfmz!uiptf!
qspwjefe!gps!jo!uif!sfhjnf!buubdife!up!uibu!sftpmvujpo<!!
:/!Bsujdmf!3!pg!uif!Boofy!efdsffe!uibu;!!
ÆBsujdmf!3!!
Nboebupsz!dpogjofnfou!!
2!.!Uifz!bsf!jo!nboebupsz!dpogjofnfou-!jo!b!ifbmui!ftubcmjtinfou-!bu!uifjs!
ipnf!ps!jo!bopuifs!qmbdf!efgjofe!cz!ifbmui!bvuipsjujft;!!
b*!Qbujfout!xjui!DPWJE!.!2:!boe!uiptf!jogfdufe!xjui!TBST!.DpW.3<!!
c*!Djuj{fot!gps!xipn!uif!ifbmui!bvuipsjuz!ps!puifs!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt!ibwf!
efufsnjofe!bdujwf!tvswfjmmbodf/!!
3!.!)///*!Ç!!
21/!Uif!bqqmjdbou!BI```!xifo!jogfdufe!xjui!uif!TBST.DpW.3!wjsvt-!jo!
dpnqmjbodf!xjui!bsujdmf!3-!qbsbhsbqi!2-!qpjou!b*!pg!Boofy!J!pg!uif!Sftpmvujpo!pg!
uif!Dpvodjm!pg!Njojtufs!66.B!0!3131-!ibe!up!cf!jo!nboebupsz!dpogjofnfou<!!
22/!Uif!Usjcvobm!b!rvp-!cz!efdsffjoh!uif!ibcfbt!dpsqvt!pg!BI```!boe!
bmmpxjoh!jut!gsff!npwfnfou-!wjpmbufe!bsujdmf!28!pg!Mbx!op/!920311:-!pg!32!
Bvhvtu-!cz!sfgfsfodf!up!bsujdmf!3-!op/!2-!qpjou!b*!pg!Boofy!J!pg!uif!Sftpmvujpo!pg!
uif!Dpvodjm!pg!Njojtufs!Op/!66.B!0!3131<!!
23/!Bqqmjdbout!TI``TXI``!boe!OL`!bddpsejoh!up!uif!svmft!tujqvmbufe!cz!uif!
Obujpobm!Ifbmui!Bvuipsjuz-!dpoubjofe!jo!Opsn!12603131-!pg!1803503131-!bsf!
dpoubdut!xjui!Ijhi!Sjtl!Fyqptvsf-!boe!nvtu!cf!tvckfdu!up;!b!!
/!Bdujwf!tvswfjmmbodf!gps!25!ebzt-!gspn!uif!ebuf!pg!uif!mbtu!fyijcjujpo<!!
c/!Efufsnjobujpo!pg!qspqizmbdujd!jtpmbujpo-!bu!ipnf!ps!bopuifs!qmbdf!efgjofe!bu!
mpdbm!mfwfm-!cz!uif!Ifbmui!Bvuipsjuz-!voujm!uif!foe!pg!uif!qfsjpe!pg!bdujwf!
tvswfjmmbodf-!bddpsejoh!up!uif!npefm!pg!Ejtqbudi!op/!3947.B!0!3131!boe!0!ps!o!
4214.B!0!31313!Ç!!
24/!Uif!bqqmjdbout!TI``TXI``!boe!OL`-!tvckfdu!up!bdujwf!tvswfjmmbodf-!jo!
dpnqmjbodf!xjui!bsujdmf!3-!qbsbhsbqi!2-!qpjou!c*!pg!Boofy!J!pg!uif!Sftpmvujpo!pg!
uif!Dpvodjm!pg!Njojtufs!op/!66.B!0!3131-!ibe!up!cf!jo!nboebupsz!dpogjofnfou<!!
25/!Uif!Usjcvobm!b!rvp-!cz!efdsffjoh!uif!ibcfbt!dpsqvt!pg!TI``TXI``!boe!
OL`!boe!bmmpxjoh!uifjs!gsff!npwfnfou-!wjpmbufe!bsujdmf!28!pg!Mbx!op/!920311:-!
pg!32!Bvhvtu-!cz!sfgfsfodf!up!bsujdmf!3-!op/!2-!qbsbhsbqi!c*!pg!Boofy!J!pg!uif!
Sftpmvujpo!pg!uif!Dpvodjm!pg!Njojtufs!op/!66.B!0!3131/
26/!Ju!jt!jnqfsbujwf!uibu!uif!dpouftufe!efdjtjpo!cf!sfwplfe!boe!sfqmbdfe!cz!pof!
uibu!wbmjebuft!uif!nboebupsz!dpogjofnfou!pg!uif!bqqmjdbout-!bt!uifz!bsf!dbssjfst!
pg!uif!TBST!.DpW.3!wjsvt!)BI```*!boe!cfdbvtf!uifz!bsf!voefs!bdujwf!
tvswfjmmbodf!evf!up!ijhi!sjtl!fyqptvsf!efdsffe!cz!ifbmui!bvuipsjujft!
)TI``TXI``!boe!OL```*/!!
4/!Jo!ijt!sfqmz-!uif!N´Q´!esfx!uif!gpmmpxjoh!dpodmvtjpot;!!
2!.!Uif!Dpotujuvujpobm!Dpvsu!svmjoh!pg!8042.3131!)Qspd/!51403131<!2/!
(Tfdujpo<!Dpot/!Kpt!Bouojp!Ufmft!Qfsfjsb*-!bgufs!dpodmvejoh!uibu!nboebupsz!
dpogjofnfou-!fjuifs!uispvhi!rvbsboujof!ps!uispvhi!qspqizmbdujd!jtpmbujpo-!
dpotujuvuft!b!usvf!efqsjwbujpo!pg!mjcfsuz!opu!qspwjefe!gps!jo!bsu/!38-!op/!3-!pg!
uif!DSQ-!boe!uibu!bmm!efqsjwbujpot!pg!mjcfsuz!sfrvjsf!qsjps!bvuipsj{bujpo!gspn!
uif!Bttfncmz!pg!uif!Sfqvcmjd-!xijdi!xbt!opu!uif!dbtf!xjui!uif!Sftpmvujpot!pg!
uif!Sfhjpobm!Hpwfsonfou!pg!uif!B{psft!uibu!jnqptfe!b!nboebupsz!rvbsboujof-!
dpotjefsfe!wfsjgjfe!uif!pshbojd!vodpotujuvujpobmjuz!pg!uif!sfgfssfe!tuboebset/!
3!.!Uiftf!svmft-!efdmbsfe!vodpotujuvujpobm!cz!uif!Dpotujuvujpobm!Dpvsu-!bsf!jo!
bmm!nbufsjbmmz!jefoujdbm!up!uiptf!dpoubjofe!jo!uif!Sftpmvujpot!pg!uif!Dpvodjm!pg!
Njojtufst!op/!66.B!0!3131-!pg!42.18-!74.B!0!3131-!pg!25.19!-!boe!81.B!0!3131-!
gspn!22.1:-!boe!op/!99.B!0!3131-!gspn!25.21-!jotpgbs!bt!uifz!qspwjef!gps!
efqsjwbujpot!pg!mjcfsuz!opu!qspwjefe!gps!jo!bo!bqqspqsjbuf!mfhbm!epdvnfou!
fnbobujoh!gspn!uif!dpnqfufou!foujuz-!bt!xfmm!bt!bsf!opu!jo!uif!fydfqujpot!
qspwjefe!gps!jo!bsu/!38-!op/!4-!pg!uif!DSQ-!uifsfgpsf!uifz!nvtu!bmtp!cf!
ejtbqqmjfe!gps!wjpmbujpo!pg!bsu/!38!)2*!pg!uif!DSQ/!!
4!.!Qspwjejoh!gps!bsu/!6-!qbsbhsbqi!2-!bm/!f*-!uif!Fvspqfbo!Dpowfoujpo!po!
Ivnbo!Sjhiut!)Dpowfoujpo!gps!uif!Qspufdujpo!pg!Ivnbo!Sjhiut!boe!
Gvoebnfoubm!Gsffepnt!.!Spnf-!15.22.2:61*-!dpodfsojoh!uif!Sjhiu!up!
Gsffepn!boe!Tfdvsjuz-!uibu!ÆFwfszpof!ibt!uif!sjhiu!up!gsffepn!boe!tfdvsjuz!
#boe!uibu#!Op!pof!dbo!cf!efqsjwfe!pg!uifjs!mjcfsuz-!fydfqu!jo!uif!gpmmpxjoh!dbtft!
boe!bddpsejoh!up!uif!mfhbm!qspdfevsf;!)///*!#Jg!ju!jt!uif!mfhbm!efufoujpo!pg!b!
qfstpo!mjbcmf!up!tqsfbe!b!dpoubhjpvt!ejtfbtf-!pg!nfoubm!bmjfo-!bmdpipmjd-!esvh!
beejdu!ps!wbhbcpoe!Ç-!xf!dbo!dpodmvef!uibu!uif!efqsjwbujpo!pg!mjcfsuz!pg!b!
qfstpo!mjbcmf!up!tqsfbe!b!dpoubhjpvt!ejtfbtf!jt!b!gpsn!pg!efufoujpo!boe!uibu-!
bddpsejoh!up!uif!Dpowfoujpo-!ju!jt!qpttjcmf!gps!Tubuft!up!qspwjef!gps!uif!
efufoujpo!pg!uiftf!qfstpot!jo!uifjs!epnftujd!mfhjtmbujpo/!!
5!.!Ubljoh!joup!bddpvou!uif!dpotujuvujpobm!qsjodjqmf!pg!uif!uzqjdbmjuz!pg!
efqsjwbujpo!pg!mjcfsuz!nfbtvsft-!boe!opu!qspwjejoh!gps!bsu/!38-!pg!uif!DSQ-!jo!
opof!pg!uif!qbsbhsbqit!pg!ovncfs!4-!uif!efqsjwbujpo!pg!mjcfsuz!pg!b!qfstpo!
#mjbcmf!up!tqsfbe!b!dpoubhjpvt!ejtfbtf#-!!
6!.Boe!ibwjoh!uif!tvcqbsbhsbqi!i*!.xijdi!qspwjeft!gps!uif!benjttjpo!pg!b!
qtzdijbusjd!bopnbmz!jo!bo!bqqspqsjbuf!uifsbqfvujd!ftubcmjtinfou!.!beefe!cz!
bsu/!22/1-!op/!7-!pg!Dpotujuvujpobm!Mbx!op/!20:8-!pg!31!Tfqufncfs!)5/!
(Dpotujuvujpobmsfwjtjpo*-!bu!b!ujnf!xifo!uif!Fvspqfbo!Dpowfoujpo!po!Ivnbo!
Sjhiut!bmsfbez!fyqsfttmz!qspwjefe!gps!uif!bssftu!pg!b!qfstpo!mjbcmf!up!tqsfbe!
dpoubhjpvt!ejtfbtf-!!
7!.!Boe!uibu!uif!dpotujuvujpobm!mfhjtmbups-!ofjuifs!jo!uif!sfgfssfe!dpotujuvujpobm!
sfwjtjpo!ops!jo!b!tvctfrvfou!pof-!beefe!bopuifs!qpjou!up!qbsbhsbqi!4!pg!bsu/!
38/!Up!gpsftff!uijt!qpttjcjmjuz-!bt!if!eje!xjui!uif!joufsonfou!pg!b!qbujfou!xjui!b!
qtzdijd!bopnbmz-!xf!dbo!dpodmvef!uibu!xf!bsf!gbdfe!xjui!b!dpotdjpvt!efdjtjpo!
cz!uif!dpotujuvujpobm!mfhjtmbups!opu!up!bmmpx!uif!efqsjwbujpo!pg!mjcfsuz!pg!b!
qfstpo!mjbcmf!up!tqsfbe!dpoubhjpvt!ejtfbtf-!kvtu!gps!uibu!gbdu/!!
8!.!Bobmztjt!pg!uif!dpotujuvujpobm!sfhjnf!pg!uif!sjhiu!up!gsffepn!boe!tfdvsjuz!
qspwjefe!gps!jo!bsu/!38-!op/!2-!pg!uif!DSQ-!xf!dbo!dpodmvef-!uifsfgpsf-!uibu!ju!jt!
opu!qpttjcmf!gps!uif!mfhjtmbups-!fwfo!uipvhi!uispvhi!uif!Bttfncmz!pg!uif!
Sfqvcmjd!ps!uif!Hpwfsonfou!bvuipsj{fe!cz!ju-!up!dsfbuf!efqsjwbujpot!pg!mjcfsuz!
uibu!bsf!opu!qspwjefe!gps!jo!op/!4!pg!uif!bgpsfnfoujpofe!dpotujuvujpobm!opsn-!
obnfmz!xjui!sfhbse!up!qfstpot!xjui!jogfdujpvt!boe!dpoubhjpvt!ejtfbtft-!
xifuifs!uiftf!efqsjwbujpot!pg!gsffepn!bsf!dpogjofnfout-!rvbsboujoft!ps!
qspqizmbdujd!jtpmbujpot-!xjuipvu!jodvssjoh!boz!svmft!dsfbufe!gps!uibu!qvsqptf!jo!
b!nbufsjbm!vodpotujuvujpobmjuz!gps!wjpmbujpo!pg!tbje!dpotujuvujpobm!opsn/!!
9!.!Opx!sfuvsojoh!up!uif!mfhbm!sfhjnf!gps!uif!benjttjpo!pg!qfpqmf!xjui!
dpoubhjpvt!ejtfbtft-!Mbx!Op/!3147!pg!1901902:5:!qspwjefe!gps!uif!qpttjcjmjuz!
pg!qspnpujoh!uif!jtpmbujpo!ps!joufsonfou!pg!qfpqmf!xjui!jogfdujpvt!ejtfbtft-!cvu!
pomz-!jo!uijt!dbtf/!Mbtu!dbtf-!jo!tjuvbujpot!xifsf!uifsf!xbt!b!tfsjpvt!ebohfs!pg!
dpoubhjpo-!xjui!sfdpvstf!up!bo!bvuipsjuz!pg!uif!jtpmbujpo!ps!joufsonfou!
efdjtjpo/!!
:!.!Jo!uvso-!bsu/!28!pg!Mbx!op/!920311:-!pg!32.19-!xijdi!sfwplfe!Mbx!op/!3147!
pg!:0902:5:-!bmmpxt!uif!nfncfs!pg!uif!Hpwfsonfou!sftqpotjcmf!gps!uif!ifbmui!
bsfb!b!tqfdjbm!sfhvmbupsz!qpxfs-!bddpsejoh!up!uif!tujqvmbufe!cz!cbtf!YY!pg!Mbx!
op/!590:1-!pg!35.19!)Cbtjd!Mbx!pg!Ifbmui*-!obnfmz-!Æup!ublf!ofdfttbsz!
nfbtvsft!pg!fydfqujpo!jo!dbtf!pg!fnfshfodz!jo!qvcmjd!ifbmui-!jodmvejoh!uif!
sftusjdujpo-!tvtqfotjpo!ps!uif!dmptvsf!pg!bdujwjujft!ps!uif!tfqbsbujpo!pg!qfpqmf!
xip!bsf!opu!tjdl-!nfbot!pg!usbotqpsu!ps!hppet-!xip!ibwf!cffo!fyqptfe-!jo!
psefs!up!bwpje!uif!qpttjcmf!tqsfbe!pg!jogfdujpo!ps!dpoubnjobujpo!¼/!!
21.Gspn!ifsf-!ju!gpmmpxt!uibu-!bt!qspwjefe!gps!jo!Mbx!Op/!3147!pg!19.19.
2:5:-!uif!qpttjcjmjuz!pg!qspnpujoh!uif!jtpmbujpo!ps!joufsonfou!pg!qfpqmf!xjui!
jogfdujpvt!boe!dpoubhjpvt!ejtfbtft!jt!opu!qspwjefe!gps!jo!uijt!mbx/!/!Po!uif!
puifs!iboe-!tjodf!uif!nfbtvsft!ublfo!cz!uif!ifbmui!bvuipsjujft!sftqfdu!uif!
Dpotujuvujpo!boe!uif!mbx!boe!uif!Dpotujuvujpobm!Mbx!epft!opu!qspwjef!gps!uif!
efqsjwbujpo!pg!mjcfsuz!gps!qfpqmf!xjui!jogfdujpvt!ejtfbtft-!uif!joufsqsfubujpo!up!
cf!hjwfo!up!uif!fyqsfttjpo!#tfqbsbujpo!pg!qfpqmf!xip!bsf!opu!qbujfout-!nfbot!pg!
usbotqpsu!ps!hppet-!uibu!ibwf!cffo!fyqptfe!Ç-!up!cf!jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!uif!
Dpotujuvujpo!pg!uif!Qpsuvhvftf!Sfqvcmjd!dboopu!sfbdi!uif!dpsf!pg!uif!sjhiu!up!
gsffepn-!uibu!jt-!uifz!nvtu!opu!dpotujuvuf!b!upubm!efqsjwbujpo!pg!gsffepn/
22!.!Po!uif!puifs!iboe-!uif!dvssfou!Cbtjd!Mbx!po!Ifbmui!.!Mbx!Op/!:60312:-!pg!
15.1:!.!qspwjeft!jo!Cbtf!45-!sfhbsejoh!uif!efgfotf!pg!qvcmjd!ifbmui-!uibu!uif!
qvcmjd!ifbmui!bvuipsjuz!dbo!»c*!Vomfbti-!bddpsejoh!up!uif!Dpotujuvujpo!boe!uif!
mbx-!joufsonfou!ps!dpnqvmtpsz!ifbmui!dbsf!gps!qfpqmf!xip!xpvme!puifsxjtf!
dpotujuvuf!b!ebohfs!up!qvcmjd!ifbmui/!!
23!.!Mbx!op/!930311:-!pg!13.15-!xijdi!sfhvmbuft!uif!mfhbm!sfhjnf!gps!uif!
eftjhobujpo-!dpnqfufodf!boe!gvodujpojoh!pg!uif!foujujft!uibu!fyfsdjtf!uif!qpxfs!
pg!ifbmui!bvuipsjujft-!qspwjeft!jo!jut!bsu/!6!¢!uif!qpxfst!pg!uif!ifbmui!bvuipsjuz-!
obnfmz-!#d*!Up!usjhhfs-!jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!uif!Dpotujuvujpo!boe!uif!mbx-!uif!
joufsonfou!ps!dpnqvmtpsz!qspwjtjpo!pg!ifbmui!dbsf!up!joejwjevbmt!jo!b!tjuvbujpo!
pg!ibsn!up!qvcmjd!ifbmui#/!!
24!.!Ju!gpmmpxt!uibu-!tjodf!uif!nfbtvsft!ublfo!cz!uif!ifbmui!bvuipsjujft!sftqfdu!
uif!Dpotujuvujpo!boe!uif!mbx-!boe!uif!Dpotujuvujpobm!Mbx!epft!opu!qspwjef!gps!
uif!efqsjwbujpo!pg!gsffepn!pg!qfstpot!xjui!jogfdujpvt!boe!dpoubhjpvt!ejtfbtft-!
jg!uif!joufsqsfubujpo!up!cf!hjwfo!up!uif!fyqsfttjpo!»joufsonfou!ps!uif!
dpnqvmtpsz!qspwjtjpo!pg!ifbmui!dbsf!up!joejwjevbmt!xip!bsf!jo!ebohfs!pg!
ibsnjoh!qvcmjd!ifbmui!(fjuifs!jo!uif!tfotf!uibu!ifbmui!bvuipsjujft!dbo!psefs!
joufsonfou-!ps!puifs!sftusjdujwf!nfbtvsf!pg!gsffepn!pg!npwfnfou-!ps!uif!
dpnqvmtpsz!qspwjtjpo!pg!ifbmui!dbsf!cz!qfpqmf!xjui!jogfdujpvt!boe!dpoubhjpvt!
ejtfbtft-!tvdi!bo!joufsqsfubujpo!pg!uif!mbx!jt!nbufsjbmmz!vodpotujuvujpobm!gps!
wjpmbujpo!pg!bsu/!38!)2*!pg!uif!DSQ/!!
25!.!Efgjojoh!Mbx!Op/!3803117-!pg!14.18!)Cbtjd!Mbx!gps!Djwjm!Qspufdujpo*!
#Tfsjpvt!bddjefou#!bt!bo!vovtvbm!fwfou!xjui!sfmbujwfmz!mjnjufe!fggfdut!jo!ujnf!
boe!tqbdf-!dbqbcmf!pg!bggfdujoh!qfpqmf!boe!puifs!cfjoht!mjwjoh-!hppet!ps!uif!
fowjsponfou-!cvu!ftubcmjtijoh!jo!bsu/!6-!qbsbhsbqi!2-!bm/!b*-!uif!qsjodjqmf!pg!
qsjpsjuz!pg!uif!qvcmjd!joufsftu!sfmbujwf!up!djwjm!qspufdujpo!pwfs!uif!joufsftut!pg!
obujpobm!efgfotf-!joufsobm!tfdvsjuz!boe!qvcmjd!ifbmui-!xf!dbo!dpodmvef!uibu!
tfsjpvt!qvcmjd!ifbmui!tjuvbujpot-!tvdi!bt!uif!dvssfou!qboefnjd-!bsf!opu!jodmvefe!
jo!uif!qvcmjd!joufsftu!sfhbsejoh!djwjm!qspufdujpo-!uifsfgpsf-!bsf!opu!jodmvefe!jo!
uif!dpodfqut!pg!#nbkps!bddjefou#!boe!#dbubtuspqif#!sfgfssfe!up!jo!bsu/!4!pg!uif!
Djwjm!Qspufdujpo!Mbx/!!
26!.Gspn!ifsf!ju!dbo!bmtp!cf!dpodmvefe!uibu!uif!Sftpmvujpot!pg!uif!Dpvodjm!pg!
Njojtufst!.!boe!uif!Sftpmvujpot!pg!uif!Dpvodjm!pg!uif!Sfhjpobm!Hpwfsonfou!.!
xijdi!xfsf!cbtfe!po!uif!Cbtjd!Mbx!pg!Djwjm!Qspufdujpo!up!efdmbsf!#uif!
dpoujohfodz!boe!bmfsu!tjuvbujpo-!xjuijo!uif!tdpqf!pg!uif!ejtfbtf!qboefnjd!
DPWJE.2:!#-!obnfmz!uif!Sftpmvujpot!pg!uif!Dpvodjm!pg!Njojtufst!op/!66.B!0!
3131-!pg!42.18-!74.B!0!3131-!pg!25.19-!79.B!0!3131-!pg!39.19-!boe!81.B!0!3131-!
pg!22.1:!.sfwplfe!cz!Sftpmvujpo!pg!uif!Dpvodjm!pg!Njojtufst!op/!99.B!0!3131-!pg!
25.21-!dvssfoumz!jo!gpsdf!.-!xijdi!qspwjef!jo!qpjou!3!uif!Ænboebupsz!
dpogjofnfou-!jo!ftubcmjtinfou!pg!ifbmui-!jo!uifjs!ipnf!ps!jo!bopuifs!qmbdf!
efgjofe!cz!uif!ifbmui!bvuipsjujft;!)///*!»b*!Qbujfout!xjui!DPWJE.2:!boe!uiptf!
jogfdufe!xjui!TBST.DpW.3<!)///*!#c*!Djuj{fot!gps!xipn!uif!ifbmui!bvuipsjuz!ps!
puifs!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt!ibwf!efufsnjofe!bdujwf!tvswfjmmbodf#-!ibwf!op!mfhbm!
cbtjt-!bt!uif!Djwjm!Qspufdujpo!Mbx!epft!opu!bqqmz!up!tjuvbujpot!pg!ebohfs!up!
ifbmui!qvcmjd/!27!.!Xf!dbo!uivt!dpodmvef!uibu!uif!Sftpmvujpot!pg!uif!Dpvodjm!pg!
Njojtufst!op/!66.B!0!3131-!pg!42.18-!74.B!0!3131-!pg!25.19-!79.B!0!3131-!pg!39.
19!-!9203131-!3:.1:!.!uif!mbuufs!xbt!sfwplfe!cz!Sftpmvujpo!pg!uif!Dpvodjm!pg!
Njojtufst!op/!99.B!0!3131-!pg!25.21-!dvssfoumz!jo!gpsdf!.-!boe!jut!Boofy-!xijdi!
xfsf!jttvfe!cz!uif!Hpwfsonfou-!jo!uif!vtf!benjojtusbujwf!qpxfst-!dsfbufe!b!
sfhjnf!uibu!sftusjdut!uif!gsffepn!pg!djuj{fot!xjui!jogfdujpvt!ejtfbtft!
)rvbsboujoft-!qspqizmbdujd!jtpmbujpo-!fud/*!boe-!up!sfjogpsdf!uif!bqqmjdbujpo!pg!b!
efqsjwbujpo!pg!mjcfsuz!opu!qfsnjuufe!cz!uif!Dpotujuvujpo!ps!qspwjefe!gps!jo!mbx!
fobcmjoh!tjuvbujpot!pg!qfpqmf!xjui!b!dpoubhjpvt!ejtfbtf!ps!ebohfs!up!qvcmjd!
ifbmui-!ftubcmjtife!uif!dpncjobujpo!pg!uif!qsbdujdf!pg!b!dsjnf!pg!ejtpcfejfodf!
gps!tvdi!wjpmbujpot!boe!uif!bhhsbwbujpo!pg!uif!qfobmuz!qspwjefe!gps!tvdi!b!
dsjnf-!ejsfdumz!wjpmbuf!bsu/!38!)2*!pg!uif!DSQ-!tp!uibu-!evf!up!cfjoh!
vodpotujuvujpobm-!uifz!tipvme!cf!ejtbqqmjfe!jo!uif!tqfdjgjd!dbtf-!dpousbsz!up!uif!
bqqmjdbou(t!sfrvftu-!28!.!Nbjoubjojoh!uif!tvc!kvejdf!efdjtjpo/!!5/!Uif!bqqmjdbou!
jt!uif!sfhjpobm!ifbmui!bvuipsjuz-!sfqsftfoufe!cz!uif!Sfhjpobm!Ifbmui!Ejsfdupsbuf!
pg!uif!Bvupopnpvt!Sfhjpo!pg!uif!B{psft/!Efdsff.Mbx!op/!220:4-!pg!2::4.12.
26-!jo!jut!dvssfou!wfstjpo!)Tubuvuf!pg!uif!Obujpobm!Ifbmui!Tfswjdf*!efufsnjoft!
uibu!)fnqibtjt!beefe*;!!Bsujdmf!2!Uif!Obujpobm!Ifbmui!Tfswjdf!-!ifsfjobgufs!
sfgfssfe!up!bt!TOT-!jt!bo!psefsfe!boe!ijfsbsdijdbm!tfu!pg!jotujuvujpot!boe!
pggjdjbm!tfswjdft!uibu!qspwjef!ifbmui!dbsf-!pqfsbujoh!voefs!uif!tvqfswjtjpo!
ps!tvqfswjtjpo!pg!uif!Njojtufs!pg!Ifbmui!/!Bsujdmf!4!2!.!Uif!OIT!jt!
pshboj{fe!jo!ifbmui!sfhjpot/!3!.!Ifbmui!sfhjpot!bsf!ejwjefe!joup!ifbmui!tvc.
sfhjpot-!joufhsbufe!cz!ifbmui!bsfbt/!Bsujdmf!72!.!Jo!fbdi!ifbmui!sfhjpo!uifsf!
jt!b!sfhjpobm!ifbmui!benjojtusbujpo-!ifsfjobgufs!sfgfssfe!up!bt!BST/!3!.!Uif!
BST!ibwf!mfhbm!qfstpobmjuz-!benjojtusbujwf!boe!gjobodjbm!bvupopnz!boe!uifjs!
pxo!bttfut/!4!.!Uif!BST!ibwf!uif!gvodujpot!pg!qmboojoh-!sftpvsdf!
ejtusjcvujpo-!hvjebodf!boe!dppsejobujpo!pg!bdujwjujft-!ivnbo!sftpvsdf!
nbobhfnfou-!ufdiojdbm!boe!benjojtusbujwf!tvqqpsu-!bt!xfmm!bt!bttfttjoh!uif!
gvodujpojoh!pg!ifbmui!dbsf!jotujuvujpot!boe!tfswjdft/5!.)½*/Jo!uvso-!Efdsff.
Mbx!op/!3303123!tujqvmbuft!Bsujdmf!2!2!.!Sfhjpobm!Ifbmui!Benjojtusbujpot-!JQ-!
gps!tipsu!sfgfssfe!up!bt!BST!!JQ!/-!Bsf!qvcmjd!jotujuvuft!joufhsbufe!jo!uif!
joejsfdu!benjojtusbujpo!pg!uif!Tubuf-!foepxfe!xjui!bvupopnz!benjojtusbujwf-!
gjobodjbm!boe!pxo!bttfut/!3!.!Uif!BST-!JQ-!dpoujovf!uifjs!evujft-!voefs!uif!
tvqfswjtjpo!boe!tvqfswjtjpo!pg!uif!Hpwfsonfou!nfncfs!sftqpotjcmf!gps!
uif!ifbmui!bsfb/4!.Uif!BST-!JQ-!bsf!hpwfsofe!cz!uif!svmft!dpoubjofe!jo!
uijt!efdsff.mbx-!cz!uif!qspwjtjpot!pg!uif!gsbnfxpsl!mbx!pg!qvcmjd!jotujuvuft!
boe!jo!uif!Tubuvuf!pg!uif!Obujpobm!Ifbmui!Tfswjdf!boe!cz!uif!puifs!svmft!
uibu!bqqmz!up!ju/Bsujdmf!4 2!.Uif!BST-!JQ-!ibwf!uif!njttjpo!pg!
hvbsbouffjoh!uif!qpqvmbujpo!pg!uif!sftqfdujwf!hfphsbqijdbm!bsfb!pg!
joufswfoujpo!bddftt!up!uif!qspwjtjpo!pg!ifbmui!dbsf-!bebqujoh!uif!bwbjmbcmf!
sftpvsdft!up!uif!offet!boe!dpnqmzjoh!xjui!boe!fogpsdjoh!ifbmui!qpmjdjft!
boe!qsphsbnt!jo!uifjs!joufswfoujpo!bsfb/!3!.!Uif!buusjcvujpot!pg!fbdi!BST-!
JQ-!xjuijo!uif!tdpqf!pg!uif!sftqfdujwf!ufssjupsjbm!djsdvntdsjqujpot;!b*!Fyfdvuf!
uif!obujpobm!ifbmui!qpmjdz-!jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!hmpcbm!boe!tfdupsbm!qpmjdjft-!
bjnjoh!bu!jut!sbujpobm!pshboj{bujpo!boe!uif!pqujnj{bujpo!pg!sftpvsdft!<!c*!
Qbsujdjqbuf!jo!uif!efgjojujpo!pg!joufstfdupsbm!qmboojoh!dppsejobujpo!nfbtvsft-!
xjui!uif!pckfdujwf!pg!jnqspwjoh!ifbmuidbsf!qspwjtjpo<!d*!Dpmmbcpsbuf!jo!uif!
qsfqbsbujpo!pg!uif!Obujpobm!Ifbmui!Qmbo!boe!npojups!jut!jnqmfnfoubujpo!bu!
sfhjpobm!mfwfm<!e*!Efwfmpq!boe!fodpvsbhf!bdujwjujft!jo!uif!gjfme!pg!qvcmjd!ifbmui-!
jo!psefs!up!hvbsbouff!uif!qspufdujpo!boe!qspnpujpo!pg!uif!ifbmui!pg!uif!
qpqvmbujpot<!f*!Fotvsf!uif!fyfdvujpo!pg!mpdbm!joufswfoujpo!qsphsbnt!bjnfe!bu!
sfevdjoh!uif!dpotvnqujpo!pg!qtzdipbdujwf!tvctubodft-!qsfwfoujoh!beejdujwf!
cfibwjpst!boe!sfevdjoh!efqfoefodjft<!g*!Efwfmpq-!dpotpmjebuf!boe!qbsujdjqbuf!
jo!uif!nbobhfnfou!pg!uif!Obujpobm!Joufhsbufe!Dpoujovjoh!Dbsf!Ofuxpsl!
bddpsejoh!up!uif!efgjofe!hvjefmjoft<!h*!Fotvsf!uif!sfhjpobm!qmboojoh!pg!ivnbo-!
gjobodjbm!boe!nbufsjbm!sftpvsdft-!jodmvejoh!uif!fyfdvujpo!pg!uif!ofdfttbsz!
jowftunfou!qspkfdut-!pg!uif!jotujuvujpot!boe!tfswjdft!qspwjejoh!ifbmui!dbsf-!
tvqfswjtjoh!uifjs!bmmpdbujpo<!i*!Up!qsfqbsf-!jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!uif!hvjefmjoft!
efgjofe!bu!obujpobm!mfwfm-!uif!mjtu!pg!gbdjmjujft!boe!frvjqnfou<!j*!Up!bmmpdbuf-!jo!
bddpsebodf!xjui!uif!hvjefmjoft!efgjofe!cz!uif!Dfousbm!Benjojtusbujpo!pg!uif!
Ifbmui!Tztufn-!JQ-!gjobodjbm!sftpvsdft!up!jotujuvujpot!boe!tfswjdft!qspwjejoh!
ifbmuidbsf!joufhsbufe!ps!gjobodfe!cz!uif!Obujpobm!Ifbmui!Tfswjdf!boe!up!qsjwbuf!
foujujft!xjui!ps!xjuipvu!qspgju!nbljoh!-!xip!qspwjef!ifbmui!dbsf!ps!bdu!xjuijo!
uif!bsfbt!sfgfssfe!up!jo!qpjout!f*!boe!g*<!k*!Up!dfmfcsbuf-!npojups!boe!sfwjfx!
dpousbdut!jo!uif!tdpqf!pg!qvcmjd.qsjwbuf!qbsuofstijqt-!jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!uif!
hvjefmjoft!efgjofe!cz!uif!Dfousbm!Benjojtusbujpo!pg!uif!Ifbmui!Tztufn-!JQ-!boe!
bmmpdbuf!uif!sftqfdujwf!gjobodjbm!sftpvsdft<!m*!Ofhpujbuf-!dpodmvef!boe!npojups-!
jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!uif!hvjefmjoft!efgjofe!bu!obujpobm!mfwfm-!dpousbdut-!qspupdpmt!
boe!dpowfoujpot!pg!b!sfhjpobm!tdpqf-!bt!xfmm!bt!dbssz!pvu!uif!sftqfdujwf!
fwbmvbujpo!boe!sfwjfx-!jo!uif!tdpqf!pg!ifbmuidbsf!qspwjtjpo!bt!xfmm!bt!jo!uif!
bsfbt!sfgfssfe!up!jo!qpjout!f*!boe!g*<!n*!Hvjef-!qspwjef!ufdiojdbm!tvqqpsu!boe!
fwbmvbuf!uif!qfsgpsnbodf!pg!ifbmui!dbsf!jotujuvujpot!boe!tfswjdft-!jo!bddpsebodf!
xjui!uif!efgjofe!qpmjdjft!boe!hvjefmjoft!boe!sfhvmbujpot!jttvfe!cz!uif!
dpnqfufou!dfousbm!tfswjdft!boe!cpejft!jo!uif!ejggfsfou!bsfbt!pg!joufswfoujpo<!o*!
Up!fotvsf!uif!qspqfs!bsujdvmbujpo!cfuxffo!uif!ifbmui!dbsf!tfswjdft!jo!psefs!up!
hvbsbouffdpnqmjbodf!xjui!uif!sfgfssbm!ofuxpsl<p*!Up!bmmpdbuf!gjobodjbm!
sftpvsdft-!uispvhi!uif!tjhojoh-!npojupsjoh!boe!sfwjfx!pg!dpousbdut!xjuijo!uif!
tdpqf!pg!joufhsbufe!dpoujovpvt!dbsf<!q*!Fmbcpsbuf!gvodujpobm!qsphsbnt!pg!ifbmui!
ftubcmjtinfout<r*!Mjdfotjoh!qsjwbuf!vojut!qspwjejoh!ifbmui!dbsf!boe!vojut!jo!uif!
bsfb!pg!beejdujpot!boe!beejdujwf!cfibwjpst!jo!uif!tpdjbm!boe!qsjwbuf!tfdups<!s*!
Jttvf!pqjojpot!po!nbtufs!qmbot!gps!ifbmui!vojut-!bt!xfmm!bt!po!uif!dsfbujpo-!
npejgjdbujpo!boe!nfshfs!pg!tfswjdft<!t*!Jttvf!pqjojpot!po!uif!bdrvjtjujpo!boe!
fyqspqsjbujpo!pg!mboe!boe!cvjmejoht!gps!uif!jotubmmbujpo!pg!ifbmui!tfswjdft-!bt!
xfmm!bt!po!qspkfdut!pg!uif!gbdjmjujft!pg!ifbmui!dbsf!qspwjefst/!4!.!Jo!psefs!up!dbssz!
pvu!uifjs!evujft-!uif!BST-!JQ-!nbz!dpmmbcpsbuf!xjui!fbdi!puifs!boe!xjui!puifs!
foujujft!jo!uif!qvcmjd!ps!qsjwbuf!tfdups-!xjui!ps!xjuipvu!qspgju-!voefs!uif!ufsnt!pg!
uif!mfhjtmbujpo!jo!gpsdf/!6/!Uif!qspwjtjpo!pg!sfrvjsfe!ibcfbt!dpsqvt!jt!qbsu!pg!
uif!qspwjtjpot!pg!bsujdmf!331!pg!DQQfobm-!xijdi!sfbet!bt!gpmmpxt;!Ibcfbt!
dpsqvt!evf!up!jmmfhbm!efufoujpo!2!.!Uiptf!efubjofe!voefs!uif!psefs!pg!boz!
bvuipsjuz!nbz!bqqmz!up!uif!jowftujhbujoh!kvehf!pg!uif!bsfb!xifsf!jg!uifz!gjoe!
uibu!uifz!psefs!uifjs!jnnfejbuf!kvejdjbm!qsftfoubujpo-!po!boz!pg!uif!gpmmpxjoh!
hspvoet;!b*!Uif!efbemjof!gps!efmjwfsz!up!uif!kvejdjbm!qpxfs!ibt!cffo!
fydffefe<!c*!Lffqjoh!efufoujpo!pvutjef!mfhbmmz!qfsnjuufe!qmbdft<!d*!Uif!
efufoujpo!xbt!dbssjfe!pvu!ps!psefsfe!cz!bo!jodpnqfufou!foujuz<!e*!Uif!
efufoujpo!jt!npujwbufe!cz!b!gbdu!gps!xijdi!uif!mbx!epft!opu!bmmpx!ju/!3!.!Uif!
sfrvftu!dbo!cf!tjhofe!cz!uif!efubjoff!ps!cz!boz!djuj{fo!jo!uif!fokpznfou!pg!
uifjs!qpmjujdbm!sjhiut/!4!.!Boz!bvuipsjuz!uibu!sbjtft!bo!jmmfhjujnbuf!pctubdmf!up!uif!
tvcnjttjpo!pg!uif!bqqmjdbujpo!sfgfssfe!up!jo!uif!qsfdfejoh!qbsbhsbqit!ps!up!jut!
sfgfssbm!up!uif!dpnqfufou!kvehf!jt!qvojtibcmf!xjui!uif!qfobmuz!qspwjefe!gps!jo!
bsujdmf!493!pg!uif!Qfobm!Dpef/!7/!Fokpzjoh/!Bsujdmf!512!pg!uif!Qfobm!Dpef!
tujqvmbuft!uif!gpmmpxjoh;!2!.!Uifz!ibwf!uif!mfhjujnbdz!up!bqqfbm;!b*!Uif!Qvcmjd!
Njojtusz-!pg!boz!efdjtjpot-!fwfo!jo!uif!fydmvtjwf!joufsftu!pg!uif!bddvtfe<!c*!Uif!
bddvtfe!boe!uif!bttjtubou-!pg!efdjtjpot!bhbjotu!uifn!sfoefsfe<!d*!Uif!djwjm!
qbsujft-!po!uif!qbsu!pg!uif!efdjtjpot!bhbjotu!fbdi!pof!sfoefsfe<!e*!Uiptf!xip!
ibwf!cffo!psefsfe!up!qbz!boz!tvnt-!voefs!uif!ufsnt!pg!uijt!Dpef-!ps!ibwf!up!
efgfoe!b!sjhiu!bggfdufe!cz!uif!efdjtjpo/!3!.!Bozpof!xip!ibt!op!joufsftu!jo!
ubljoh!bdujpo!dboopu!bqqfbm/!8/Uif!gjstu!rvftujpo!uibu!bsjtft!ifsf!jt!uibu!pg!uif!
bqqmjdbou(t!mfhjujnbdz-!jo!uif!dpoufyu!pg!bo!bqqfbm!jo!dsjnjobm!qspdffejoht/!j/!
Xf!bsf!xjuijo!uif!tdpqf!pg!b!dsjnjobm!kvsjtejdujpo-!xiptf!qvsqptf!jt!up!fotvsf!
uif!fggfdujwf!fyfsdjtf!pg!uif!Tubuf!(t!kvt!qvojfoej-!uibu!jt-!xijdi!jt!efejdbufe!up!
jowftujhbujoh!boe!efdjejoh!po!cfibwjps!uibu!dpotujuvuft!b!dsjnf!ps!
benjojtusbujwf!pggfotf/!Ju!jt!jo!uijt!dpoufyu!boe!jo!wjfx!pg!uijt!qvsqptf-!uibu!uif!
Mbx!efufsnjoft!xip!ibt!uif!mfhjujnbdz!up!cf!bcmf!up!ejtdvtt!uif!hppeoftt!pg!b!
efdjtjpo!iboefe!epxo!cz!b!dsjnjobm!dpvsu/jj/Jo!uijt!dbtf-!xf!opuf!uibu!uif!
bqqmjdbou!jt!opu!b!efgfoebou-!jt!opu!bo!bttjtubou!boe!ibt!opu!nbef!boz!djwjm!dmbjn!
uibu-!hjwfo!uif!qsjodjqmf!pg!bddfttjpo-!xpvme!efufsnjof!ifs!qptjujpo!bt!b!
qmbjoujgg!ps!efgfoebou/jjj/Uivt-!cfgpsf!uif!Mbx!boe!ubljoh!joup!bddpvou!uif!mjtu!
pg!joufswfofst!uibu!uif!mfhjtmbups!voefstuppe!nbz!ibwf!mfhjujnbdz!up!joufswfof!
jo!b!qspdftt!jo!uijt!uzqf!pg!kvsjtejdujpo-!po!bqqfbm-!xf!xjmm!ibwf!up!dpodmvef!uibu!
uif!bqqmjdbou!mbdlt!mfhjujnbdz!up!cf!bcmf!up!dpnf!boe!ejtdvtt!uif!dpoufou!pg!b!
kvejdjbm!efdjtjpo!jo!uijt!dpoufyu/!jw/!Jo!gbdu-!uif!qsbdujdf!pg!boz!dsjnf-!ps!boz!
pggfotf!pg!bo!benjojtusbujwf!obuvsf-!jt!opu!ejtdvttfe!ifsf/!Ju!jt!dfsubjo!uibu!uif!
rvftujpo!pg!qpttjcmf!dpotfrvfodft!bu!dsjnjobm!mfwfm-!uif!sfdphojujpo!pg!uif!
fyjtufodf!pg!bo!jmmfhbm!efufoujpo-!jt!b!nbuufs!uibu!xjmm!ibwf!up!cf!ejtdvttfe/!Jo!jut!
pxo!tfbu!.!uibu!jt-!jo!bo!jowftujhbujpo!uibu!nbz!cf!pqfofe!gps!uijt!qvsqptf-!
cfjoh!dpnqmfufmz!gpsfjho!up!uif!efdjtjpo!pg!uif!qsftfou!dbtf/!w/!Xf!dpodmvef-!
uifsfgpsf-!uibu!uif!bqqmjdbou!mbdlt!mfhjujnbdz!up!bqqfbm!bhbjotu!uif!efdjtjpo!
sfoefsfe!cz!uif!dpvsu!Æb!rvpÇ/!9/!Sfhbsemftt!pg!uif!rvftujpo!pg!mfhjujnbdz-!ju!
bqqfbst!uibu-!mjlfxjtf-!uif!bqqmjdbou!mbdlt!joufsftu!jo!ubljoh!bdujpo/!j/!Bt!jt!dmfbs!
gspn!qfbdfgvm!kvsjtqsvefodf!boe!epdusjof!jo!uijt!sfhbse-!uif!joufsftu!jo!ubljoh!
bdujpo!nfbot!uif!offe!gps!tpnfpof!up!ibwf!up!vtf!uif!bqqfbm!nfdibojtn!bt!b!
xbz!pg!sfbdujoh!bhbjotu!b!efdjtjpo!uibu!ejtbewboubhft!uif!joufsftut!uibu!if!
efgfoet!ps!uibu!ibt!gsvtusbufe!ijt!mfhjujnbuf!fyqfdubujpo!ps!cfofgju/!jj/!Opx-!
jo!uif!qsftfou!dbtf-!uif!rvftujpo!jt!.!eje!uif!efdjtjpo!hjwf!sjtf!up!boz!
ejtbewboubhf!gps!uif!joufsftut!uibu!uif!BST!efgfoet@!Ps!b!mfhjujnbuf!
fyqfdubujpo!ps!cfofgju@!Uif!botxfs!jt!nbojgftumz!ofhbujwf/!Puifsxjtf-!mfu(t!
tff/!jjj/!BST!dpoujovft!jut!evujft-!voefs!uif!tvqfswjtjpo!boe!tvqfswjtjpo!pg!
uif!Hpwfsonfou!nfncfs!sftqpotjcmf!gps!uif!ifbmui!bsfb/!Uivt-!boe!
jnnfejbufmz-!fjuifs!jo!wjfx!pg!uif!gvodujpot!uibu!bsf!dpnnjuufe!up!ju-!ps!jo!wjfx!
pg!uifjs!nbojgftu!ijfsbsdiz-!jo!uif!gbdf!pg!hvbsejbotijq-!ju!xjmm!ibwf!up!cf!
dpodmvefe!uibu!op!BST!qvstvft!jut!pxo!boe!bvupopnpvt!joufsftu-!xijdi!ju!nvtu!
efgfoe/!Xipfwfs!xjmm!dpoujovf-!fwfouvbmmz-!xjmm!cf!uif!sftqfdujwf!Njojtufs!ps!
uif!Hpwfsonfou!jo!xijdi!if!0!tif!jt!jotfsufe-!tjodf!uif!BST!ÆjoufsftutÇ!xjmm!opu!
cf!zpvst-!cvu!xjmm!cf!jodmvefe!jo!uif!ifbmui!qpmjdz!pg!uif!njojtusz!uibu!pwfstfft!
tvdi!bo!foujuz/!Ju!tipvme!cf!opufe-!npsfpwfs-!uibu!jo!uif!efgjojujpo!pg!jut!
\\2^
buusjcvujpot!!!ju!jt!opu!bttjhofe!boz!tqfdjgjd!efgfotf!gvodujpo-!joefqfoefoumz!
boe!jo!jut!pxo!obnf-!jo!dpvsu-!pg!boz!joufsftut!uibu!gbmm!xjuijo!jut!gvodujpot!
xijdi-!jo!xibu!dpodfsot!xjui!sftqfdu!up!dsjnjobm!ps!benjojtusbujwf!pggfotft-!
uifsf!bsf!opof!///!jw/!Gps!jut!qbsu-!uif!joufsftu!uibu!uif!bqqmjdbou!jutfmg!joufoet!up!
efgfoe!boe!uibu!bqqfbst!jo!uif!bqqmjdbujpo-!bu!uif!foe!pg!uijt!bqqfbm!.!uif!
wbmjebujpo!pg!uif!nboebupsz!dpogjofnfou!pg!uif!bqqmjdbout-!gps!ibwjoh!uif!
TBST!.DpW.3!wjsvt!)BI```*!boe!gps!cfjoh!bdujwf!tvswfjmmbodf-!gps!ijhi.sjtl!
fyqptvsf-!efdsffe!cz!ifbmui!bvuipsjujft!)TI``TXI``!boe!OL```*!.!jt!jo!jutfmg!
dpousbejdupsz!boe!hpft!cfzpoe!uif!qvsqptf!boe!tdpqf!pg!b!dsjnjobm!
dpvsu/Dpousbejdupsz!cfdbvtf!uif!bqqmjdbou!epft!opu!benju!uibu!
dpogjofnfou!dpssftqpoet!up!efqsjwbujpo!pg!mjcfsuz/!Jg!tp-!uifsf!jt!op!
hmjnqtf!pg!xifsf!uif!bqqmjdbou(t!kvsjtejdujpo!jt!cbtfe!jo!uif!kvsjtejdujpo!pg!
b!dsjnjobm!dpvsu!up!wbmjebuf!Ædpogjofnfout Ç/!Boe!pvutjef!uif!tdpqf!pg!bdujpo!
pg!b!dsjnjobm!dpvsu-!cfdbvtf!ju!jt!opu!gps!uif!dpvsu!up!nblf!efdmbsbujwf!efdjtjpot!
up!wbmjebuf!jogfdujpot!ps!ejtfbtft½!w/!Gjobmmz-!ju!jt!opu!tffo!uibu!b!mfhjujnbuf!
fyqfdubujpo!ps!cfofgju!ibt!bo!foujuz!voefs!uif!uvufmbhf!pg!b!Hpwfsonfou!
cpez-!tffo!gsvtusbufe!cz!uif!efdjtjpo!opx!cfjoh!dsjujdj{fe/!Ju!gpmmpxt!uibu!uif!
bqqmjdbou!epft!opu!ibwf!bo!joufsftu!jo!ubljoh!bdujpo-!xijdi!jt!xiz-!voefs!uif!
qspwjtjpot!pg!qbsbhsbqi!3!pg!bsujdmf!512!pg!DQ!Qfobm-!if!dboopu!bqqfbm!uif!
efdjtjpo/!:/!Uif!efdjtjpo!sfoefsfe!cz!uif!Æb!rvpÇ!dpvsu!up!sfdfjwf!uif!qsftfou!
bqqfbm!epft!opu!cjoe!uijt!dpvsu!)bsujdmf!525!pg!DQQfobm*-!tp!uifsf!jt!opuijoh!up!
qsfwfou!jut!sfkfdujpo/21/!Ofwfsuifmftt-!boe!gps!qfbdf!boe!rvjfu!pg!dpotdjfodft-!
uif!gpmmpxjoh!xjmm!bmtp!cf!beefe;!Fwfo!jg!uijt!xfsf!opu!voefstuppe-!uif!bqqfbm!
qsftfoufe!xpvme!cf!nbojgftumz!vogpvoefe-!gps!uif!gpmmpxjoh!tvddjodu!
sfbtpot!;!j/!Gjstu!pg!bmm-!evf!up!uif!fyibvtujwf!boe!dpssfdu!sfbtpojoh!tfu!pvu!jo!
uif!efdjtjpo-!cz!uif!Æb!rvpÇ!dpvsu-!xiptf!dpoufou!jt!gvmmz!tvctdsjcfe/!Jo!
gbdu-!voefs!uif!Dpotujuvujpo!boe!uif!Mbx-!ifbmui!bvuipsjujft!ep!opu!ibwf!
uif!qpxfs!ps!mfhjujnbdz!up!efqsjwf!bozpof!pg!uifjs!gsffepn!.!fwfo!voefs!
uif!mbcfm!pg!ÆdpogjofnfouÇ-!xijdi!fggfdujwfmz!dpssftqpoet!up!efufoujpo!.!
tjodf!tvdi!b!efdjtjpo!jt!pomz!ju!dbo!cf!efufsnjofe!ps!wbmjebufe!cz!b!kvejdjbm!
bvuipsjuz-!uibu!jt-!uif!fydmvtjwf!dpnqfufodf-!jo!wjfx!pg!uif!Mbx!uibu!tujmm!
hpwfsot!vt-!up!psefs!ps!wbmjebuf!tvdi!efqsjwbujpo!pg!mjcfsuz-!jt!fousvtufe!
fydmvtjwfmz!up!bo!bvupopnpvt!qpxfs-!up!uif!Kvejdjbsz/!Ifodf!ju!gpmmpxt!uibu!
boz!qfstpo!ps!foujuz!uibu!jttvft!bo!psefs-!uif!dpoufou!pg!xijdi!mfbet!up!uif!
efqsjwbujpo!pg!qiztjdbm!gsffepn-!bncvmbupsz-!pg!puifst!)xibufwfs!uif!
opnfodmbuvsf!uijt!psefs!bttvnft;!dpogjofnfou-!jtpmbujpo-!rvbsboujof-!
qspqizmbdujd!qspufdujpo-!fud/*-!uibu!epft!opu!gju!joup!uif!mfhbm!qspwjtjpot-!
obnfmz!jo!uif!qspwjtjpot!pg!bsujdmf!38!pg!uif!DSQ!boe!xjuipvu!ibwjoh!cffo!
hjwfo!tvdi!efdjtjpo.nbljoh!qpxfs-!cz!wjsuvf!pg!Mbx!.!gspn!uif!SB-!xjuijo!
uif!tusjdu!tdpqf!pg!uif!efdmbsbujpo!pg!tubuf!pg!fnfshfodz!ps!tjuf-!sftqfdufe!
uibu!uif!qsjodjqmf!pg!qspqpsujpobmjuz!jt!tipxo!.!uibu!uif!nboebuf!boe!
tqfdjgzjoh!uif!ufsnt!boe!dpoejujpot!pg!tvdi!efqsjwbujpo!-!xjmm!cf!nbljoh!bo!
jmmfhbm!efufoujpo-!cfdbvtf!psefsfe!cz!bo!jodpnqfufou!foujuz!boe!cfdbvtf!
npujwbufe!cz!b!gbdu!gps!xijdi!uif!mbx!epft!opu!bmmpx!ju!)!tbz!-!npsfpwfs-!uibu!
uijt!jttvf!ibt!bmsfbez!cffo!efcbufe-!pwfs!ujnf-!sfhbsejoh!puifs!qvcmjd!ifbmui!
qifopnfob-!obnfmz!xjui!sfhbse!up!IJW!boe!uvcfsdvmptjt!jogfdujpo-!gps!
fybnqmf/!Boe-!mfu!ju!cf!lopxo-!op!pof!ibt!fwfs!cffo!efqsjwfe!pg!uifjs!gsffepn-!
evf!up!tvtqjdjpo!ps!dfsubjouz!pg!tvggfsjoh!gspn!tvdi!ejtfbtft-!qsfdjtfmz!cfdbvtf!
uif!Mbx!epft!opu!bmmpx!ju*/!Ju!jt!jo!uijt!dpoufyu!uibu-!xjuipvu!boz!epvcu-!uif!
tjuvbujpo!voefs!dpotjefsbujpo!jo!uijt!qspdftt-!cfjoh!dfsubjo!uibu!uif!
befrvbuf!nfbot!pg!efgfotf-!bhbjotu!jmmfhbm!efufoujpot-!jt!tvctvnfe!up!uif!
bqqfbm!bu!uif!sfrvftu!pg!ibcfbt!dpsqvt!-!qspwjefe!gps!jo!bsujdmf!331-!bmt/!d*!
boe!e*-!pg!DQQfobm/!Boe!sjhiumz-!uif!Æb!rvpÇ!dpvsu!psefsfe!uif!jnnfejbuf!
sfmfbtf!pg!gpvs!qfpqmf!xip!xfsf!jmmfhbmmz!efqsjwfe!pg!uifjs!
mjcfsuz/!jj/!Tfdpoemz-!cfdbvtf!uif!sfrvftu!nbef!jo!uif!bqqfbm-!qspwft!up!cf!
jnqpttjcmf!/!Puifsxjtf-!mfu(t!tff;!22/!Jo!gbdu-!ju!jt!sfrvftufe!up!wbmjebuf!Æuif!
nboebupsz!dpogjofnfou!pg!bqqmjdbout-bt!uifz!bsf!dbssjfst!pg!uif!TBST.DpW.
3!wjsvt!)BI```*!boe!cfdbvtf!uifz!bsf!voefs!bdujwf!tvswfjmmbodf-!evf!up!ijhi!
sjtl!fyqptvsf-!efdsffe!cz!uif!bvuipsjujft!)TI``TXI``!boe!OL`*/!Ç!23/!!
Ju!jt!xjui!hsfbu!btupojtinfou!uibu!uijt!dpvsu!jt!gbdfe!xjui!tvdi!b!sfrvftu-!
ftqfdjbmmz!jg!xf!ublf!joup!bddpvou!uibu!uif!bqqfmmbou!jt!bdujwf!jo!uif!ifbmui!
tfdups/!!
Tjodf!xifo!jt!ju!vq!up!b!dpvsu!up!nblf!dmjojdbm!ejbhoptft-!po!jut!pxo!
jojujbujwf!boe!cbtfe!po!qpttjcmf!uftu!sftvmut@!Ps!uif!BST@!Tjodf!xifo!jt!
uif!ejbhoptjt!pg!b!ejtfbtf!nbef!cz!efdsff!ps!cz!mbx@!!
24/!Bt!uif!bqqmjdbou!ibt!npsf!uibo!bo!pcmjhbujpo!up!lopx-!b!ejbhoptjt!jt!b!
nfejdbm!bdu-!uif!tpmf!sftqpotjcjmjuz!pg!b!epdups/!!
Uijt!jt!xibu!sftvmut!vofrvjwpdbmmz!boe!qfsfnqupsjmz!gspn!Sfhvmbujpo!Op/!
7:90312:-!pg!6/:!)sfhvmbujpo!uibu!efgjoft!uif!epdupst(!pxo!bdut*-!qvcmjtife!jo!
ES/!!
Uifsf!ju!jt!efufsnjofe-!jo!bo!jnqfsbujwf!xbz!)xijdi!sfrvjsft!jut!dpnqmjbodf!cz!
bmm-!jodmvejoh!uif!bqqmjdbou*!uibu!)fnqibtjt!beefe*;
Bsujdmf!2
Pckfdu!!
Uijt!sfhvmbujpo!efgjoft!uif!qspgfttjpobm!bdut!tqfdjgjd!up!epdupst-!uifjs!
sftqpotjcjmjuz-!bvupopnz!boe!mjnjut!-!xjuijo!uif!tdpqf!pg!uifjs!qfsgpsnbodf/!!
Bsujdmf!4!!
Rvbmjgjdbujpo!!
2!.!Uif!epdups!jt!uif!qspgfttjpobm!mfhbmmz!rvbmjgjfe!up!qsbdujdf!
nfejdjof-!rvbmjgjfe!gps!uif!ejbhoptjt!-!usfbunfou-!qsfwfoujpo!ps!sfdpwfsz!pg!
ejtfbtft!boe!puifs!ifbmui!qspcmfnt!-!boe!bcmf!up!qspwjef!dbsf!boe!joufswfof!
po!joejwjevbmt-!hspvqt!pg!qfpqmf!joejwjevbmt!ps!qpqvmbujpo!hspvqt-!tjdl!ps!
ifbmuiz-!xjui!b!wjfx!up!qspufdujoh-!jnqspwjoh!ps!nbjoubjojoh!uifjs!tubuf!boe!
ifbmui!mfwfm/!!
3!.!Epdupst!xjui!dvssfou!sfhjtusbujpo!xjui!uif!Qpsuvhvftf!
Nfejdbm!Bttpdjbujpo!bsf!uif!pomz!qspgfttjpobmt!xip!dbo!qsbdujdf!uif!
epdupst(!pxo!bdut-!voefs!uif!ufsnt!pg!uif!Qpsuvhvftf!Nfejdbm!Bttpdjbujpo(t!
Tubuvuf-bqqspwfe!cz!Efdsff.Mbx!Op/!393088-!pg!6!Kvmz-!xjui!uif!dibohft!
jouspevdfe!cz!Mbx!Op/!22803126-!pg!42!Bvhvtu!boe!uiftf!sfhvmbujpot/!!
Bsujdmf!7!!
Nfejdbm!bdu!jo!hfofsbm
2!.!Uif!nfejdbm!bdu!dpotjtut!pg!ejbhoptujd-!qsphoptujd-!tvswfjmmbodf-!
jowftujhbujpo-!nfejdp.mfhbm!fyqfsujtf-!dmjojdbm!dpejoh-!dmjojdbm!
bveju-qsftdsjqujpo!boe!fyfdvujpo pg!qibsnbdpmphjdbm!boe!opo.uifsbqfvujd!
nfbtvsft/!Qibsnbdpmphjdbm-!nfejdbm-!tvshjdbm!boe!sfibcjmjubujpo!ufdiojrvft-!
ifbmui!qspnpujpo!boe!ejtfbtf!qsfwfoujpo!jo!bmm!jut!ejnfotjpot-!obnfmz!qiztjdbm-!
nfoubm!boe!tpdjbm!pg!qfpqmf-!qpqvmbujpo!hspvqt!ps!dpnnvojujft-!xijmf!
sftqfdujoh!uif!efpoupmphjdbm!wbmvft!pg!uif!nfejdbm!qspgfttjpo/!Bsujdmf!
8!Ejbhoptujd!bdu!Uif!jefoujgjdbujpo!pg!b!ejtpsefs-!ejtfbtf!ps!uif!tubuf!pg!b!
ejtfbtf!cz!tuvezjoh!jut!tznqupnt!boe!tjhot!boe!bobmz{joh!uif!uftut!
qfsgpsnfe!jt!b!cbtjd!ifbmui!qspdfevsf!uibu!nvtu!cf!qfsgpsnfe!cz!b!
epdups!boe-!jo!fbdi!tqfdjgjd!bsfb!-!cz!b!tqfdjbmjtu!epdups!boe!bjnt!up!
ftubcmjti!uif!cftu!qsfwfoujwf-!tvshjdbm-!qibsnbdpmphjdbm-!opo.qibsnbdpmphjdbm!
ps!sfibcjmjubujpo!uifsbqz/!25/!Fwfo!voefs!uif!Nfoubm!Ifbmui!Mbx-!Mbx!op/!
470:9-!pg!35!Kvmz-!uif!ejbhoptjt!pg!uif!qbuipmphz!uibu!dbo!mfbe!up!dpnqvmtpsz!
joufsonfou!jt!nboebupsjmz!qfsgpsnfe!cz!tqfdjbmjtu!epdupst!boe!uifjs!ufdiojdbm!
boe!tdjfoujgjd!kvehnfou!.!joifsfou!dmjojdbm.qtzdijbusjd!fwbmvbujpo!.!ju!jt!
tvcusbdufe!gspn!uif!kvehf(t!gsff!bttfttnfou!)tff!bsujdmft!24-!4-!27!boe!28!pg!uif!
tbje!Mbx*/!26/!Uivt-!boz!ejbhoptjt!ps!boz!bdu!pg!ifbmui!tvswfjmmbodf!)bt!jt!
uif!dbtf!pg!efufsnjojoh!uif!fyjtufodf!pg!wjsbm!jogfdujpo!boe!ijhi!sjtl!pg!
fyqptvsf-!xijdi!bsf!tipxo!up!cf!dpwfsfe!cz!uiftf!dpodfqut*!nbef!xjuipvu!
qsjps!nfejdbm!pctfswbujpo!up!bqqmjdbout-!xjuipvu!uif!joufswfoujpo!pg!b!
epdups!fospmmfe!jo!uif!PN!)uibu!qspdffefe!up!uif!fwbmvbujpo!pg!jut!tjhot!
boe!tznqupnt-!bt!xfmm!bt!uif!fybnjobujpot!uibu!ju!effnfe!bqqspqsjbuf!up!
jut!dpoejujpo*-!wjpmbuft!tvdi!Sfhvmbujpo-!bt!xfmm!bt!uif!qspwjtjpot!pg!bsujdmf!
:8!pg!uif!Psefs!pg!uif!Epdupst-!boe!ju!jt!qpttjcmf!up!dpogjhvsf!uif!dsjnf!Q/!
boe!q/!cz!bsu/!469!bm/c*!)Vtvsqbujpo!pg!gvodujpot*!pg!D/Qfobm-!jg!ejdubufe!cz!
tpnfpof!xip!epft!opu!ibwf!tvdi!rvbmjuz-!uibu!jt-!xip!jt!opu!b!epdups!
fospmmfe!jo!uif!Psefn!ept!Nejdpt/!Ju!bmtp!wjpmbuft!Bsujdmf!7!)2*!pg!uif!
Vojwfstbm!Efdmbsbujpo!po!Cjpfuijdt!boe!Ivnbo!Sjhiut-!xijdi!Qpsuvhbm!
tvctdsjcfe!up!boe!jt!joufsobmmz!boe!fyufsobmmz!pcmjhfe!up!sftqfdu-!tjodf!op!
epdvnfou!qspwjoh!uibu!uif!jogpsnfe!dpotfou!ibe!cffo!hjwfo!up!uif!gjmf!jt!
tipxo/!Efdmbsbujpo!jnqptft/!Ju!jt!uivt!dmfbs!uibu!uif!qsftdsjqujpo!pg!
bvyjmjbsz!ejbhoptujd!nfuipet!)bt!jt!uif!dbtf!xjui!uftut!gps!uif!efufdujpo!pg!
wjsbm!jogfdujpo*-!bt!xfmm!bt!uif!ejbhoptjt!pg!uif!fyjtufodf!pg!b!ejtfbtf-!jo!
sfmbujpo!up!boz!boe!bmm!qfpqmf-!jt!b!nbuufs!uibu!dboopu!cf!dbssjfe!pvu!cz!
Mbx-!Sftpmvujpo-!Efdsff-!Sfhvmbujpo!ps!boz!puifs!opsnbujwf!xbz-!bt!uiftf!
bsf!bdut!uibu!pvs!mfhbm!tztufn!sftfswft!up!uif!fydmvtjwf!dpnqfufodf!pg!b!
epdups-!cfjoh!tvsf!uibu-!jo!bewjtjoh!ijt!qbujfou-!if!tipvme!bmxbzt!usz!up!
pcubjo!uif!zpvs!jogpsnfe!dpotfou/!27/!Jo!uif!dbtf!xf!bsf!efbmjoh!xjui-!uifsf!
jt!op!joejdbujpo!ps!fwjefodf!uibu!tvdi!b!ejbhoptjt!xbt!bduvbmmz!dbssjfe!pvu!cz!b!
qspgfttjpobm!rvbmjgjfe!voefs!uif!Mbx!boe!xip!ibe!bdufe!jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!
hppe!nfejdbm!qsbdujdft/!Joeffe-!xibu!gpmmpxt!gspn!uif!gbdut!ublfo!gps!
hsboufe-!jt!uibu!opof!pg!uif!bqqmjdbout!xbt!fwfo!tffo!cz!b!epdups-!xijdi!jt!
gsbolmz!jofyqmjdbcmf-!hjwfo!uif!bmmfhfe!tfsjpvtoftt!pg!uif!jogfdujpo/28/Jo!
gbdu-!uif!pomz!fmfnfou!uibu!bqqfbst!jo!uif!qspwfo!gbdut!jo!uijt!sfhbse!jt!uif!
qfsgpsnbodf!pg!SU.QDS!uftut-!pof!pg!xijdi!qsftfoufe!b!qptjujwf!sftvmu!jo!
sfmbujpo!up!pof!pg!uif!bqqmjdbout/j/Ipxfwfs-!jo!wjfx!pg!uif!dvssfou!tdjfoujgjd!
fwjefodf-!uijt!uftu!jt-!jo!jutfmg-!jodbqbcmf!pg!efufsnjojoh-!cfzpoe!sfbtpobcmf!
epvcu-!uibu!tvdi!qptjujwjuz!dpssftqpoet-!jo!gbdu-!up!uif!jogfdujpo!pg!b!qfstpo!cz!
uif!TBST.DpW.3!wjsvt-!cz!tfwfsbm!sfbtpot-!pg!xijdi!xf!ijhimjhiu!uxp!)up!
xijdi!uif!jttvf!pg!hpme!tuboebse!jt!beefe-!xijdi-!evf!up!jut!tqfdjgjdjuz-!xf!xjmm!
opu!fwfo!beesftt*;!Gps!uijt!sfmjbcjmjuz!efqfoe!po!uif!ovncfs!pg!dzdmft!uibu!nblf!
vq!uif!uftu<!Gps!uijt!sfmjbcjmjuz!efqfoe!po!uif!bnpvou!pg!wjsbm!mpbe!
qsftfou/!jj/!Joeffe-!uif!SU.QDS!)qpmznfsbtf!dibjo!sfbdujpo*!uftut-!npmfdvmbs!
cjpmphz!uftut!uibu!efufdu!uif!SOB!pg!uif!wjsvt-!dpnnpomz!vtfe!jo!Qpsuvhbm!up!
uftu!boe!fovnfsbuf!uif!ovncfs!pg!jogfdufe!)bgufs!obtpqibszohfbm!dpmmfdujpo*-!
bsf!qfsgpsnfe!cz!bnqmjgzjoh!tbnqmft!-!uispvhi!sfqfujujwf!dzdmft/!Uif!ovncfs!
pg!dzdmft!pg!tvdi!bnqmjgjdbujpo!sftvmut!jo!uif!hsfbufs!ps!mfttfs!sfmjbcjmjuz!pg!tvdi!
uftut/!jjj/!Boe!uif!qspcmfn!jt!uibu!uijt!sfmjbcjmjuz!jt!tipxo-!jo!ufsnt!pg!
tdjfoujgjd!fwjefodf!)boe!jo!uijt!gjfme-!uif!kvehf!xjmm!ibwf!up!sfmz!po!uif!
lopxmfehf!pg!fyqfsut!jo!uif!gjfme*!npsf!uibo!efcbubcmf/!Uijt!jt!uif!sftvmu-!
bnpoh!puifst-!pg!uif!wfsz!sfdfou!boe!dpnqsfifotjwf!Dpssfmbujpo!tuvez!cfuxffo!
48:1!r!QDS!qptjujwft!tbnqmft!boe!qptjujwf!dfmm!dvmuvsft!jodmvejoh!2:52!TBST.
DpW.3!jtpmbuft!-!cz!Sjub!Kbbgbs-!Tbsbi!Bifsgj-!Obuibmjf!Xvsu{-!Dmjp!Hsjnbmejfs-!
Wbo!Uivbo!Ipboh-!Qijmjqqf!Dpmtpo-!Ejejfs!Sbpvmu-!Cfsobse!Mb!Tdpmb-!Dmjojdbm!
Jogfdujpvt!Ejtfbtft-!
djbb25:2-iuuqt;00epj/psh021/21:40dje0djbb25:2-fn!iuuqt;00bdbefnjd/pvq/dpn0dje
0bewbodf.bsujdmf0epj021/21:4!0!dje!0!djbb25:2!0!6:23714!-!qvcmjtife!bu!uif!foe!
pg!Tfqufncfs!uijt!zfbs-!cz!Pygpse!Bdbefnjd!-!dbssjfe!pvu!cz!b!hspvq!uibu!csjoht!
uphfuifs!tpnf!pg!uif!hsfbuftu!Fvspqfbo!boe!xpsme!fyqfsut!jo!uif!gjfme/!Uijt!
\\3^
tuvez!dpodmveft!!-!jo!gsff!usbotmbujpo;!ÆBu!b!dzdmf!uisftipme!)du*!pg!36-!bcpvu!
81&!pg!uif!tbnqmft!sfnbjo!qptjujwf!jo!dfmm!dvmuvsf!)jf!uifz!xfsf!jogfdufe*;!jo!b!
du!pg!41-!31!&!pg!tbnqmft!sfnbjofe!qptjujwf<!jo!b!du!pg!46-!4&!pg!uif!tbnqmft!
sfnbjofe!qptjujwf<!boe!jo!b!du!bcpwf!46-!op!tbnqmf!sfnbjofe!qptjujwf!
)jogfdujpvt*!jo!dfmm!dvmuvsf!)tff!ejbhsbn*/!Uijt!nfbot!uibu!jg!b!qfstpo!ibt!b!
qptjujwf!QDS!uftu!bu!b!dzdmf!uisftipme!pg!46!ps!ijhifs!)bt!jo!nptu!mbcpsbupsjft!jo!
uif!VTB!boe!Fvspqf*-!uif!dibodft!pg!b!qfstpo!cfjoh!jogfdufe!bsf!mftt!uibo!4&/!
Uif!qspcbcjmjuz!uibu!uif!qfstpo!xjmm!sfdfjwf!b!gbmtf!qptjujwf!jt!:8&!ps!ijhifs!
Ç/jw/Xibu!gpmmpxt!gspn!uiftf!tuvejft!jt!tjnqmf!.uif!qpttjcmf!sfmjbcjmjuz!pg!uif!
QDS!uftut!dbssjfe!pvu!efqfoet-!gspn!uif!pvutfu-!po!uif!uisftipme!pg!
bnqmjgjdbujpo!dzdmft!uibu!uifz!tvqqpsu-!jo!tvdi!b!xbz!uibu-!vq!up!uif!mjnju!pg!
36!dzdmft-!uif!sfmjbcjmjuz!pg!uif!uftu!xjmm!cf!bcpvu!81&<!jg!41!dzdmft!bsf!dbssjfe!
pvu-!uif!efhsff!pg!sfmjbcjmjuz!espqt!up!31&<!jg!46!dzdmft!bsf!sfbdife-!uif!efhsff!
pg!sfmjbcjmjuz!xjmm!cf!4&/!w/!Ipxfwfs-!jo!uif!qsftfou!dbtf-!uif!ovncfs!pg!
bnqmjgjdbujpo!dzdmft!xjui!xijdi!QDS!uftut!bsf!dbssjfe!pvu!jo!Qpsuvhbm-!
jodmvejoh!uif!B{psft!boe!Nbefjsb-!jt!volopxo-!tjodf!xf!xfsf!vobcmf!up!
gjoe!boz!sfdpnnfoebujpo!ps!mjnju!jo!uijt!sfhbse/!tbx/!Jo!uvso-!jo!b!wfsz!sfdfou!
tuvez!cz!FmfobTvslpwb-!Wmbeztmbw!Ojlpmbzfwtlzz!boe!Gsbodjt!Espcojfxtlj-!
bddfttjcmf!buiuuqt;00xxx/uifmbodfu/dpn0kpvsobmt0mbosft0bsujdmf0QJJT3324.
3711)31*41564.80gvmmufyu-!qvcmjtife!jo!uif!frvbmmz!qsftujhjpvt!Uif!Mbodfu-!
Sftqjsbupsz!Nfejdjof!-!ju!sfgfst!)jo!beejujpo!up!uif!nvmujqmf!rvftujpot!uibu!uif!
qsfdjtjpo!pg!uif!uftu!jutfmg!sbjtft-!sfhbsejoh!uif!tqfdjgjd!efufdujpo!pg!uif!tbst.dpw!
wjsvt!3-!evf!up!tuspoh!epvcut!bcpvu!uif!gvmgjmmnfou!pg!uif!tp.dbmmfe!hpme!
tuboebse!*!uibu!)!gsff!usbotmbujpo*;!ÆBoz!ejbhoptujd!uftu!nvtu!cf!joufsqsfufe!jo!
uif!dpoufyu!pg!uif!bduvbm!qpttjcjmjuz!pg!uif!ejtfbtf-!fyjtujoh!cfgpsf!jut!
sfbmj{bujpo!/!Gps!Dpwje.2:-!uijt!efdjtjpo!up!qfsgpsn!uif!uftu!efqfoet!po!uif!
qsfwjpvt!bttfttnfou!pg!uif!fyjtufodf!pg!tznqupnt-!qsfwjpvt!nfejdbm!ijtupsz!pg!
Dpwje!2:!ps!uif!qsftfodf!pg!boujcpejft-!boz!qpufoujbm!fyqptvsf!up!uijt!ejtfbtf!
\\4^
boe!op!mjlfmjippe!pg!bopuifs!qpttjcmf!ejbhoptjt/!Ç!!Æ!Pof!pg!uif!qpufoujbm!
sfbtpot!gps!qsftfoujoh!qptjujwf!sftvmut!nbz!cf!uif!qspmpohfe!tifeejoh!pg!wjsbm!
SOB-!xijdi!jt!lopxo!up!fyufoe!gps!xfflt!bgufs!sfdpwfsz-!jo!uiptf!xip!xfsf!
qsfwjpvtmz!fyqptfe!up!TBST.DpW.3/!Ipxfwfs-!boe!npsf!sfmfwboumz-!uifsf!
bsf!op!tdjfoujgjd!ebub!up!tvhhftu!uibu!mpx!mfwfmt!pg!wjsbm!SOB!cz!SU.QDS!
frvbuf!up!jogfdujpo-!vomftt!uif!qsftfodf!pg!jogfdujpvt!wjsbm!qbsujdmft!ibt!
cffo!dpogjsnfe!cz!mbcpsbupsz!dvmuvsf!nfuipet/!Jo!tvnnbsz-!Dpwje.2:!uftut!
uibu!tipx!gbmtf!qptjujwft!bsf!jodsfbtjohmz!mjlfmz-!jo!uif!dvssfou!fqjefnjpmphjdbm!
dmjnbuf!qbopsbnb!jo!uif!Vojufe!Ljohepn-!xjui!tvctuboujbm!qfstpobm-!ifbmui!boe!
\\5^
tpdjbm!tztufn!dpotfrvfodft/!Ç!!29/!Uivt-!xjui!tp!nboz!tdjfoujgjd!epvcut!
fyqsfttfe!cz!fyqfsut!jo!uif!gjfme-!xijdi!bsf!uif!poft!uibu!nbuufs!ifsf-!bt!up!
uif!sfmjbcjmjuz!pg!tvdi!uftut-!jhopsjoh!uif!qbsbnfufst!pg!uifjs!qfsgpsnbodf!
boe!ibwjoh!op!ejbhoptjt!nbef!cz!b!epdups-!jo!uif!tfotf!pg!uif!fyjtufodf!pg!
jogfdujpo!boe!sjtl-!ju!xpvme!ofwfs!cf!qpttjcmf!gps!uijt!dpvsu!up!efufsnjof!
uibu!BI```!ibe!uif!TBST.DpW.3!wjsvt-!ops!uibu!TI``TXI``!boe!OL`!
ibe!ibe!ijhi!sjtl!fyqptvsf/!2:/!Jo!b!gjobm!tvnnbsz-!ju!xjmm!cf!tbje!uibu-!tjodf!
uif!bqqfbm!gjmfe!jt!jobenjttjcmf-!evf!up!mbdl!pg!mfhjujnbdz!boe!mbdl!pg!joufsftu!jo!
bdujoh!cz!uif!bqqmjdbou-!bt!xfmm!bt!nbojgftumz!vogpvoefe-!ju!xjmm!ibwf!up!cf!
sfkfdufe-!voefs!pg!uif!qspwjtjpot!pg!bsujdmft!512!o´2!bm/!b*-!528!o´7!bm/!c*!boe!
bsu´531!o´2!bmt/!b*!boe!c*-!bmm!pg!uif!Qfobm!DQ/!jw!.!efdjtjpo/!Jo!wjfx!pg!uif!
bcpwf-!boe!voefs!uif!qspwjtjpot!pg!bsujdmft!528-!qbsbhsbqi!7-!bm/!c*!boe!531!o´2!
bmt/!b*!boe!c*-!cpui!pg!uif!Qfobm!Qspdfevsf!Dpef-!uif!bqqfbm!gjmfe!cz!
uif!SFHJPOBM!IFBMUI!BVUIPSJUZ-!sfqsftfoufe!cz!uif!Sfhjpobm!
Ejsfdupsbuf!pg!Ifbmui!pg!uif!Bvupopnpvt!Sfhjpo!pg!uif!B{psft!-!jt!
sfkfdufe/Voefs!uif!ufsnt!pg!qbsbhsbqi!4!pg!bsujdmf!531!pg!uif!DQQfobm-!uif!
bqqmjdbou!jt!dpoefnofe!jo!uif!qspdfevsbm!tbodujpo!pg!5!VDt-!bt!xfmm!bt!jo!uif!
UK!pg!5!VDt!boe!dptut/!Jnnfejbufmz!jogpsn!uif!dpvsu!Æb!rvpÇ!pg!uif!dpoufou!pg!
uijt!kvehnfou/Mjtcpo-Opwfncfs!22-!3131 Nbshbsjeb!Sbnpt!ef!BmnfjebBob!
\\2^!
Qbsbnt```````````````````````````````````````````````````````!
\\2^
!3!.!Ju!jt!uif!sftqpotjcjmjuz!pg!fbdi!BST-!JQ-!xjuijo!uif!tdpqf!pg!uifjs!sftqfdujwf!ufssjupsjbm!
djsdvntdsjqujpot;!b*!Up!jnqmfnfou!uif!obujpobm!ifbmui!qpmjdz-!jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!uif!hmpcbm!boe!tfdupsbm!
qpmjdjft-!bjnjoh!bu!uifjs!sbujpobm!pshboj{bujpo!boe!uif!pqujnj{bujpo!pg!sftpvsdft<c*!Qbsujdjqbuf!jo!uif!
efgjojujpo!pg!joufstfdupsbm!qmboojoh!dppsejobujpo!nfbtvsft-!xjui!uif!pckfdujwf!pg!jnqspwjoh!ifbmuidbsf!
qspwjtjpo<!d*!Dpmmbcpsbuf!jo!uif!qsfqbsbujpo!pg!uif!Obujpobm!Ifbmui!Qmbo!boe!npojups!jut!jnqmfnfoubujpo!bu!
sfhjpobm!mfwfm<e*!Efwfmpq!boe!fodpvsbhf!bdujwjujft!jo!uif!gjfme!pg!qvcmjd!ifbmui-!jo!psefs!up!hvbsbouff!uif!
qspufdujpo!boe!qspnpujpo!pg!uif!ifbmui!pg!uif!qpqvmbujpot<f*!Fotvsf!uif!fyfdvujpo!pg!mpdbm!joufswfoujpo!
qsphsbnt!bjnfe!bu!sfevdjoh!uif!dpotvnqujpo!pg!qtzdipbdujwf!tvctubodft-!qsfwfoujoh!beejdujwf!cfibwjpst!
boe!sfevdjoh!efqfoefodjft<!g*!Efwfmpq-!dpotpmjebuf!boe!qbsujdjqbuf!jo!uif!nbobhfnfou!pg!uif!Obujpobm!
Joufhsbufe!Dpoujovjoh!Dbsf!Ofuxpsl!bddpsejoh!up!uif!efgjofe!hvjefmjoft<!h*!Fotvsf!uif!sfhjpobm!qmboojoh!
pg!ivnbo-!gjobodjbm!boe!nbufsjbm!sftpvsdft-!jodmvejoh!uif!fyfdvujpo!pg!uif!ofdfttbsz!jowftunfou!qspkfdut-!pg!
uif!jotujuvujpot!boe!tfswjdft!qspwjejoh!ifbmui!dbsf-!tvqfswjtjoh!uifjs!bmmpdbujpo<!i*!Up!qsfqbsf-!jo!
bddpsebodf!xjui!uif!hvjefmjoft!efgjofe!bu!obujpobm!mfwfm-!uif!mjtu!pg!gbdjmjujft!boe!frvjqnfou<!j*!Up!bmmpdbuf-!
jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!uif!hvjefmjoft!efgjofe!cz!uif!Dfousbm!Benjojtusbujpo!pg!uif!Ifbmui!Tztufn-!JQ-!gjobodjbm!
sftpvsdft!up!jotujuvujpot!boe!tfswjdft!qspwjejoh!ifbmuidbsf!joufhsbufe!ps!gjobodfe!cz!uif!Obujpobm!Ifbmui!
Tfswjdf!boe!up!qsjwbuf!foujujft!xjui!ps!xjuipvu!qspgju!nbljoh!-!xip!qspwjef!ifbmui!dbsf!ps!bdu!xjuijo!uif!
bsfbt!sfgfssfe!up!jo!qpjout!f*!boe!g*<!k*!Up!dfmfcsbuf-!npojups!boe!sfwjfx!dpousbdut!jo!uif!tdpqf!pg!qvcmjd.
qsjwbuf!qbsuofstijqt-!jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!uif!hvjefmjoft!efgjofe!cz!uif!Dfousbm!Benjojtusbujpo!pg!uif!Ifbmui!
Tztufn-!JQ-!boe!bmmpdbuf!uif!sftqfdujwf!gjobodjbm!sftpvsdft<!m*!Ofhpujbuf-!dpodmvef!boe!npojups-!jo!
bddpsebodf!xjui!uif!hvjefmjoft!efgjofe!bu!obujpobm!mfwfm-!dpousbdut-!qspupdpmt!boe!dpowfoujpot!pg!b!sfhjpobm!
tdpqf-!bt!xfmm!bt!dbssz!pvu!uif!sftqfdujwf!fwbmvbujpo!boe!sfwjfx-!jo!uif!tdpqf!pg!ifbmuidbsf!qspwjtjpo!bt!
xfmm!bt!jo!uif!bsfbt!sfgfssfe!up!jo!qpjout!f*!boe!g*<!n*!Hvjef-!qspwjef!ufdiojdbm!tvqqpsu!boe!fwbmvbuf!uif!
qfsgpsnbodf!pg!ifbmui!dbsf!jotujuvujpot!boe!tfswjdft-!jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!uif!efgjofe!qpmjdjft!boe!hvjefmjoft!
boe!sfhvmbujpot!jttvfe!cz!uif!dpnqfufou!dfousbm!tfswjdft!boe!cpejft!jo!uif!ejggfsfou!bsfbt!pg!joufswfoujpo<!o*!
Up!fotvsf!uif!qspqfs!bsujdvmbujpo!cfuxffo!uif!ifbmui!dbsf!tfswjdft!jo!psefs!up!hvbsbouff!dpnqmjbodf!xjui!
uif!sfgfssbm!ofuxpsl<p*!Up!bmmpdbuf!gjobodjbm!sftpvsdft-!uispvhi!uif!tjhojoh-!npojupsjoh!boe!sfwjfx!pg!
dpousbdut!xjuijo!uif!tdpqf!pg!joufhsbufe!dpoujovpvt!dbsf<!q*!Fmbcpsbuf!gvodujpobm!qsphsbnt!pg!ifbmui!
ftubcmjtinfout<!r*!Mjdfotjoh!qsjwbuf!vojut!qspwjejoh!ifbmui!dbsf!boe!vojut!jo!uif!bsfb!pg!beejdujpot!boe!
beejdujwf!cfibwjpst!jo!uif!tpdjbm!boe!qsjwbuf!tfdups<!s*!Jttvf!pqjojpot!po!nbtufs!qmbot!gps!ifbmui!vojut-!bt!
xfmm!bt!po!uif!dsfbujpo-!npejgjdbujpo!boe!nfshfs!pg!tfswjdft<!t*!Jttvf!pqjojpot!po!uif!bdrvjtjujpo!boe!
fyqspqsjbujpo!pg!mboe!boe!cvjmejoht!gps!uif!jotubmmbujpo!pg!ifbmui!tfswjdft-!bt!xfmm!bt!po!qspkfdut!pg!uif!
\\3^
gbdjmjujft!pg!ifbmui!dbsf!qspwjefst/!!Æuibu!bu!b!dzdmf!uisftipme!)du*!pg!36-!bcpvu!81&!pg!tbnqmft!sfnbjofe!
qptjujwf!jo!dfmm!dvmuvsf!)jf!xfsf!jogfdujpvt*<!bu!b!du!pg!41-!31&!pg!tbnqmft!sfnbjofe!qptjujwf<!bu!b!du!pg!46-!
4&!pg!tbnqmft!sfnbjofe!qptjujwf<!boe!bu!b!du!bcpwf!46-!op!tbnqmf!sfnbjofe!qptjujwf!)jogfdujpvt*!jo!dfmm!
dvmuvsf!)tff!ejbhsbn*!Uijt!nfbot!uibu!jg!b!qfstpo!hfut!b!ÆqptjujwfÇ!QDS!uftu!sftvmu!bu!b!dzdmf!uisftipme!pg!
46!ps!ijhifs!)bt!bqqmjfe!jo!nptu!VT!mbct!boe!nboz!Fvspqfbo!mbct*-!uif!dibodf!uibu!uif!qfstpo!jt!
jogfdujpvt!jt!mftt!uibo!4&/!Uif!dibodf!uibu!uif!qfstpo!sfdfjwfe!b!Ægbmtf!qptjujwfÇ!sftvmu!jt!:8&!ps!
\\4^
ijhifs/!!Boz!ejbhoptujd!uftu!sftvmu!tipvme!cf!joufsqsfufe!jo!uif!dpoufyu!pg!uif!qsfuftu!qspcbcjmjuz!pg!
ejtfbtf/!Gps!DPWJE.2:-!uif!qsfuftu!qspcbcjmjuz!bttfttnfou!jodmveft!tznqupnt-!qsfwjpvt!nfejdbm!ijtupsz!pg!
DPWJE.2:!ps!qsftfodf!pg!boujcpejft-!boz!qpufoujbm!fyqptvsf!up!DPWJE.2:-!boe!mjlfmjippe!pg!bo!bmufsobujwf!
ejbhoptjt/2!Xifo!mpx!qsfuftu!qspcbcjmjuz!fyjtut-!qptjujwf!sftvmut!tipvme!cf!joufsqsfufe!xjui!dbvujpo!boe!b!
\\5^
tfdpoe!tqfdjnfo!uftufe!gps!dpogjsnbujpo/!!Qspmpohfe!wjsbm!SOB!tifeejoh-!xijdi!jt!lopxo!up!mbtu!gps!
xfflt!bgufs!sfdpwfsz-!dbo!cf!b!qpufoujbm!sfbtpo!gps!qptjujwf!txbc!uftut!jo!uiptf!qsfwjpvtmz!fyqptfe!up!
TBST.DpW.3/!Ipxfwfs-!jnqpsuboumz-!op!ebub!tvhhftut!uibu!efufdujpo!pg!mpx!mfwfmt!pg!wjsbm!SOB!cz!SU.
QDS!frvbuft!xjui!jogfdujwjuz!vomftt!jogfdujpvt!wjsvt!qbsujdmft!ibwf!cffo!dpogjsnfe!xjui!mbcpsbupsz!dvmuvsf!
cbtfe!nfuipet!/8!Up!tvnnbsj{f-!gbmtf.qptjujwf!DPWJE.2:!txbc!uftu!sftvmut!njhiu!cf!jodsfbtjohmz!mjlfmz!jo!
uif!dvssfou!fqjefnjpmphjdbm!dmjnbuf!jo!uif!VL-!xjui!tvctuboujbm!dpotfrvfodft!bu!uif!qfstpobm-!ifbmui!
tztufn-!boe!tpdjfubm!mfwfmt!)qbofm*!
!
!!
Jo!Kvof!pg!2:55!Pqfsbujpo!Ujubojd!ibe!21!tpmejfst!pg!uif!Bmmjfe!Bjs!Tfswjdf!
qbsbdivuf!pwfs!uif!Gsfodi!dpvousztjef!bmpoh!xjui!611!#svqfsut/#!Svqfsut!
xfsf!evnnjft-!gbcsjd!tuvggfe!xjui!tusbx!boe!tboe!upttfe!gspn!uif!bjsqmboft!
bmpoh!xjui!uif!tpmejfst/!Uifz!xfsf!frvjqqfe!xjui!jodfoejbsz!efwjdft!tp!uibu-!
vqpo!jnqbdu-!uifz!jhojufe-!mfbwjoh!op!usbdf!uibu!uifz!xfsf!efdpzt/!
Ju!hbwf!uif!jmmvtjpo!pg!bo!jowbtjpo!gbs!gspn!xifsf!uif!bduvbm!jowbtjpo!xbt!
ubljoh!qmbdf-!xijdi!xbt!Opsnboez/!Uif!Hfsnbot!xfsf!evmz!efdfjwfe-!
ejwfsufe!uifjs!sftpvsdft-!boe!uijt!efdfqujpo!xbt!efdjtjwf!jo!nbljoh!uif!
Opsnboez!jowbtjpo!vmujnbufmz!tvddfttgvm/!
Joufoujpobm!efdfqujpot!tvdi!bt!uijt!ibwf!cffo!qbsu!boe!qbsdfm!up!xbsgbsf!gps!
dfouvsjft/!Uiftf!efdfqujpot!ibwf!pgufo!cffo!uif!efdjejoh!gbdups!jo!
efufsnjojoh!uif!pvudpnf!pg!cbuumf/!
Uif!xbs!bhbjotu!Dpwje.2:!jt!op!fydfqujpo/!Mbohvbhf!bspvoe!Dpwje.2:!jt!
jogvtfe!xjui!xbs!nfubqipst/!Ujnf!Nbhb{jof!fyqmbjot!up!vt!#Xiz!uif!V/T/!
Jt!Mptjoh!uif!Xbs!po!DPWJE.2:-#!xijmf!uif!OZUjnft!gpmmpxfe!vq!up!ufmm!vt!
#Ipx!Bnfsjdb!Mptu!uif!Xbs!po!Dpwje.2:/#!Jo!uijt!xbs-!bt!xjui!Wjfuobn-!
xf!ibwf!uxp!sfmbufe!#cpez!dpvout#!up!ifmq!vt!voefstuboe!kvtu!ipx!cbemz!xf!
bsf!mptjoh!up!uijt!wjsbm!fofnz/!
Uif!gjstu!dpvou!jt!uif!dvnvmbujwf!efbuit!dbvtfe!cz!Dpwje.2:/!Uif!VT!sfdfoumz!
dspttfe!uif!#hsjn!njmf!nbsl#!pg!311-111!efbuit!evf!up!uif!ejtfbtf/!Ju!jt!b!
usbhjd!ovncfs!pg!efbuit-!up!cf!tvsf/!Cvu!xf!dbo!bmtp!cf!tvsf!uibu-!bt!bo!
jogfdujpvt!ejtfbtf-!uif!dvnvmbujwf!ovncfs!pg!efbuit!xjmm!dfsubjomz!dpoujovf!up!
sjtf!joup!uif!joefgjojuf!gvuvsf/!Op!pof!lopxt!xibu!uif!fggjdbdz!xjmm!cf!pg!boz!
gvuvsf!wbddjof-!cvu!Es/!Gbvdj!jt!ipqjoh!gps!bu!mfbtu!86&/!Jo!boz!dbtf-!
uifsf!xjmm!bmxbzt!cf!vogpsuvobuf!efbuit!up!bee!up!uif!dvnvmbujwf!efbui!
ovncfs/!Bmm!jogfdujpvt!ejtfbtft-!boe!jo!gbdu!bmm!qpufoujbmmz!gbubm!ejtfbtft-!bsf!
uif!tbnf!jo!uijt!sfhbse/!
Op!pof!jt!boujdjqbujoh!dpnqmfuf!fsbejdbujpo!pg!Dpwje.2:/!Uijt!ejtfbtf!jt!
fyqfdufe!up!sfbdi!b!cbdlhspvoe!mfwfm-!tujmm!jogfdujpvt!boe!pddbtjpobmmz!
efbemz-!cvu!opu!fqjefnjd/!Dvnvmbujwf!efbuit!xjmm!dpoujovf!up!sjtf/!Uif!nfejb!
xjmm!tvsfmz!dpoujovf!up!upmm!uibu!pnjopvt!cfmm!cfdbvtf!ju!dbssjft!uif!hsbwjuz!pg!
uif!tjuvbujpo!mjlf!op!puifs!tubujtujd/!
Uif!tfdpoe!dpvou!vtfe!cz!uif!nfejb!ebjmz!jt!#ofx!dbtft/#!Uiftf!ofx!dbtft!
bsf!ufmmjoh!vt!kvtu!ipx!sbqjemz!uijt!wjsvt!jt!ejttfnjobujoh!uispvhi!uif!
qpqvmbujpo!boe!jt!vtfe!bt!xibu!xf!dbo!fyqfdu!bt!b!tvssphbuf!nbslfs!gps!
gvuvsf!efbuit/!Tmpxjoh!uif!sjtf!pg!ofx!dbtft!boe!trvbtijoh!boz!#iputqput#!
boe!#pvucsfblt#!pg!ofx!dbtf!dmvtufst!jt!b!qsjnf!npujwf!cfijoe!fttfoujbmmz!bmm!
tpdjbm!nfbtvsft-!f/h/!nbtl!nboebuft-!tpdjbm!ejtubodjoh-!boe!cvtjoftt!
dmptvsft/!Gps!uijt!sfbtpo-!ju!jt!fttfoujbm!uibu!xf!voefstuboe!xibu!b!ofx!dbtf!
bduvbmmz!joejdbuft/!Boe!up!voefstuboe!uibu-!xf!gjstu!ibwf!up!fybnjof!
qpmznfsbtf!dibjo!sfbdujpo!)QDS*-!uif!mbcpsbupsz!ufdiojrvf!vtfe!up!ejbhoptf!
b!dbtf/!
!
QDS;!Uif!Cbtjdt!
QDS!jt!b!ufdiojrvf!gps!fyqpofoujbmmz!nvmujqmzjoh!)#bnqmjgzjoh#*!tnbmm!qjfdft!
pg!EOB/!EOB-!sfdbmm-!jt!nbef!pg!b!tfrvfodf!pg!ovdmfpujeft!uibu!mjof!vq!mjlf!
cfbet!po!b!tusjoh/!QDS!vtft!tnbmm-!tzouifujd!ovdmfpujef!tusjqt!dbmmfe!
#qsjnfst#!uibu!cjoe!up!uif!ubshfu!EOB-!uif!qjfdf!up!cf!bnqmjgjfe/!Uiftf!
qsjnfst!dpnf!jo!qbjst!boe!cjoe!bu!qsf.diptfo!sfhjpot!po!uif!ubshfu!EOB!bu!
uxp!mpdbujpot!uibu!bsf!sfmbujwfmz!dmptf!up!fbdi!puifs/!Uif!qspdftt!pg!QDS!jt!up!
sfqmjdbuf!uif!tusjq!pg!EOB!cfuxffo!uif!uxp!cpvoe!qsjnfst!tp!uibu!pof!jojujbm!
dpqz!cfdpnft!uxp/!Svo!ju!uispvhi!bopuifs!dzdmf!boe!uif!uxp!dpqjft!cfdpnf!
gpvs/!Boe!tp!po/!
Tpvsdf;!iuuqt;00vtfst/vhfou/cf0bwjfstus0qsjodjqmft0qds/iunm!
TBST.DpW.3!jt!bo!SOB!wjsvt-!opu!b!EOB!wjsvt/!Up!qfsgpsn!QDS!po!uijt!wjsvt!
ju!gjstu!ibt!up!cf!dpowfsufe!gspn!b!tusboe!pg!SOB!up!b!tusboe!pg!EOB-!b!
qspdftt!dbmmfe!#sfwfstf!usbotdsjqujpo/#!Uif!ufdiojrvf!jt!uivt!bccsfwjbufe!
suQDS/!
Mfu(t!tbz!xf!epo(u!lopx!jg!uifsf!jt!boz!ubshfu!TBST.DpW.3!EOB!jo!pvs!
tbnqmf!pg!cmppe!ps-!xjui!Dpwje.2:!uftujoh-!uif!tbnqmf!jt!gspn!b!obtbm!txbc/!
Xf!qmbdf!uif!txbccfe!tbnqmf!jo!b!tpmvujpo-!uifo!xf!bee!uif!qsjnfst!up!uibu!
tpmvujpo/!Jg!uifsf!jt!op!ubshfu!EOB!jo!uif!tbnqmf-!uifo!ju!epfto(u!cjoe!up!
bozuijoh/!Svo!uispvhi!51!dzdmft!boe!uifsf!xjmm!tujmm!cf!op!#tjhobm#!joejdbujoh!
uibu!ubshfu!EOB!hpu!bnqmjgjfe/!Uibu!uftu!jt!eftjhobufe!#ofhbujwf/#!
Po!uif!ofyu!tbnqmf!tvqqptf!uifsf!jt!ubshfu!EOB!po!uif!txbc!boe!tp!jo!uif!
tpmvujpo/!Qsjnfst!bsf!beefe!boe!cjoe!up!uif!ubshfu/!Dzdmf-!dzdmf-!dzdmf!51!
ujnft/!Uif!tjhobm!bqqfbst-!joejdbujoh!uibu!uif!ubshfu!EOB!xbt!qsftfou!jo!uif!
tbnqmf!bmm!bmpoh/!Uibu!tbnqmf!ibt!uftufe!qptjujwf!gps!Dpwje.2:/!Jt!uif!qfstpo!
jogfdufe!xjui!uif!wjsvt@!Uibu!jt-!bgufs!bmm-!uif!jnqpsubou!rvftujpo!xf!offe!up!
ibwf!botxfsfe/!
QDS!dboopu!qpttjcmz!botxfs!uibu!rvftujpo/!
Uif!gvmm!jogfdujpvt!hfopnf!pg!TBST.DpW.3!jt!bqqspyjnbufmz!41-111!
ovdmfpujeft!jo!mfohui/!Jg!ju!jt!dvu!jo!ibmg-!gps!fybnqmf-!ofjuifs!ibmg!xjmm!cf!
bcmf!up!dbssz!pvu!bo!jogfdujpo/!Pomz!uif!gvmm!joubdu!hfopnf!dbo!dbssz!pvu!bo!
jogfdujpo/!Cvu!xifo!QDS!jt!svo-!uif!ubshfu!ju!tfflt!up!bnqmjgz!jt!opu!uif!gvmm!
mfohui!pg!wjsbm!EOB/!Jo!gbdu!ju!jt!opu!ibmg!ps!b!rvbsufs!pg!uif!gvmm!EOB/!
#Fyqfdufe!bnqmjdpo!tj{ft!pg!DED!bttbzt!bsf!83!cq-!78!cq-boe!83!cq!jo!
mfohui!cz!uif!O2-!O3-boe!O4-!sftqfdujwfmz/#!\\2^/!
O2-!O3-!boe!O4!joejdbuf!uisff!ejggfsfou!sfhjpot!pg!uif!O!hfof-!xijdi!uif!DED!
qjdlfe!bt!ubshfut!gps!QDS/!Ju!jt!opufxpsuiz!uibu!uif!O2!boe!O3!ubshfut!bsf!
dpotjefsfe!vojrvf!up!TBST.DpW.3/!Uif!O4!ubshfu!xbt!joufoujpobmmz!qjdlfe!
cfdbvtf!ju!jt!opu!vojrvf!up!TBST.DpW.3-!cvu!#xbt!eftjhofe!up!vojwfstbmmz!
efufdu!bmm!dvssfoumz!sfdphoj{fe!dmbef!3!boe!4!wjsvtft!xjuijo!uif!
tvchfovt!Tbscfdpwjsvt-!jodmvejoh!TBST.DpW.3-!TBST.DpW-!boe!cbu.!boe!
djwfu.TBSTÄmjlf!DpWt/#!\\3^!
Bnqmjdpo!tj{ft!pg!83-!78-!boe!83!ufmmt!vt!uibu-!xifo!QDS!jt!svo!bddpsejoh!up!
DED!tqfdjgjdbujpot-!uif!uisff!ubshfu!EOB!tfrvfodft!bsf!83!ovdmfpujeft!
)#cbtf!qbjst<#!cq*-!78!ovdmfpujeft-!boe!83!ovdmfpujeft/!Jo!puifs!xpset-!fbdi!
ubshfu!sfqsftfout!bqqspyjnbufmz!1/3&!pg!uif!gvmm!wjsbm!hfopnf-!boe!beejoh!
vq!bmm!uisff!ubshfut!tujmm!sfqsftfout!kvtu!1/8&!pg!uif!gvmm!hfopnf/!Jg!uiftf!
uisff!ubshfut!bsf!gpvoe-!ipx!dpogjefou!dbo!xf!cf!uibu!uif!puifs!::/4&!pg!
uif!hfopnf!offefe!up!cf!bo!jogfdujpvt!wjsbm!qbsujdmf!jt!bmtp!qsftfou@!
Bqqbsfoumz-!opu!wfsz/!
Uif!Dfoufs!gps!Fwjefodf.Cbtfe!Nfejdjof!bu!Pygpse!Vojwfstjuz!sfdfoumz!
sfwjfxfe!uif!fwjefodf!uibu!b!qptjujwf!QDS!uftu!dpssfmbuft!up!qsftfodf!pg!
jogfdujpvt!wjsvt!jo!uif!joejwjevbm!uftujoh!qptjujwf/!Uifjs!dpodmvtjpo!xbt!opu!
fodpvsbhjoh;!
!
!
!
#Uiftf!tuvejft!qspwjefe!mjnjufe!ebub!pg!wbsjbcmf!rvbmjuz!uibu!QDS!sftvmut!
qfs!tf!bsf!vomjlfmz!up!qsfejdu!wjsbm!dvmuvsf!\\j/f/!jogfdujpvt!qbsujdmft^!gspn!
ivnbo!tbnqmft/!Jotvggjdjfou!buufoujpo!nbz!ibwf!cffo!qbje!ipx!QDS!
sftvmut!sfmbuf!up!ejtfbtf/!Uif!sfmbujpo!xjui!jogfdujpvtoftt!jt!vodmfbs!boe!
npsf!ebub!bsf!offefe!po!uijt/#!
!
!
B!npsf!sfdfou!tuvez!dpogjsnfe!uif!mbdl!pg!dpssfmbujpo!cfuxffo!jogfdujpvt!
wjsbm!qbsujdmft!boe!QDS!qptjujwjuz/!Uif!tuvez!xbt!up!efufsnjof!uif!fyufou!up!
xijdi!vmusbwjpmfu!jssbejbujpo!pg!jogfdujpvt!wjsbm!qbsujdmft!jnqbjsfe!uifjs!bcjmjuz!
up!jogfdu!dfmmt/!Jogfdujpvt!wjsbm!qbsujdmft!pg!b!lopxo!rvboujuz!xfsf!jssbejbufe!
gps!ejggfsfou!mfohuit!pg!ujnf/!Bgufs!fbdi!fyqptvsf!uxp!uftut!xifsf!svo!po!
uiptf!wjsbm!qbsujdmft;!pof!xbt!b!ejsfdu!nfbtvsf!pg!ipx!nboz!jogfdujpvt!
qbsujdmft!sfnbjofe/!Uif!tfdpoe!xbt!QDS!up!rvboujgz!ipx!nboz!#ubshfut#!
xfsf!gpvoe!jo!uif!tbnqmf/!
!
Ubcmf!2!gspn!uibu!bsujdmf!ibt!uif!ufmmjoh!ebub;!
!
Uif!upq!spx!tipxt!uif!ovncfs!pg!jogfdujpvt!qbsujdmft!cfgpsf!)#Dpouspm#*!boe!
bgufs!fbdi!fyqptvsf!joufswbm/!Uif!ovncfs!espqqfe!gspn!bcpvu!31-111!cfgpsf!
fyqptvsf!up!jut!cpuupn!mfwfm!pg!bcpvu!71!jogfdujpvt!qbsujdmft!bgufs!41!tfdpoet!
boe!cfzpoe/!VW!mjhiu!dmfbsmz!espqt!wjsbm!jogfdujpvtoftt!esbnbujdbmmz/!
Ju!jt!uif!cpuupn!spx!uibu!ufmmt!uif!ubmf/!Opu!pomz!eje!uif!#wjsbm!mpbe#!gbjm!up!
efdmjof!bt!jogfdujpvt!qbsujdmft!gfmm!up!wfsz!mpx!mfwfmt-!cvu!uif!wjsbm!dpqjft!
jefoujgjfe!cz!QDS!bduvbmmz!jodsfbtfe!tpnfxibu/!Xijmf!uif!dpouspm!tbnqmf!xbt!
gpvoe!cz!QDS!up!ibwf!bcpvu!32!njmmjpo!dpqjft!pg!uif!ubshfu!EOB-!bgufs!411!
tfdpoet!pg!VW!fyqptvsf!uibu!tbnf!tbnqmf!xbt!gpvoe!up!ibwf!bcpvu!41!
njmmjpo!dpqjft/!Dvsjpvtmz-!bgufs!uif!jojujbm!21!tfdpoet!pg!fyqptvsf!QDS!
sfuvsofe!b!dpvou!pg!pwfs!68!njmmjpo!dpqjft/!Ju!jt!opu!uibu!uifsf!jt!qpps!
dpssfmbujpo!cfuxffo!jogfdujpvt!wjsbm!qbsujdmft!boe!QDS!qptjujwjuz/!Ju!jt!uibu!
uifsf!jt!op!dpssfmbujpo!bu!bmm/!
!
Cbdl!up!#Ofx!Dbtft#!
Jo!tqjuf!pg!uif!gbdu!uibu!QDS!epfto(u!sfgmfdu!fjuifs!uif!rvboujuz!ps!fwfo!uif!
nfsf!qsftfodf!pg!jogfdujpvt!wjsbm!qbsujdmft-!ju!jt!dvssfoumz!uif!#hpme!tuboebse#!
gps!ejbhoptjt!pg!b!dbtf!pg!Dpwje.2:/!Bmm!puifs!uftut!uibu!bsf!efwfmpqfe!..!
boujcpez-!sbqje!boujhfo-!fud/!..!bsf!wbmjebufe!bhbjotu!QDS/!Uijt!jt!mjlf!hsbejoh!
fybnt!vtjoh!b!lfz!xjui!bo!volopxo!ovncfs!pg!njtublft!po!ju/!Uijt!qspcmfn!
ibt!cffo!sfdphoj{fe!gps!tfwfsbm!npouit/!
Uif!sftvmu!pg!vtjoh!QDS!bt!uif!qsjnbsz!ejbhoptujd!uftu!jt!up!jogmbuf!uif!
ovncfs!pg!dbtft/!Xf!bsf!ejbhoptjoh!bo!jogfdujpo!xjui!b!uftu!uibu!dbo(u!
efufsnjof!bo!jogfdujpo!boe-!cbtfe!vqpo!uif!fwjefodf!bwbjmbcmf-!dpssfmbuft!
tpnfxifsf!cfuxffo!qppsmz!boe!opu!bu!bmm!xjui!jogfdujpvt!wjsvt/!
Uif!ifbmui!bvuipsjujft!xip!ibwf!jotujuvufe!QDS!ejbhoptujd!uftujoh!wjb!
uif!Fnfshfodz!Vtf!Bvuipsj{bujpo!)FVB*!dfsubjomz!xpvme!ibwf!cffo!bxbsf!
pg!uif!qpufoujbm!qspcmfnt!xjui!vtjoh!QDS!bt!b!ejbhoptujd!uftu/!
!
!
Po!Gfcsvbsz!4-!3131-!DED!tvcnjuufe!bo!FVB!qbdlbhf!up!fyqfejuf!GEB.
qfsnjuufe!vtf!pg!uif!DED!ejbhoptujd!qbofm!jo!uif!Vojufe!Tubuft/!GEB!
jttvfe!uif!FVB!uif!ofyu!ebz-!boe!DED!tfou!uif!uftu!ljut!up!tubuf!boe!
mpdbm!qvcmjd!ifbmui!mbcpsbupsjft/!
!
!
Xjui!ebub!bu!iboe-!uifz!dfsubjomz!opx!lopx!uibu!uif!qspcmfnt!sfwjfxfe!ifsf!
ibwf!cfdpnf!nbojgftu/!Vtjoh!QDS!ejbhoptujdbmmz!xjmm!pwfsftujnbuf!cz!tpnf!
volopxo!qfsdfou!uif!usvmz!jogfdufe!qfpqmf/!Xibu!bcpvu!uibu!tjhojgjdbou!
qfsdfoubhf!pg!qfpqmf-!ftujnbufe!up!cf!bspvoe!46&-!xip!uftu!qptjujwf!cvu!
nbojgftu!op!tznqupnt@!Qfsibqt!uifz!ibwf!op!tznqupnt!cfdbvtf!uifz!ibwf!
op!jogfdujpvt!qbsujdmft!jo!uifjs!cpez/!Qfsibqt!uifz!ibwf!uibu!1/8&!pg!wjsbm!
EOB-!cvu!mjuumf!ps!opof!pg!uif!sftu-!ps!uif!sftu!jt!dipqqfe!vq!joup!cfojho!
qjfdft/!Uijt!xpvme!jodmvef!ifbmuiz!qfpqmf!xip!ibwf!fodpvoufsfe!uif!wjsvt-!
uifjs!jnnvof!tztufn!eje!xibu!ju!jt!tvqqptfe!up!ep!boe!csplf!ju!vq!joup!opo.
jogfdujpvt!gsbhnfout!up!cf!fmjnjobufe/!Cvu!QDS!sfhjtufst!uiptf!gsbhnfout!bt!
b!qptjujwf!uftu!boe!uifz!cfdpnf!b!#ofx!dbtf#!tubujtujd/!
B!wfsz!sfdfou!izqpuiftjt!bsujdmf!tvhhftut!uibu!uif!sfbtpo!gps!uif!
jodsfbtjoh!ejtdsfqbodz!cfuxffo!ejbhoptfe!dbtft!)j/f/!QDS.qptjujwjuz*!boe!uif!
npscjejuz0npsubmjuz!sbuf!pg!uif!ejtfbtf!nbz!ibwf!up!ep!xjui!uif!wfsz!jttvf!
cfjoh!sbjtfe!ifsf/!Uif!bvuipst!dpjo!b!ufsn!gps!uiftf!wjsbm!gsbhnfout-!
tojqqfut!pg!wjsbm!EOB!uibu!jodmvef-!cvu!bsf!opu!mjnjufe!up-!uif!gsbhnfout!
efufdufe!boe!bnqmjgjfe!cz!QDS/!Uifz!dbmm!uifn!TBST.DpW.3!bttpdjbufe!
npmfdvmbs!qbsujdmf!qbuufsot-!ps!TBNQQt/!
Fyqptvsf!up!TBNQQt!uispvhi!dpoubdu!xjui!uifn!po!tvsgbdft-!jo!bjs!qbsujdmft-!
boe!fmtfxifsf!mfbet!up!jnnvof!bdujwbujpo/!Uijt!dbo!ublf!uif!gpsn!pg!cpui!
boujcpez!gpsnbujpo!boe!U.dfmm!bdujwbujpo/!Qfsibqt!ju!jt!pvs!fyqptvsf!up!
bncjfou!TBNQQt!uibu!jt!gvsuifsjoh!efwfmpqnfou!pg!ifse!jnnvojuz/!
!
#Jg!uif!fyjtufodf!pg!TBNQQt!nfejbufe!jnnvojuz!jo!b!iptu!jt!qspwfe!xjui!
bqqspqsjbuf!fyqfsjnfoubujpot-!uifo!ju!xjmm!tbcpubhf!uif!offe!gps!uif!
fyqfotjwf!SOB0EOB!cbtfe!wbddjoft/#!
!
!
Xiz!dpoujovf!xjui!b!ejbhoptujd!uftu!uibu!dbo(u!ejbhoptf!bo!jogfdujpo!cvu!xjmm!
pwfsftujnbuf!dbtf!ovncfst@!Ju(t!bmm!bcpvu!qfsdfqujpo/!Uif!Bmmjft!offefe!up!
dpouspm!uif!cfibwjps!pg!uif!Hfsnbot!up!fyfdvuf!b!tvddfttgvm!jowbtjpo/!Xjui!
Dpwje.2:!#dbtft-#!ju!jt!uif!hfofsbm!qvcmjd!uibu!offet!up!cf!dpouspmmfe/!Vtjoh!
QDS!up!ejbhoptf!ofx!dbtft!lffqt!b!dpotubou!tvqqmz!pg!#svqfsut#!jo!uif!njy-!
qfpqmf!xip!bsf!QDS!qptjujwf!)b!#ofx!dbtf#*!cvu!xjuipvu!jogfdujpvt!wjsvt/!
Dpouspm!ibqqfot!uispvhi!gfbs-!boe!gfbs!jt!nbjoubjofe!cz!uif!evbm!Ècpez!
dpvout(!pg!dvnvmbujwf!efbuit!boe!ofx!dbtft/!
Fwfo!xijmf!ofx!dbtf!dmvtufst!boe!iputqput!boe!fqjdfoufst!boe!pvucsfblt!
dpoujovf!up!gmbti!bdsptt!ifbemjoft!ebjmz-!uif!sbuf!pg!iptqjubmj{bujpot!jo!uif!VT!
evf!up!Dpwje.2:!..!b!nvdi!cfuufs!hbvhf!pg!uif!bduvbm!ivnbo!npscjejuz!upmm!
pg!uif!ejtfbtf!..!dpoujovft!up!espq/!Uif!DED(t!ebub!jt!dmfbs!bcpvu!uijt-!
uif!hsbqi!ifsf!cfjoh!pwfsbmm!iptqjubmj{bujpo!sbuf/!
!
Bmm!bhft!
Boopvodjoh!uibu!uif!upubm!ejtfbtf!cvsefo!pg!Dpwje.2:!jt!espqqjoh!jo!uif!VT!
jt!opu!b!qspwpdbujwf!xbz!up!nbjoubjo!qpmjdjft!bspvoe!tpdjbm!ejtubodjoh-!
nbtljoh-!tdippm!dmptvsft-!ps!puifs!fmfnfout!pg!#ejtfbtf.dpouspmmjoh#!tpdjbm!
nboebuft/!Ju!jt!b!xbz-!uipvhi-!up!nbjoubjo!ijhi!boujdjqbujpo!gps!b!wbddjof-!
bddfqubodf!pg!dpoubdu!usbdjoh-!bo!pqfooftt!up!cjpnfusjd!tvswfjmmbodf-!boe!b!
hfofsbm!gjybujpo!po!uif!sfdpnnfoebujpot!pg!ifbmui!bvuipsjujft/!Gbvdj!ijntfmg!
jt!opx!tusbeemjoh!uibu!mjof!cfuxffo!ufmmjoh!vt!uif!fdpopnz!jt!sfbez!up!pqfo-!
boe!sfnjoejoh!vt!uibu!xf!nvtu!gpmmpx!uijt!ofx!tfu!pg!tpdjbm!nboebuft/!
!
!
#Epo(u!joufsqsfu!ju!bt!bo!pctubdmf!up!pqfojoh!uif!fdpopnz-#!if!
dpoujovfe/!#Cfdbvtf!jg!zpv!ep!uijoht!uif!xbz!xf!ibwf!qsftdsjcfe-!
obnfmz-!b!hbufxbz!pg!qibtf!pof-!qibtf!uxp-!qibtf!uisff-!xjuipvu!
kvnqjoh!pwfs!uiftf!cfodinbslt!uibu!zpv!ibwf!up!mppl!gps-!zpv!dbo!
tbgfmz!hfu!qfpqmf!cbdl!up!xpsl-!hfu!uif!fdpopnz!hpjoh/!
!
!
Jo!puifs!xpset-!lffq!zpvs!nbtl!po-!lffq!zpvs!ejtubodf-!boe!xbju!xjui!
boujdjqbujpo!gps!uif!wbddjof/!
!!
!
Tpvsdf;!iuuqt;00txqst/psh0dpwje.uif.cjh.qjduvsf.jo.8.dibsut0!
!
Uif!xpsmexjef!hvmg!cfuxffo!dbtft!boe!efbuit!jt!esbnbujd!boe!xjefojoh!
fwfsz!ebz/!Podf!ju!jt!voefstuppe!uibu!b!#dbtf#!jt!opu!ofdfttbsjmz!..!boe!
qfsibqt!opu!fwfo!qspcbcmz!..!b!dbtf!pg!bdujwf!jogfdujpo-!uifsf!jt!bduvbmmz!
tpnf!tpmbdf!up!cf!gpvoe!jo!uiftf!ijhi!dbtf!ovncfst/!Uifz!wfsz!xfmm!njhiu!
joejdbuf!fyqptvsft!tvddfttgvmmz!gfoefe!pgg-!xjui!U.dfmmt!
bdujwbufe!boe0ps!boujcpejft!gpsnfe/!
Jo!puifs!xpset-!nboz!pg!uiptf!ofx!dbtft!njhiu!joejdbuf!qfpqmf!beejoh!up!
uif!qppm!pg!ifse!jnnvojuz/!
ÆTdjfoujtut!bsf!epjoh!bo!bxgvm!mpu!pg!ebnbhf!up!uif!xpsme!jo!uif!obnf!pg!ifmqjoh!ju/!J!epoÉu!
njoe!buubdljoh!nz!pxo!gsbufsojuz!cfdbvtf!J!bn!btibnfe!pg!ju/Ç!ÄLbsz!Nvmmjt-!Jowfoups!pg!
Qpmznfsbtf!Dibjo!Sfbdujpo!
Xibu!ep!xf!nfbo!xifo!xf!tbz!tpnfcpez!ibt!Èuftufe!qptjujwfÉ!gps!uif!Dpspob!Wjsvt@!Uif!
botxfs!xpvme!btupvoe!zpv/!Cvu!hfuujoh!uijt!ÆbotxfsÇ!jt!mjlf!hfuujoh!up!b!wfsz!sbsf!nvtisppn!
uibu!pomz!hspxt!bcpwf!311!gffu!po!b!Tfrvpjb!usff!jo!uif!gpscjeefo!gpsftu/!
J!tbz!uibu!gps!esbnbujd!fggfdu-!cvu!bmtp!cfdbvtf!J!xpvoe!vq-!bhbjotu!bmm!peet-!gjoejoh!ju/!
Fwfsz!ebz!J!xblf!vq!boe!xpsl!bu!tifeejoh!pof!npsf!mbzfs!pg!jhopsbodf!Åcz!mjtufojoh!
dbsfgvmmz/!J!hpu!mvdlz!xjui!tdjfoujtut!nboz!zfbst!bhp<!Fqjd-!jodsfejcmf!tdjfoujtut-!ibqqfojoh!up!
dsptt!nz!qbui!xifo!opcpez!fmtf!xboufe!up!ubml!up!uifn/!Opx!uifjs!obnft!bsf!fnfshjoh-!
uifjs!xbsojoht!boe!dpssfdujpot!dsztubmmj{joh/!Usvf!ÆtdjfodfÇ!)uif!obuvsf!pg!uif!obuvsbm!xpsme*!
jt!ofwfs!cbe!ofxt/!Hmpcbmjtu!tdjfodf!jt!opuijoh!cvu!cbe!ofxt/!
Uif!sfbtpo!Cjmm!Hbuft!xbout!zpv!up!cfmjfwf!b!Dpspob!Wjsvt!xjmm!fyufsnjobuf!pwfs!561!njmmjpo!
qfpqmf!jt!uibu!if!ibuft!obuvsf-!Hpe-!boe!zpv/!)B!tvckfdujwf!joufsqsfubujpo/*!
Xiz!jt!uibu@!ZpvÉe!ibwf!up!btl!ijt!qtzdijbusjtu/!
Cvu!mfuÉt!ubml!bcpvu!uif!mbuftu!ufssps!cpnc!efupobufe!cz!Hmpcbm!Buifjtu!QD!Dsffqt!vqpo!zpvs!
qfsgfdumz!hppe-!gsff!mjgf!bt!b!VT!djuj{fo!jo!3131-!hpwfsofe!cz!b!Qsftjefou!xip!epft!opu!uijol!
cbdlxbset/!
Ipx!nboz!pg!vt!bsf!ÆjogfdufeÇ!xjui!uijt!opwfm!Dpspob!wjsvt-!boe!ipx!tdbsfe!tipvme!xf!cf@!
Gjstu-!b!tqjsjuvbm!mbx;!Bozuijoh!uibu!usjft!up!gsjhiufo!zpv!dpnft!gspn!Æpqqptjujpo-Ç!jo!tqjsjuvbm!
cbuumf/!JuÉt!opu!uif!Ipmz!Tqjsju-!qfsjpe/!Jhopsf!jut!uisfbut!boe!lffq!zpvs!xjut!bcpvu!zpv/!Zpv!
epoÉu!ibwf!up!tipvu-!ÆTubz!tbgf"É!up!zpvs!ofjhicpst/!Xf!bsf!tbgf/!Xf!ibwf!bo!jnnvof!
tztufn!uibu!jt!b!njsbdmf!mjlf!Uif!Tjtujof!Dibqfm/!Ju!xjuituboet!upyjd-!njdspcjbm!jovoebujpo!po!
b!hsboe!tdbmf!bu!bmm!ujnft-!xijmf!pqfsbujoh!b!tvqfs.ijhixbz!pg!bebqujwf!mjgf.tvtubjojoh!
hfofujd!jogpsnbujpo-!po!dfmmvmbs!csjehft-!fnjuujoh!ufmfhsbnt!pg!wjubm!fwpmvujpobsz!dpef-!
tmboefsfe!bt!ÆwjsvtftÇ!ps!Æsfuspwjsvtft/Ç!
Qfpqmf!ejfÅzft/!Cvu!qfpqmf!epoÉu!ejf!uif!xbz!Cjmm!Hbuft!xpvme!ibwf!zpv!cfmjfwf-!bu!uif!
nfsdz!pg!nbmjdjpvt-!qsfebupsz!qbuiphfot-!ÆmvsljohÇ!po!fwfsz!tvsgbdf-!boe!ftqfdjbmmz!puifs!
ivnbot/!UibuÉt!opu!Ætdjfodf/Ç!UibuÉt!tpdjbm!fohjoffsjoh/!Ufsspsjtn/!
MfuÉt!qspdffe/!
Xibu!ep!xf!nfbo!xifo!xf!tbz!b!qfstpo!Æuftut!qptjujwfÇ!gps!Dpwje.2:@!
Xf!epoÉu!bduvbmmz!nfbo!uifz!ibwf!cffo!gpvoe!up!ÆibwfÇ!ju/!
XfÉwf!cffo!ijkbdlfe!cz!pvs!ufdiopmphjft-!cvu!mfgu!jmmjufsbuf!bcpvu!xibu!uifz!bduvbmmz!nfbo/!
Jo!uijt!dbtf-!J!bn!jo!uif!sbsf!qptjujpo!pg!ibwjoh!lopxo-!tqfou!ujnf!xjui-!boe!joufswjfxfe!uif!
jowfoups!pg!uif!nfuipe!vtfe!jo!uif!qsftfoumz!bwbjmbcmf!Dpwje.2:!uftut-!xijdi!jt!dbmmfe!QDS-!
)Qpmznfsbtf!Dibjo!Sfbdujpo/*!
Ijt!obnf!xbt!Lbsz!C/!Nvmmjt-!boe!if!xbt!pof!pg!uif!xbsnftu-!gvoojftu-!nptu!fdmfdujd.
njoefe!qfpqmf!J!fwfs!nfu-!jo!beejujpo!up!cfjoh!b!tubvodi!dsjujd!pg!IJW!Ætdjfodf-Ç!boe!bo!
vomjlfmz!Opcfm!Mbvsfbuf-!j/f/!b!Æhfojvt/Ç!
Pof!ujnf-!jo!2::5-!xifo!J!dbmmfe!up!ubml!up!ijn!bcpvu!ipx!QDS!xbt!cfjoh!xfbqpoj{fe!up!
Æqspwf-Ç!bmnptu!b!efdbef!bgufs!ju!xbt!bttfsufe-!uibu!IJW!dbvtfe!BJET-!if!bduvbmmz!dbnf!up!
ufbst/!
Uif!qfpqmf!xip!ibwf!ublfo!bmm!zpvs!gsffepnt!bxbz!jo!sfdfou!xfflt-!uifzÉsf!tpdjbm!
fohjoffst-!qpmjujdjbot-!hmpcbmjtu!uipvhiu!mfbefst-!cbolfst-!XIP!gbobujdt-!boe!uif!mjlf/!Uifjs!
bsnz!jt!dpnqptfe!pg!Ænbjotusfbn!nfejb-Ç!xijdi!jt!opx!mjufsbmmz!b!spvoe.uif.dmpdl!qfsgfdu!
qspqbhboeb!nbdijof!gps!uif!Hbuft.mfe!Qboefnjd!Sfjdi/!
Lbsz!Nvmmjt!xbt!b!tdjfoujtu/!If!ofwfs!tqplf!mjlf!b!hmpcbmjtu-!boe!tbje!podf-!nfnpsbcmz-!xifo!
bddvtfe!pg!nbljoh!tubufnfout!bcpvu!IJW!uibu!dpvme!foebohfs!mjwft;!ÆJÉn!b!tdjfoujtu/!JÉn!opu!
b!mjgfhvbse/Ç!UibuÉt!b!wfsz!jnqpsubou!mjof!jo!uif!tboe/!!Tpnfcpez!xip!hpft!bspvoe!dmbjnjoh!
uifz!bsf!Ætbwjoh!mjwft-Ç!jt!b!wfsz!ebohfspvt!bojnbm-!boe!zpv!tipvme!svo!jo!uif!pqqptjuf!
ejsfdujpo!xifo!zpv!fodpvoufs!uifn/!Uifjs!xfbqpo!jt!gfbs-!boe!uifjs!gbwpsjuf!xpse!jt!Ædpvme/Ç!
Uifz!fousbq!zpv!xjui!b!gpsn!pg!cjp.efcu-!dsfbujoh!tjnvmbujpot!pg!fwfsz!jnbhjobcmf!uijoh!uibu!
ÆdpvmeÇ!ibqqfo-!zfu!ibtoÉu/!Cjmm!Hbuft!ibt!cffo!xbjujoh!b!mpoh!ujnf!gps!b!wjsvt!xjui!uijt!
nvdi-!bt!if!qvu!ju-!Æqboefnjd!qpufoujbm/Ç!Cvu!Hbuft!ibt!b!qspcmfn-!boe!juÉt!dbmmfe!QDS/!
Pg!NvmmjtÉ!jowfoujpo-!Qpmznfsbtf!Dibjo!Sfbdujpo-!uif!Mpoepo!Pctfswfs!xspuf;!
ÆOpu!tjodf!Kbnft!Xbuu!xbmlfe!bdsptt!Hmbthpx!Hsffo!jo!2876!boe!sfbmj{fe!uibu!uif!
tfdpoebsz!tufbn!dpoefotfs!xpvme!usbotgpsn!tufbn!qpxfs-!bo!jotqjsbujpo!uibu!tfu!mpptf!uif!
joevtusjbm!sfwpmvujpo-!ibt!b!tjohmf-!npnfoupvt!jefb!cffo!tp!xfmm!sfdpsefe!jo!ujnf!boe!
qmbdf/Ç!
Xibu!epft!IJW!ibwf!up!ep!xjui!Dpwje.2:@!
QDS!qmbzfe!b!dfousbm!spmf!jo!uif!IJW!xbs!)b!xbs!zpv!epoÉu!lopx!bcpvu-!uibu!mbtufe!33!zfbst-!
cfuxffo!Hmpcbmjtu!qptu.npefso!IJW!tdjfoujtut!boe!dmbttjdbm!tdjfoujtut/*!Uif!mbuufs!mptu!uif!
xbs/!Vomftt!zpv!dpvou!cfjoh!dpssfdu!bt!xjoojoh/!Uif!sfmfoumftt!wjpmfodf!gjobmmz!tjmfodfe!uif!
pqqptjujpo-!boe!ju!tffnfe!opcpez!xpvme!fwfs!mfbso!xip!uiftf!tdjfoujtut!xfsf-!ps!xiz!uifz!
gpvhiu!uijt!uijoh!tp!bebnboumz!boe!qbttjpobufmz/!
Boe!QDS-!uipvhi!jut!jowfoups!ejfe!mbtu!zfbs-!boe!jtoÉu!ifsf!up!beesftt!ju-!qmbzt!b!dfousbm!spmf!
jo!Dpspob!ufsspsjtn/!
Ifsf!jt!bo!pvuublf!gspn!bo!bsujdmf!J!qvcmjtife!jo!TQJO-!jo!2::5-!bcpvu!Lbsz!Nvmmjt-!QDS-!IJW!
boe½Upoz!Gbvdj;!
ÆQDS!ibt!bmtp!ibe!b!hsfbu!jnqbdu!po!uif!gjfme!pg!BJET-!ps!sbuifs-!IJW!sftfbsdi/!QDS!dbo-!
bnpoh!puifs!uijoht-!efufdu!IJW!jo!qfpqmf!xip!uftu!ofhbujwf!up!uif!IJW!boujcpez!uftu/!
Uif!xpse!ÆfddfousjdÇ!tffnt!up!dpnf!vq!pgufo!jo!dpoofdujpo!xjui!NvmmjtÉ!obnf;!Ijt!gjstu!
qvcmjtife!tdjfoujgjd!qbqfs-!jo!uif!qsfnjfs!tdjfoujgjd!kpvsobm!Obuvsf!jo!2:97-!eftdsjcfe!ipx!if!
wjfxfe!uif!vojwfstf!xijmf!po!MTE!Ä!qpdlfe!xjui!cmbdl!ipmft!dpoubjojoh!boujnbuufs-!gps!xijdi!
ujnf!svot!cbdlxbse/!If!ibt!cffo!lopxo!up!tipx!qipuphsbqit!pg!ovef!hjsmgsjfoet!evsjoh!ijt!
mfduvsft-!uifjs!cpejft!usbdfe!xjui!Nboefmcspu!gsbdubm!qbuufsot/!Boe!bt!b!tjef!qspkfdu-!if!jt!
efwfmpqjoh!b!dpnqboz!xijdi!tfmmt!mpdlfut!dpoubjojoh!uif!EOB!pg!spdl!tubst/!Cvu!ju!jt!ijt!
wjfxt!po!BJET!uibu!ibwf!sfbmmz!tfu!uif!tdjfoujgjd!ftubcmjtinfou!gvnjoh/!
Nvmmjt-!mjlf!ijt!gsjfoe!boe!dpmmfbhvf!Es/!Qfufs!Evftcfsh-!epft!opu!cfmjfwf!uibu!BJET!jt!dbvtfe!
cz!uif!sfuspwjsvt!IJW/!If!jt!b!mpoh.tuboejoh!nfncfs!pg!uif!Hspvq!gps!uif!Sfbqqsbjtbm!pg!uif!
IJW.BJET!Izqpuiftjt-!uif!611.nfncfs!qspuftu!pshboj{bujpo!qvtijoh!gps!b!sf.fybnjobujpo!pg!
uif!dbvtf!pg!BJET/!
Pof!pg!EvftcfshÉt!tuspohftu!bshvnfout!jo!uif!efcbuf!ibt!cffo!uibu!uif!IJW!wjsvt!jt!cbsfmz!
efufdubcmf!jo!qfpqmf!xip!tvggfs!gspn!BJET/!Jspojdbmmz-!xifo!QDS!xbt!bqqmjfe!up!IJW!
sftfbsdi-!bspvoe!2:9:-!sftfbsdifst!dmbjnfe!up!ibwf!qvu!uijt!dpnqmbjou!up!sftu/!Vtjoh!uif!
ofx!ufdiopmphz-!uifz!xfsf!tveefomz!bcmf!up!tff!wjsbm!qbsujdmft!jo!uif!rvboujujft!uifz!dpvmeoÉu!
tff!cfgpsf/!Tdjfoujgjd!bsujdmft!qpvsfe!gpsui!tubujoh!uibu!IJW!xbt!opx!211!ujnft!npsf!
qsfwbmfou!uibo!xbt!qsfwjpvtmz!uipvhiu/!Cvu!Nvmmjt!ijntfmg!xbt!vojnqsfttfe/!ÆQDS!nbef!ju!
fbtjfs!up!tff!uibu!dfsubjo!qfpqmf!bsf!jogfdufe!xjui!IJW-Ç!if!upme!Tqjo!jo!2::3-!Æboe!tpnf!pg!
uiptf!qfpqmf!dbnf!epxo!xjui!tznqupnt!pg!BJET/!Cvu!uibu!epftoÉu!cfhjo!fwfo!up!botxfs!uif!
rvftujpo-!ÈEpft!IJW!dbvtf!ju@(Ç!
Nvmmjt!uifo!xfou!po!up!fdip!pof!pg!EvftcfshÉt!nptu!dpouspwfstjbm!dmbjnt/!ÆIvnbo!cfjoht!bsf!
gvmm!pg!sfuspwjsvtft-Ç!if!tbje-!ÆXf!epoÉu!lopx!jg!ju!jt!ivoesfet!ps!uipvtboet!ps!ivoesfet!pg!
uipvtboet/!XfÉwf!pomz!sfdfoumz!tubsufe!up!mppl!gps!uifn/!Cvu!uifzÉwf!ofwfs!ljmmfe!bozcpez!
cfgpsf/!Qfpqmf!ibwf!bmxbzt!tvswjwfe!sfuspwjsvtft/Ç!
Nvmmjt!dibmmfohfe!uif!qpqvmbs!xjtepn!uibu!uif!ejtfbtf.dbvtjoh!nfdibojtnt!pg!IJW!bsf!
tjnqmz!upp!ÆnztufsjpvtÇ!up!dpnqsfifoe/!ÆUif!nztufsz!pg!uibu!ebno!wjsvt-Ç!if!tbje!bu!uif!
ujnf-!Æibt!cffo!hfofsbufe!cz!uif!%3!cjmmjpo!b!zfbs!uifz!tqfoe!po!ju/!Zpv!ublf!boz!puifs!
wjsvt-!boe!zpv!tqfoe!%3!cjmmjpo-!boe!zpv!dbo!nblf!vq!tpnf!hsfbu!nztufsjft!bcpvu!ju!upp/Ç!
Mjlf!tp!nboz!hsfbu!tdjfoujgjd!ejtdpwfsjft-!uif!jefb!gps!QDS!dbnf!tveefomz-!bt!jg!cz!ejsfdu!
usbotnjttjpo!gspn!bopuifs!sfbmn/!Ju!xbt!evsjoh!b!mbuf.ojhiu!esjwf!jo!2:95-!uif!tbnf!zfbs-!
jspojdbmmz-!uibu!IJW!xbt!boopvodfe!up!cf!uif!ÆqspcbcmfÇ!dbvtf!pg!BJET/!
ÆJ!xbt!kvtu!esjwjoh!boe!uijoljoh!bcpvu!jefbt!boe!tveefomz!J!tbx!ju-Ç!Nvmmjt!sfdbmmt/!ÆJ!tbx!uif!
qpmznfsbtf!dibjo!sfbdujpo!bt!dmfbs!bt!jg!ju!xfsf!vq!po!b!cmbdlcpbse!jo!nz!ifbe-!tp!J!qvmmfe!
pwfs!boe!tubsufe!tdsjccmjoh/Ç!B!difnjtu!gsjfoe!pg!ijt!xbt!btmffq!jo!uif!dbs-!boe-!bt!Nvmmjt!
eftdsjcfe!jo!b!sfdfou!tqfdjbm!fejujpo!pg!Tdjfoujgjd!Bnfsjdbo;!ÆKfoojgfs!pckfdufe!hsphhjmz!up!uif!
efmbz!boe!uif!mjhiu-!cvu!J!fydmbjnfe!J!ibe!ejtdpwfsfe!tpnfuijoh!gboubtujd/!Vojnqsfttfe-!tif!
xfou!cbdl!up!tmffq/Ç!
Nvmmjt!lfqu!tdsjccmjoh!dbmdvmbujpot-!sjhiu!uifsf!jo!uif!dbs-!voujm!uif!gpsnvmb!gps!EOB!
bnqmjgjdbujpo!xbt!dpnqmfuf/!Uif!dbmdvmbujpo!xbt!cbtfe!po!uif!dpodfqu!pg!Æsfjufsbujwf!
fyqpofoujbm!hspxui!qspdfttft-Ç!xijdi!Nvmmjt!ibe!qjdlfe!vq!gspn!xpsljoh!xjui!dpnqvufs!
qsphsbnt/!Bgufs!nvdi!ubcmf.qpvoejoh-!if!dpowjodfe!uif!tnbmm!Dbmjgpsojb!cjpufdi!dpnqboz!if!
xbt!xpsljoh!gps-!Dfuvt-!uibu!if!xbt!po!up!tpnfuijoh/!Hppe!uijoh!uifz!gjobmmz!mjtufofe;!Uifz!
tpme!uif!qbufou!gps!QDS!up!Ipggnbo.MbSpdif!gps!uif!tubhhfsjoh!tvn!pg!%411!njmmjpo!Ä!uif!
nptu!npofz!fwfs!qbje!gps!b!qbufou/!Nvmmjt!nfboxijmf!sfdfjwfe!b!%21-111!cpovt/!
NvmmjtÉt!npuifs!sfqpsut!uibu!bt!b!dijme-!ifs!mjwfmz!tpo!hpu!joup!bmm!ljoet!pg!uspvcmf!Ä!tivuujoh!
epxo!uif!ipvtfÉt!fmfdusjdjuz-!cvjmejoh!spdlfut-!boe!cmbtujoh!tnbmm!gspht!ivoesfet!pg!gffu!joup!
uif!bjs/!Uiftf!ebzt-!if!mjlft!up!tvsg-!spmmfscmbef-!ublf!qjduvsft-!qbsuz!xjui!ijt!gsjfoet!Ä!nptu!
pg!xipn!bsf!opu!tdjfoujtut!Ä!boe!bcpwf!bmm-!if!mpwft!up!xsjuf/!
Nvmmjt!jt!opupsjpvtmz!ejggjdvmu!up!usbdl!epxo!boe!joufswjfx/!J!ibe!mfgu!tfwfsbm!nfttbhft!po!ijt!
botxfsjoh!nbdijof!bu!ipnf!cvu!ibe!hpuufo!op!sftqpotf/!Gjobmmz-!J!dbmmfe!ijn!jo!uif!mbuf!
fwfojoh-!boe!if!qjdlfe!vq-!jo!uif!njeemf!pg!cjeejoh!gbsfxfmm!up!tpnf!ejoofs!hvftut/!If!
jotjtufe!if!xpvme!opu!hjwf!nf!bo!joufswjfx-!cvu!bgufs!b!xijmf-!b!dpowfstbujpo!xbt!voefsxbz-!
boe!J!btlfe!jg!J!dpvmeoÉu!kvtu!qmfbtf!uvso!nz!ubqf!sfdpsefs!po/!ÆPi-!xibu!uif!ifmm-Ç!if!
hsvggfe/!ÆUvso!uif!gvdlfs!po/Ç!
Pvs!ubml!gpdvtfe!po!BJET/!Uipvhi!Nvmmjt!ibt!opu!cffo!qbsujdvmbsmz!wpdbm!bcpvu!ijt!IJW!
tlfqujdjtn-!ijt!dpowjdujpot!ibwf!opu-!up!ijt!dsfeju-!cffo!nveemfe!ps!tpgufofe!cz!ijt!sfdfou!
tvddftt!boe!nbjotusfbn!bddfqubcjmjuz/!If!tffnt!up!sfwfm!jo!ijt!ofxmz!bdrvjsfe!qpxfs/!ÆUifz!
dboÉu!qppi.qppi!nf!opx-!cfdbvtf!pg!xip!J!bn-Ç!if!tbzt!xjui!b!divdlmf!Ä!boe!cz!bmm!
bddpvout-!ifÉt!vtjoh!uibu!qpxfs!fggfdujwfmz/!
Xifo!BCDÉt!ÆOjhiumjofÇ!bqqspbdife!Nvmmjt!bcpvu!qbsujdjqbujoh!jo!b!epdvnfoubsz!po!ijntfmg-!
if!jotufbe!vshfe!uifn!up!gpdvt!uifjs!buufoujpo!po!uif!IJW!efcbuf/!ÆUibuÉt!b!nvdi!npsf!
jnqpsubou!tupsz-Ç!if!upme!uif!qspevdfst-!xip!vq!up!uibu!qpjou!ibe!ofwfs!bdlopxmfehfe!uif!
dpouspwfstz/!Jo!uif!foe-!ÆOjhiumjofÇ!sbo!b!uxp.qbsu!tfsjft-!uif!gjstu!po!Lbsz!Nvmmjt-!uif!
tfdpoe!po!uif!IJW!efcbuf/!Nvmmjt!xbt!ijsfe!cz!BCD!gps!b!uxp.xffl!qfsjpe-!up!bdu!bt!uifjs!
tdjfoujgjd!dpotvmubou!boe!ejsfdu!uifn!up!tpvsdft/!
Uif!tipx!xbt!tvqfsc-!boe!sfqsftfoufe!b!ijtupsjd!uvsojoh!qpjou-!qpttjcmz!fwfo!uif!foe!pg!uif!
tfwfo.zfbs!nfejb!cmbdlpvu!po!uif!IJW!efcbuf/!Cvu!ju!tujmm!ejeoÉu!gvmgjmm!NvmmjtÉ!vmujnbuf!
gboubtz/!ÆXibu!BCD!offet!up!ep-Ç!tbzt!Nvmmjt-!Æjt!ubml!up!\\Dibjsnbo!pg!uif!Obujpobm!Jotujuvuft!
pg!Bmmfshz!boe!Jogfdujpvt!Ejtfbtft!)OJBJE*!Es/!Bouipoz^!Gbvdj!boe!\\Es/!Spcfsu^!Hbmmp!\\pof!pg!
uif!ejtdpwfsfst!pg!IJW^!boe!tipx!uibu!uifzÉsf!bttipmft-!xijdi!J!dpvme!ep!jo!ufo!njovuft/Ç!
Cvu!J!qpjou!pvu-!Hbmmp!xjmm!sfgvtf!up!ejtdvtt!uif!IJW!efcbuf-!kvtu!bt!ifÉt!bmxbzt!epof/!
ÆJ!lopx!if!xjmm-Ç!Nvmmjt!tipput!cbdl-!bohfs!sjtjoh!jo!ijt!wpjdf/!ÆCvu!zpv!lopx!xibu@!J!xpvme!
cf!xjmmjoh!up!dibtf!uif!mjuumf!cbtubse!gspn!ijt!dbs!up!ijt!pggjdf!boe!tbz-!ÈUijt!jt!Lbsz!Nvmmjt!
uszjoh!up!btl!zpv!b!hpeebno!tjnqmf!rvftujpo-É!boe!mfu!uif!dbnfsbt!gpmmpx/!Jg!qfpqmf!uijol!
JÉn!b!dsb{z!qfstpo-!uibuÉt!plbz/!Cvu!ifsfÉt!b!Opcfm!Qsj{f.xjoofs!uszjoh!up!btl!b!tjnqmf!
rvftujpo!gspn!uiptf!xip!tqfou!%33!cjmmjpo!boe!ljmmfe!211-111!qfpqmf/!Ju!ibt!up!cf!po!UW/!JuÉt!
b!wjtvbm!uijoh/!JÉn!opu!voxjmmjoh!up!ep!tpnfuijoh!mjlf!uibu/Ç!
If!qbvtft-!uifo!dpoujovft/!ÆBoe!J!epoÉu!dbsf!bcpvu!nbljoh!bo!btt!pg!nztfmg!cfdbvtf!nptu!
qfpqmf!sfbmj{f!J!bn!pof/Ç!
Xijmf!nboz!qfpqmf-!fwfo!xjuijo!uif!sbolt!pg!uif!IJW!ejttjefout-!ibwf!pg!mbuf!usjfe!up!
ejtubodf!uifntfmwft!gspn!uif!dpouspwfstjbm!Evftcfsh-!Nvmmjt!efgfoet!ijn!qbttjpobufmz!boe!
tffnt!hfovjofmz!dpodfsofe!bcpvu!ijt!gbuf/!ÆJ!xbt!uszjoh!up!tusftt!uijt!qpjou!up!uif!BCD!
qfpqmfÇ!if!tbzt-!Æuibu!Qfufs!ibt!cffo!bcvtfe!tfsjpvtmz!cz!uif!tdjfoujgjd!ftubcmjtinfou-!up!
uif!qpjou!xifsf!if!dboÉu!fwfo!ep!boz!sftfbsdi/!Opu!pomz!uibu-!cvu!ijt!xipmf!mjgf!jt!qsfuuz!
nvdi!jo!ejtbssbz!cfdbvtf!pg!uijt-!boe!ju!jt!pomz!cfdbvtf!if!ibt!sfgvtfe!up!dpnqspnjtf!ijt!
tdjfoujgjd!npsbm!tuboebset/!Uifsf!pvhiu!up!cf!tpnf!hpeebno!qsjwbuf!gpvoebujpo!jo!uif!
dpvousz-!uibu!xpvme!tbz-!ÈXfmm-!xfÉmm!npwf!jo!xifsf!uif!OJI!\\Obujpobm!Jotujuvuft!pg!Ifbmui^!
espqqfe!pgg/!XfÉmm!ublf!dbsf!pg!ju/!Zpv!kvtu!lffq!sjhiu!po!tbzjoh!xibu!zpvÉsf!tbzjoh-!Qfufs/!
Xf!uijol!zpvÉsf!bo!bttipmf-!boe!xf!uijol!zpv!bsf!xspoh-!cvu!zpvÉsf!uif!pomz!ejttfoufs-!boe!
xf!offe!pof-!cfdbvtf!juÉt!tdjfodf-!juÉt!opu!sfmjhjpo/É!Boe!uibu!xbt!pof!pg!uif!sfbtpot!xiz!J!
dppqfsbufe!xjui!BCD/Ç!
ÆJ!bn!xbjujoh!up!cf!dpowjodfe!uibu!xfÉsf!xspoh-Ç!Nvmmjt!dpoujovft/!ÆJ!lopx!ju!bjoÉu!hpjoh!up!
ibqqfo/!Cvu!jg!ju!epft-!J!xjmm!ufmm!zpv!uijt!nvdi!Ä!J!xjmm!cf!uif!gjstu!qfstpo!up!benju!ju/!B!mpu!pg!
qfpqmf!tuvezjoh!uijt!ejtfbtf!bsf!mppljoh!gps!uif!dmfwfs!mjuumf!qbuixbzt!uifz!dbo!qjfdf!
uphfuifs-!uibu!xjmm!tipx!ipx!uijt!xpslt/!Mjlf-!ÈXibu!jg!uijt!npmfdvmf!xbt!qspevdfe!cz!uijt!
pof!boe!uifo!uijt!pof!cz!uijt!pof-!boe!uifo!xibu!jg!uijt!pof!boe!uibu!pof!joevdft!uijt!pofÉ!Ä!
uibu!tuvgg!cfdpnft-!bgufs!uxp!npmfdvmft-!dpokfduvsf!pg!uif!sbolftu!ljoe/!Qfpqmf!xip!tju!uifsf!
boe!ubml!bcpvu!ju!epoÉu!sfbmj{f!uibu!npmfdvmft!uifntfmwft!bsf!tpnfxibu!izqpuifujdbm-!boe!
uibu!uifjs!joufsbdujpot!bsf!npsf!tp-!boe!uibu!uif!cjpmphjdbm!sfbdujpot!bsf!fwfo!npsf!tp/!Zpv!
epoÉu!offe!up!mppl!uibu!gbs/!Zpv!epoÉu!ejtdpwfs!uif!dbvtf!pg!tpnfuijoh!mjlf!BJET!cz!efbmjoh!
xjui!jodsfejcmz!pctdvsf!uijoht/!Zpv!kvtu!mppl!bu!xibu!uif!ifmm!jt!hpjoh!po/!Xfmm-!ifsfÉt!b!
cvodi!pg!qfpqmf!uibu!bsf!qsbdujdjoh!b!ofx!tfu!pg!cfibwjpsbm!opsnt/!Bqqbsfoumz-!ju!ejeoÉu!xpsl!
cfdbvtf!b!mpu!pg!uifn!hpu!tjdl/!UibuÉt!uif!dpodmvtjpo/!Zpv!epoÉu!ofdfttbsjmz!lopx!xiz!ju!
ibqqfofe/!Cvu!zpv!tubsu!uifsf/Ç!
iuuq;00bjetxjlj/ofu0joefy/qiq@ujumf>Epdvnfou;Gbscfs`joufswjfxt`Nvmmjt!
Uibu!xbt!b!ijtupsjdbm!efupvs-!tibsfe!jo!ipqft!pg!sppujoh!uijt!dpowfstbujpo!ijtupsjdbmmz/!
Xifo!zpv!tff!uif!xpse!ÆdbtftÇ!po!zpvs!UW!tdsffo-!jo!uijt!xpsme!uibu!ibt!opx!cffo!ijkbdlfe!
cz!pof!tjohmf!fwfou-!pof!esfbe-!pof!Jepm-!zpv!xjmm!cf!gpshjwfo!gps!uijoljoh!uiptf!bsf!dbtft!pg!
Dpwje.2:/!
Uif!ovncfs!pg!ÆdbtftÇ!jt!pgufo!b!wfsz!cjh!ovncfs-!cbdl.mju!jo!sfe/!Upebz!gps!fybnqmf-!uif!
ovncfs!pg!Æupubm!dbtft-Ç!jo!uif!VT-!bddpsejoh!up!Xpsmepnfufs-!jt!41:-839/!Uif!upubm!efbui!
gjhvsf!jt!9-552/!ÆBdujwf!dbtft-Ç!jt!397-657-!pg!xijdi!9-317!bsf!ÆTfsjpvt-!Dsjujdbm/Ç!Uif!
ovncfs!pg!Æofx!efbuitÇ!jt!2-148-!boe!uif!ovncfs!pg!Æupubm!sfdpwfsfeÇ!jt!25-852/!
JÉn!opu!dmfbs!xibu!bo!ÆbdujwfÇ!dbtf!jt/!Epft!uibu!nfbo!gvmmz!tznqupnbujd@!Qbsujbmmz!
tznqupnbujd@!Jg!uif!mbuufs-!ju!tvsfmz!fodpnqbttft!jogmvfo{b0qofvnpojb-!xijdi!ibt!
nbhjdbmmz-!bt!nboz!ibwf!pctfswfe-!espqqfe!pgg!b!dmjgg!gps!3131/!
Jo!Dijob-!hfofsbmmz-!uifz!ejbhoptf!ÈDpspobÉ!xjui!DU!tdbot!boe!pof!ps!uxp!qptjujwf!QDS!
uftut/!!Jo!uif!VT-!juÉt!ejggjdvmu!up!gjoe!pvu!xibu!nblft!b!Ædbtf-Ç!jf!xibu!uif!dbtf!efgjojujpo!jt/!
Bctfou!DU!tdbot-!xf!bsf!jo!b!cjp.ufdi!gsff.gbmm/!Pof!xfctjuf!pggfst!uijt!ejtusfttjohmz!vodmfbs!
efgjojujpo;!ÆUif!opwfm!dpspobwjsvt-!ps!DPWJE.2:-!ibt!cffo!tqsfbejoh!xpsmexjef-!sftvmujoh!jo!
hspxjoh!ovncfst!pg!jogfdufe!joejwjevbmt!tjodf!mbuf!312:!boe!jodsfbtfe!npsubmjuz!ovncfst!
tjodf!fbsmz!3131/!Tp!gbs-!fyqfsut!ibwf!tffo!uibu!xijmf!uifsf!bsf!tfwfsf!dbtft-!uif!jogfdujpo!
jt!vtvbmmz!njme!xjui!opo.tqfdjgjd!tznqupnt/!Boe!uifsf!bsf!op!usbefnbsl!dmjojdbm!gfbuvsft!pg!
DPWJE.2:!jogfdujpo/Ç!
Uifsf!bsf!op!usbefnbsl!dmjojdbm!gfbuvsft@!Xibu!uifo-!dpmmbqtfe!uif!xpsme@!J!tvsf!ipqf!uijt!
jtoÉu!bmm!sjejoh!po!b!Æuftu-Ç!bt!cjp.ufdi!Psbdmf/!
B!gfx!hsbqit!epxo-!nz!gfbst!bsf!dpogjsnfe;!ÆEjbhoptjt!pg!DPWJE.2:!jowpmwft!mbcpsbupsz!
uftut/!Podf!tpnfpof!ibt!cffo!ejbhoptfe!xjui!uif!dpspobwjsvt-!beejujpobm!ejbhoptujd!uftut!
nbz!cf!epof!up!efufsnjof!uif!tfwfsjuz!pg!uif!jogfdujpo/Ç!
J!bddfqu!uibu!Ætpnfuijoh!jt!hpjoh!poÇ!uibu!pwfsmbqt!xjui!gmv-!cvu!sfqpsufemz!xpstf!uibo!b!
opsnbm!gmv/!UibuÉt!xibu!xfÉsf!ifbsjoh/!!Ju!jowpmwft!bo!bdvuf!mbdl!pg!pyzhfo-!gps!sfbtpot!
vodmfbs/!Qfpqmf!dboÉu!csfbuif/!Jouvcbujpo!jt!b!tfsjpvt-!qpufoujbmmz!ebohfspvt!qspdfevsf!uibu!
cfht!nboz!rvftujpotÅcvu!uibuÉt!gps!b!gvuvsf!bsujdmf/!
Xibu!jt!uif!sfmbujpotijq!cfuxffo!uif!tqsfbe!pg!uftujoh!boe!uif!ÆtqsfbeÇ!pg!b!ofx!wjsvt@!Ipx!
ep!xf!lopx!xibu!xf!bsf!fyqfsjfodjoh-!jo!dpnqbsjtpo!up!xibu!xf!bsf!bttvnjoh!xf!bsf!
fyqfsjfodjoh@!!Pof!tuvez!jo!Bvtusjb!gpvoe!uibu!jodsfbtfe!uftujoh!dpssfmbufe!xjui-!op!
tvsqsjtf-!jodsfbtfe!Ædbtft/Ç!
Jo!bo!fnbjm!ejtdvttjpo!cfuxffo!b!hspvq!pg!joufsobujpobm!tdjfoujtut-!bdbefnjdt!boe!NEÉt-!uif!
rvftujpo!xbt!qptfe!xifuifs!uif!ebjmz!ovncfs!pg!ofx!dbtft!xpvme!usbdl!xjui!uif!ebjmz!
ovncfs!pg!uftut/!
ÆZft-!uifz!ep-Ç!xspuf!Bvtusjbo!NE!Disjtujbo!Gjbmb/!ÆIfsf!bsf!uif!ebub!gspn!Bvtusjb/!Jo!puifs!
xpset!jg!uifz!xbou!up!gvsuifs!jodsfbtf!uif!ovncfs!pg!ÈjogfdufeÈ!qfpqmf-!uifz!ibwf!up!bmtp!
jodsfbtf!uif!ovncfs!pg!uftut/!Ipxfwfs-!uibu!jt!qiztjdbmmz!jnqpttjcmf/!
Bopuifs!btqfdu;!evsjoh!uif!gjstu!xfflt!nptu!uftut!xfsf!epof!po!tjdl!qfpqmf/!Uifsfgpsf-!uif!
qfsdfoubhf!pg!qptjujwf!uftut!xbt!sfmbujwfmz!ijhi/!Cvu!uifsf!bsf!opu!tp!nboz!tjdl!qfpqmf!boe!
xjui!uif!hfofsbm!spmm!pvu!pg!uftut-!uif!wbtu!nbkpsjuz!pg!uiptf!uftufe!xjmm!cf!ifbmuiz/!
Dpotfrvfoumz-!uif!qfsdfoubhf!pg!qptjujwf!uftut!xjmm!cf!mpx-!boe!nptu!xjmm!cf!gbmtf!qptjujwf/!
Jo!puifs!xpset-!ju!jt!jnqpttjcmf!up!dpoujovf!uif!jodsfbtf!pg!qptjujwf!uftu!sftvmut/Ç!
!Jo!uif!VT-!xf!ibwf!bmm!cvu!bcboepofe!dmbttjdbm!ejbhoptujd!nfejdjof!jo!gbwps!pg!cjpufdi-!ps!
mbc!sftvmu!nfejdjof/!!Uijt!ibt!cffo!hpjoh!po!gps!b!mpoh!ujnf!boe!jt!b!ebohfspvt!uvsojoh/!!Uif!
ÆDpspob!uftuÇ!jt!obnfe!xjui!dibsbdufsjtujd!ufdi.ufejvn;!ÆDED!312:.oDpW!Sfbm.Ujnf!SU.QDS!
Ejbhoptujd!Qbofm/Ç!!Uibu!nfbot!ju!jt!b!offemf!jo!b!EOB!ibztubdl!uftu/!B!QDS!uftu/!
Ju!gjoet!gsbhnfout-!ovdmfjd!bdjet/!Gspn!bo!fnbjm!gspn!Lbsz!Nvmmjt-!up!uif!xjepx!pg!cpyfs!
Upnnz!Npssjtpo-!xiptf!dbsffs!boe!mjgf!xfsf!eftuspzfe!cz!bo!ÆIJW!uftu-Ç!boe!xip!mjujhbufe!
gfspdjpvtmz!gps!zfbst-!bhbjotu!uftu!nbovgbduvsfst-!Es/!Nvmmjt!xspuf-!po!Nbz!8-!3124;!
ÆQDS!efufdut!b!wfsz!tnbmm!tfhnfou!pg!uif!ovdmfjd!bdje!xijdi!jt!qbsu!pg!b!wjsvt!jutfmg/!Uif!
tqfdjgjd!gsbhnfou!efufdufe!jt!efufsnjofe!cz!uif!tpnfxibu!bscjusbsz!dipjdf!pg!EOB!qsjnfst!
vtfe!xijdi!cfdpnf!uif!foet!pg!uif!bnqmjgjfe!gsbhnfou/!Æ!
Jg!uijoht!xfsf!epof!sjhiu-!ÆjogfdujpoÇ!xpvme!cf!b!gbs!dsz!gspn!b!qptjujwf!QDS!uftu/!
ÆZpv!ibwf!up!ibwf!b!xipqqjoh!bnpvou!pg!boz!pshbojtn!up!dbvtf!tznqupnt/!Ivhf!bnpvout!
pg!ju-Ç!Es/!Ebwje!Sbtojdl-!cjp.difnjtu-!qspufbtf!efwfmpqfs-!boe!gpsnfs!gpvoefs!pg!bo!FN!mbc!
dbmmfe!Wjsbm!Gpsfotjdt!upme!nf/!ÆZpv!epoÉu!tubsu!xjui!uftujoh<!zpv!tubsu!xjui!mjtufojoh!up!uif!
mvoht/!JÉn!tlfqujdbm!uibu!b!QSD!uftu!jt!fwfs!usvf/!JuÉt!b!hsfbu!tdjfoujgjd!sftfbsdi!uppm/!!JuÉt!b!
ipssjcmf!uppm!gps!dmjojdbm!nfejdjof/!!41&!pg!zpvs!jogfdufe!dfmmt!ibwf!cffo!ljmmfe!cfgpsf!zpv!
tipx!tznqupnt/!Cz!uif!ujnf!zpv!tipx!tznqupnt½uif!efbe!dfmmt!bsf!hfofsbujoh!uif!
tznqupnt/Ç!
J!btlfe!Es/!Sbtojdl!xibu!bewjdf!if!ibt!gps!qfpqmf!xip!xbou!up!cf!uftufe!gps!DPWJE.2:/!
ÆEpoÉu!ep!ju-!J!tbz-!xifo!qfpqmf!btl!nf-Ç!if!sfqmjft/!ÆOp!ifbmuiz!qfstpo!tipvme!cf!uftufe/!Ju!
nfbot!opuijoh!cvu!ju!dbo!eftuspz!zpvs!mjgf-!nblf!zpv!bctpmvufmz!njtfsbcmf/Ç!
Pof!pg!uif!dpvoumftt!ifbe.tqjoojoh!nztufsjft!pg!uijt!xipmf!Dpspob!Tjuvbujpo!ibt!cffo!uif!
bewfou!pg!gbnpvt!qfpqmf-!gspn!Upn!Ibolt!boe!ijt!xjgf-!up!Tpqijf!Usvefbv-!up!Qsjodf!
Dibsmft!boopvodjoh!uifz!ibe!Æuftufe!qptjujwfÇ!gps!DPWJE.2:!boe!xfsf!tfmg.rvbsboujojoh/!Jo!
bmm!uiftf!gbnpvt.qpxfsgvm!qfpqmf!dbtft-!uif!tznqupnt!xfsf!fjuifs!opo.fyjtufou!ps!njme/!
Xiz-!pof!xpoefsfe-!eje!uifz!nblf!tvdi!ibz!bcpvu!ju@!Uif!Csjujti!Spzbmt-!ftqfdjbmmz-!
tffnfe!up!dpousbejdu!uifjs!fuipt!pg!tfdsfdz!jo!uijt!dbtf/!Tp!xibu!eje!ju!nfbo@!Ju!tjhobmfe-!jg!
bozuijoh-!uibu!DPWJE.2:!jt!opu!bmm!uibu!efbemz/!Uibu!uif!wjsvt!dbo!cf!qsftfou!xjuipvu!
dbvtjoh!uif!ejtfbtf/!Uibu!iptu!gbdupst!nbuufs/!Boe!uibu!cfjoh!ÆqptjujwfÇ!gps!DPWJE.2:!jt!
ofjuifs!b!QS!efbui!tfoufodf!ops!bo!bduvbm!efbui!tfoufodf/!Nbzcf!jo!uifjs!fmjuf!boe!ftpufsjd!
mbohvbhf-!ju!nfbot!tpnf!ljoe!pg!qsftujhf-!ps!tbdsbnfou!up!b!Qbhbo!Wjsvt!Efjuz/!Xip!lopxt@!
Jo!uif!dbtf!pg!uif!Usvefbv-!Tpqijf!uftufe!qptjujwf-!boe!ibe!tznqupnt-!xijmf!ifs!ivtcboe!
Kvtujo-!uif!Qsjnf!Njojtufs-!ofwfs!hpu!tjdl-!boe!xbt!ofwfs!uftufe/!)If!ejeoÉu!xbou!up!bqqfbs!
qsjwjmfhfe<!Opu!fwfszcpez!dbo!hfu!uftufe!jo!Dbobeb-!zpv!nvtu!ibwf!tznqupnt/*!
Xf!ep!mjwf!opx!jo!b!xpsme!epnjobufe!cz!b!Dpspob!wjsvt-!bt!nz!gsjfoe!Lfwjo!Dpscfuu-!b!
sfujsfe!ovstf!jo!uif!VL!qvut!ju-!Æxjui!lopct!po!ju/Ç!!Tisfl.Hsffo!jt!uif!dpmps!uibu!xbt!
diptfo/!XfÉsf!mptu!jo!b!tjnvmbujpo-!tffljoh!up!hsbc!ipme!pg!ÆusvuiÇ!boe!sfbmjuz/!Pof!xbz!uibu!
J!ep!uibu!jt!up!hsbc!ipme!pg!xpset-!tmpx!uifn!epxo-!boe!bobmz{f!uifn/!Hmpcbmjtut!mpwf!up!
xfbqpoj{f!xpset!boe!nblf!tqfmmt!pvu!pg!uifn/!Izqopujdt/!Up!uijt!foe-!uifz!jowfou!ofx!
xpset-!boe!gpsdf!zpv!up!vtf!uifn!boe!mjwf!uifn/!Xpset!mjlf!ÆDpspob!Wjsvt-Ç!boe!ÆTpdjbm!
Ejtubodjoh/Ç!ÆDPWJE.2:/Ç!ÆUftufe!Qptjujwf/Ç!
Xifuifs!xf!sfbmj{f!ju!ps!opu-!uijt!qisbtf!jt!bo!fdip!pg!IJW.uijol-!xijdi!J!txbn!uispvhi!gps!
nptu!pg!nz!tp.dbmmfe!dbsffs!jo!kpvsobmjtn-!dipljoh!boe!tqjuujoh!bmm!uif!xbz!pvu/!Uif!
hmpcbmjtut!xsjuf!dpef/!Uifz!fodpef!ÆwjsvtftÇ!boe!hjwf!uifn!b!xfbqpoj{fe-!wjefp.hbnf!
jefoujuz/!Jo!uijt!wjefp!hbnf-!zpv!mptf!bmm!zpvs!gsffepnt-!boe!nvtu!ejtqmbz!hsbujuvef!boe!
tfswjuvef/!Wjsbm!dpef!usvnqt!bmm!puifs!gpsnt!pg!qpmjujdt/!Opuijoh!dbo!dpvoufs!ju/!Ftqfdjbmmz!opu!
Ætdjfodf/Ç!Uif!wjsvt!jt!bmtp!b!txffqjoh!nfubqips!gps!uif!tqsfbe!pg!Ænjtjogpsnbujpo-Ç!xijdi!
nfbot!bozuijoh!pvutjef!uifjs!sfmjhjpvt!epdusjoft-!opu!sfdphoj{bcmf!cz!dmbttjdbm!wjspmphz/!
Uif!dpef-!uif!qpufoujbm!tdfobsjpt-!uif!nztujdjtn!boe!tvqfstujujpo!bcpvu!ipx!uif!wjsvt!
tqsfbet-!nvtu!opu!cf!rvftujpofe-!Jg!zpv!xjti!up!sfnbjo!b!qfstpo-!bt!pqqptfe!up!bo!vo.
qfstpo/!!JuÉt!b!gpsn!pg!qptu.hmpcbmjtu!fowjsponfoubm!tpdjbmjtn!hpof!nbmjhobou;!Efnboe!uibu!
bmm!qfpqmf!tvcnju!up!bo!frvbm!dibodf!up!cf!ljmmfe!cz!b!wjsvt/!Bdu!pvu!uif!uifbusjdt!pg!
xpstijqjoh!uif!wjsvt!xjui!gfbs!bt!uif!nfbtvsf!pg!jowfsufe!gbjui/!Uijt!jt!xiz!dfmfcsjujft!mpwf!
uijt!ljoe!pg!uijoh/!Ju!hjwft!uifn!b!dibodf!up!efcbtf!uifntfmwft-!up!tfmg.gmbhfmmbuf!bt!gfmmpx!
tvggfsfst/!Bt!J!xsjuf!uijt-!gspn!nz!xjoepx!jo!Ofx!Zpsl!Djuz-!bu!8!qn!fwfsz!fwfojoh-!qfpqmf!
bsf!ifbse!ipmmfsjoh-!dmbqqjoh-!boe!cmpxjoh!ipsot!gspn!uifjs!xjoepxt-!up!tipx!tpmjebsjuz!up!
uif!ifbmui!dbsf!xpslfst!po!uif!gspou!mjoft/!Xbt!boz!tvdi!uijoh!fwfs!efwjtfe!gps!uif!nbtt!
efbuit!gspn!pqjpjet@!Op-!uifz!xfsfoÉu!tjhojgjdbou!efbuit!gps!uif!hmpcbm!fmjuft/!JuÉt!opu!
Æefbui-Ç!uijt!qmbz!jt!bcpvu/!JuÉt!tpdjbmjtu!dpoubhjpo!uifpmphz/!Zpv!dboÉu!hp!up!uif!hspdfsz!
tupsf!xjuipvu!fodpvoufsjoh!ofx!ejtqmbzt!pg!Dpspob!Ifspjdb/!Pomz!wjsvtft!joufsftu!uiftf!
qfpqmf-!uiftf!ibufst!pg!mjcfsuz/!Zfu!uifz!sfgvtf!up!mfbso!uif!gjstu!uijoh!bcpvu!uif!obuvsbm!mjgf!
pg!wjsvtft!boe!ivnbot/!Jg!uifz!eje!qffs!joup!uijt!xpsme-!uifz!xpvme!gjoe!cfbvuz-!usvui-!boe!
xpoefs/!Uifz!xpvme!gjoe!uibu!wjsvtft!bsf!sbsfmz!efbemz-!bmxbzt!njtvoefstuppe-!boe!bduvbmmz!
uszjoh!up!qspufdu!vt/!Uif!sfbtpo!uif!hmpcbmjtut!bsf!pctfttfe!xjui!ÆtqsfbeÇ!boe!ÆwjsvtftÇ!jt!
cfdbvtf!uifz!xbou!up!tivu!epxo!bmm!gpsnt!pg!dpnnvojdbujpo!boe!jogpsnbujpo!fydibohf!uibu!
uisfbufot!uifjs!Ofx!Xpsme!Psefs/!
ÆFwfsz!ujnf!tpnfcpez!ublft!b!txbc-!b!ujttvf!tbnqmf!pg!uifjs!EOB-!ju!hpft!joup!b!
hpwfsonfou!ebubcbtf/!JuÉt!up!usbdl!vt-Ç!tbzt!Ebwje!Sbtojdl/!ÆUifzÉsf!opu!kvtu!mppljoh!gps!uif!
wjsvt/!Qmfbtf!qvu!uibu!jo!zpvs!bsujdmf/Ç!
!
Jo!IJW-!uif!efbui!tqfmm!)dpef*!dbnf!up!qfpqmf!jo!uif!gpsn!pg!uxp!boujcpez!uftut!dbmmfe!FMJTB!
boe!Xftufso!Cmpu-!jojujbmmz/!Opu!QDS!uftutÅuifz!dbnf!mbufs-!up!nfbtvsf!Æwjsbm!mpbe-Ç!boe!
xfsf!tqfdjgjdbmmz!opu!up!cf!vtfe!gps!ejbhoptjoh!IJW/!Sbuifs-!up!tusftt!qfpqmf!pvu!bcpvu!uifjs!
Ætvssphbuf!nbslfst-Ç!tbje!up!sfqsftfou!xifsf!uifz!tuppe!jo!uifjs!cbuumf!bhbjotu!IJW/!!)Eje!
qfpqmf!sfbmmz!offe!up!cf!jo!b!ÆcbuumfÇ!bhbjotu!IJW@!Uijt!xbt!uif!usjmmjpo.epmmbs!rvftujpo/*!
Jo!boz!dbtf-!uiptf!uftut!xfsf!opu!cvjmu!po!b!Æhpme!tuboebseÇ!xijdi!nfbot!qvsjgjdbujpo!pg!bo!
bduvbm!wjsvt/!Qvsjgjdbujpo!nfbot!uif!qbuiphfo!ibt!cffo!tfqbsbufe!gspn!bmm!fmtf/!IJW!dp.
ejtdpwfsfs!boe!Opcfm!Mbvsfbuf!Mvd!Npoubhojfs!gbnpvtmz!upme!kpvsobmjtu!Ekbnfm!Ubij!jo!bo!
joufswjfx;!ÆJ!sfqfbu-!xf!eje!opu!qvsjgz/Ç!
IJW!xbt!ofwfs!Ætfqbsbufe!gspn!fwfszuijoh!fmtf/Ç!Ju!xbt!boe!jt!b!mbcpsbupsz!bsujgbdu-!b!tfu!pg!
mbc.upsuvsfe!boujhfot!bspvoe!xijdi!b!ÆuftuÇ!xbt!cvjmuÅb!uftu!xijdi!tibuufsfe!dpvoumftt!
njmmjpot!pg!mjwft-!cfdbvtf!qfpqmf!xbudife!UW!boe!cfmjfwfe!xibu!uifz!xfsf!upme/!Uifz!ejeoÉu!
hfu!b!dibodf!up!ifbs!xibu!Lbsz!Nvmmjt!ps!ep{fot!pg!puifs!sfbm!tdjfoujtut!ibe!up!tbz!bcpvu!uif!
tvqqptfemz!efbemz!sfuspwjsvt-!IJW/!
Opuijoh!xbt!qspwfo!cfgpsf!ju!xbt!bttfsufe/!Uijt!cfdbnf!uif!opsn-!qbwjoh!uif!xbz!gps!uif!
tjuvbujpo!xf!bsf!jo!opx/!Hmpcbm!wjsbm!dpnnvojtn/!Xf!bmm!esfbefe!uijt!xpvme!ibqqfo-!cvu!xf!
ofwfs!esfbnfe!uifz!xpvme!dipptf!b!dpme!wjsvt/!B!Dpspob!wjsvt/!
Jo!uif!fbsmz!2::1Ét-!QDS-!)Qpmznfsbtf!Dibjo!Sfbdujpo*!dbnf!joup!qpqvmbs!vtf-!boe!Lbsz!
Nvmmjt!xbt!bxbsefe!uif!Opcfm!Qsj{f!gps!ju!jo!2::4/!!QDS-!tjnqmz!qvu-!jt!b!uifsnbm!dzdmjoh!
nfuipe!vtfe!up!nblf!vq!up!cjmmjpot!pg!dpqjft!pg!b!tqfdjgjd!EOB!tbnqmf-!nbljoh!ju!mbshf!
fopvhi!up!tuvez/!!Bt!ju!dpssfdumz!tbzt!po!QDSÉt!Xjljqfejb!qbhf-!QDS!jt!bo!ƽjoejtqfotbcmf!
ufdiojrvfÇ!xjui!b!Æcspbe!wbsjfuzÇ!pg!bqqmjdbujpot-!ƽjodmvejoh!cjpnfejdbm!sftfbsdi!boe!
dsjnjobm!gpsfotjdt/Ç!\\Jubmjdt!njof/^!Uif!qbhf!hpft!po!up!tbz-!up!nz!ejtnbz-!uibu!pof!pg!uif!
bqqmjdbujpot!pg!QDS!jt!ƽgps!uif!ejbhoptjt!pg!jogfdujpvt!ejtfbtft/Ç!
QDS!jt!b!offemf!jo!b!ibztubdl!ufdiopmphz!uibu!dbo!cf!fyusfnfmz!njtmfbejoh!jo!Æuif!ejbhoptjt!
pg!jogfdujpvt!ejtfbtft/Ç!Uif!gjstu!dpogmjdu!cfuxffo!uijt!sfwpmvujpobsz!ufdiopmphz!boe!ivnbo!
mjgf!ibqqfofe!po!uif!cbuumfgjfme!pg!BJET-!boe!Nvmmjt!ijntfmg!dbnf!up!uif!gspou!mjof!
bshvjoh!bhbjotu!QDS!bt!ejbhoptujd!uppm/!Jo!2:98-!ftuffnfe!Cfslfmfz!dbodfs!wjspmphjtu!Qfufs!
Evftcfsh!ibe!eppnfe!ijt!gvoejoh!boe!ÆdbsffsÇ!cz!jttvjoh!b!cspbetjef!jo!b!qbqfs!qvcmjtife!
jo!Dbodfs!Sftfbsdi!up!uif!hspxjoh!boe!qspnjtdvpvt!bttfsujpot!nbef!gps!dbodfs!wjsvtft-!
jodmvejoh!bu!mfbtu!pof!if!tuppe!up!hbjo!b!Opcfm!Qsj{f!gps!ibe!if!opu!ejggvtfe!jut!tjhojgjdbodf!
ijntfmg/!
Ijt!nbjo!bshvnfou!xbt!uibu!uif!Hbmmp0Npoubhojfs!gvtjpo!ÆwjsvtÇ!uibu!dbnf!up!cf!dbmmfe!ÈIJWÉ!
xbt!)mjlf!bmm!wjsvtft!jo!jut!dmbtt*!cbsfmz!dbqbcmf!pg!jogfdujoh!dfmmt/!Ju!jogfdufe!tp!gfx!dfmmt!uibu!
Evftcfsh!mjlfofe!uif!qbuiphfojd!npefm!up!uijoljoh!zpv!dbo!dporvfs!Dijob!cz!ljmmjoh!4!
tpmejfst!b!ebz/!Uifsf!xbt!tjnqmz!opu!fopvhi!Æuifsf.uifsfÇ!jo!uif!gpsn!pg!dfmm!efbui/!ÆJuÉt!b!
qvttzdbu-Ç!if!tbje/!If!fwfo!tbje!if!xpvmeoÉu!njoe!cfjoh!jokfdufe!xjui!ju/!)uipvhi!opu!jg!ju!
dbnf!gspn!HbmmpÉt!mbc/*!
Xjui!QDSÉt!sjtf-!uif!IJW!Joevtusjbm!Dpnqmfy!xfbqpoj{fe!ju!up!bttfsu!uibu!opx!uifz!dpvme!tff!
IJW!npsf!bcvoeboumz-!ifodf!uifjs!nbmjhofe!gpf!Qfufs!Evftcfsh!xbt!upbtu/!Boe!ju!xbt!Lbsz!
Nvmmjt-!ijntfmg!bo!IJW!ejttfoufs-!xip!sptf!up!EvftcfshÉt!efgfotf!boe!tbje-!ÆOp!if!jtoÉu/Ç!
J!dpoevdufe!b!uxp.ipvs!joufswjfx!xjui!Ebwje!DspxfÄ!Dbobejbo!sftfbsdifs-!xjui!b!efhsff!jo!
cjpmphz!boe!nbuifnbujdt-!iptu!pg!Uif!Jogfdujpvt!Nzui!qpedbtu-!boe!Qsftjefou!pg!uif!uijol.
ubol!Sfuijoljoh!BJET/!If!csplf!epxo!uif!qspcmfnt!xjui!uif!QDS!cbtfe!Dpspob!uftu!jo!hsfbu!
efubjm-!sfwfbmjoh!b!xpsme!pg!vojnbhjobcmf!dpnqmfyjuz-!bt!xfmm!bt!usjdlfsz/!
ÆUif!gjstu!uijoh!up!lopx!jt!uibu!uif!uftu!jt!opu!cjobsz-Ç!if!tbje/!ÆJo!gbdu-!J!epoÉu!uijol!uifsf!
bsf!boz!uftut!gps!jogfdujpvt!ejtfbtf!uibu!bsf!qptjujwf!ps!ofhbujwf/Ç!
Uif!ofyu!qbsu!pg!ijt!fyqmbobujpo!jt!mfohuiz!boe!efubjmfe-!cvu!mfuÉt!qvti!uispvhi;!
ÆXibu!uifz!ep!jt!uifz!ublf!tpnf!ljoe!pg!b!dpoujovvn!boe!uifz!bscjusbsjmz!tbz!uijt!qpjou!jt!
uif!ejggfsfodf!cfuxffo!qptjujwf!boe!ofhbujwf/Ç!
ÆXpx-Ç!J!tbje/!ÆUibuÉt!tp!jnqpsubou/!J!uijol!qfpqmf!fowjtjpo!ju!bt!pof!pg!uxp!uijoht;!Qptjujwf!
ps!ofhbujwf-!mjlf!b!qsfhobodz!uftu/!Zpv!Æibwf!juÇ!ps!zpv!epoÉu/Ç!
ÆQDS!jt!sfbmmz!b!nbovgbduvsjoh!ufdiojrvf-Ç!Dspxf!fyqmbjofe/!ÆZpv!tubsu!xjui!pof!npmfdvmf/!
Zpv!tubsu!xjui!b!tnbmm!bnpvou!pg!EOB!boe!po!fbdi!dzdmf!uif!bnpvou!epvcmft-!xijdi!epftoÉu!
tpvoe!mjlf!uibu!nvdi-!cvu!jg!zpv-!jg!zpv!epvcmf!41!ujnft-!zpv!hfu!bqqspyjnbufmz!b!cjmmjpo!
ujnft!npsf!nbufsjbm!uibo!zpv!tubsufe!xjui/!Tp!bt!b!nbovgbduvsjoh!ufdiojrvf-!juÉt!hsfbu/!
Xibu!uifz!ep!jt!uifz!buubdi!b!gmvpsftdfou!npmfdvmf!up!uif!SOB!bt!uifz!qspevdf!ju/!!Zpv!tijof!
b!mjhiu!bu!pof!xbwfmfohui-!boe!zpv!hfu!b!sftqpotf-!zpv!hfu!mjhiu!tfou!cbdl!bu!b!ejggfsfou!
xbwfmfohui/!Tp-!uifz!nfbtvsf!uif!bnpvou!pg!mjhiu!uibu!dpnft!cbdl!boe!uibuÉt!uifjs!
tvssphbuf!gps!ipx!nvdi!EOB!uifsf!jt/!JÉn!vtjoh!uif!xpse!EOB/!UifsfÉt!b!tufq!jo!SU.!QDS!
uftu!xijdi!jt!xifsf!zpv!dpowfsu!uif!SOB!up!EOB/!Tp-!uif!QDS!uftu!jt!bduvbmmz!opu!vtjoh!uif!
wjsbm!SOB/!JuÉt!vtjoh!EOB-!cvu!juÉt!mjlf!uif!dpnqmjnfoubsz!SOB/!Tp!mphjdbmmz!juÉt!uif!tbnf!
uijoh-!cvu!ju!dbo!cf!dpogvtjoh/!Mjlf!xiz!bn!J!tveefomz!ubmljoh!bcpvu!EOB@!Cbtjdbmmz-!uifsfÉt!
b!dfsubjo!ovncfs!pg!dzdmft/Ç!
Uijt!jt!xifsf!ju!hfut!xjme/!
ÆJo!pof!qbqfs-Ç!Dspxf!tbzt-!ÆJ!gpvoe!48!dzdmft/!Jg!zpv!ejeoÉu!hfu!fopvhi!gmvpsftdfodf!cz!48!
dzdmft-!zpv!bsf!dpotjefsfe!ofhbujwf/!Jo!bopuifs-!qbqfs-!uif!dvupgg!xbt!47/!Uijsuz.tfwfo!up!
51!xfsf!dpotjefsfe!Æjoefufsnjobuf/Ç!Boe!jg!zpv!hpu!jo!uibu!sbohf-!uifo!zpv!eje!npsf!uftujoh/!
JÉwf!pomz!tffo!uxp!qbqfst!uibu!eftdsjcfe!xibu!uif!mjnju!xbt/!Tp-!juÉt!rvjuf!qpttjcmf!uibu!
ejggfsfou!iptqjubmt-!ejggfsfou!Tubuft-!Dbobeb!wfstvt!uif!VT-!Jubmz!wfstvt!Gsbodf!bsf!bmm!vtjoh!
ejggfsfou!dvupgg!tfotjujwjuz!tuboebset!pg!uif!Dpwje!uftu/!Tp-!jg!zpv!dvu!pgg!bu!31-!fwfszcpez!
xpvme!cf!ofhbujwf/!Jg!zpv!dvu!pgg!b!61-!zpv!njhiu!ibwf!fwfszcpez!qptjujwf/Ç!
J!btlfe!ijn!up!qbvtf!tp!J!dpvme!fydmbjn!nz!btupojtinfou/!Boe!zfu-!ju!xbt!Ek!wv!bmm!pwfs!
bhbjo/!Kvtu!mjlf!jo!uif!IJW!cbuumfÅqfpqmf!xfsf!ofwfs!upme!uibu!uif!ÆIJW!uftuÇ!ibe!ejggfsfou!
tuboebset!jo!ejggfsfou!dpvousjft-!boe!xjuijo!dpvousjft-!gspn!mbc!up!mbc/!Uif!ijhiftu!cbs!)uif!
hsfbuftu!ovncfs!pg!IJW!qspufjot*!xbt!jo!Bvtusbmjb;!gjwf/!Uif!Mpxftu!xbt!Bgsjdb;!3/!Jo!uif!VT!
ju!jt!hfofsbmmz!4.5/!
Xf!vtfe!up!kplf!uibu!zpv!dpvme!sje!zpvstfmg!pg!bo!ÆIJW!ejbhoptjtÇ!cz!gmzjoh!gspn!fjuifs!uif!
VT!ps!Bvtusbmjb-!up!Bgsjdb/!Cvu!gps!nboz!zfbst-!ÆBJETÇ!jo!Bgsjdb!xbt!ejbhoptfe!xjuipvu!boz!
uftut!xibutpfwfs/!Kvtu!b!tipsu!mjtu!pg!tznqupnt!uibu!usbdlfe!qsfdjtfmz!xjui!tznqupnt!pg!
nptu!uspqjdbm!ejtfbtft-!tvdi!bt!gfwfs-!dpvhi-!boe!tipsuoftt!pg!csfbui/!
Ebwje-!jo!ijt!rvjfu!Dbobejbo!xbz-!espqqfe!b!cpnctifmm!jo!ijt!ofyu!tubufnfou;!
ÆJ!uijol!jg!b!dpvousz!tbje-!ÆZpv!lopx-!xf!offe!up!foe!uijt!fqjefnjd-Ç!Uifz!dpvme!rvjfumz!tfoe!
bspvoe!b!nfnp!tbzjoh;!ÆXf!tipvmeoÉu!cf!ibwjoh!uif!dvupgg!bu!48/!Jg!xf!qvu!ju!bu!43-!uif!
ovncfs!pg!qptjujwf!uftut!espqt!esbnbujdbmmz/!Jg!juÉt!tujmm!opu!fopvhi-!xfmm-!zpv!lopx-!41!ps!39!
ps!tpnfuijoh!mjlf!uibu/!Tp-!zpv!dbo!dpouspm!uif!tfotjujwjuz/Ç!
Zft-!zpv!sfbe!uibu!sjhiu/!Mbct!dbo!nbojqvmbuf!ipx!nboz!ÆdbtftÉ!pg!Dpwje.2:!uifjs!dpvousz!
ibt/!Jt!uijt!ipx!uif!Dijoftf!nbef!uifjs!dbtf!mpbe!wbojti!bmm!pg!b!tveefo@!
ÆBopuifs!sfbtpo!xf!lopx!uijt!jt!cphvt-Ç!Dspxf!dpoujovfe-!Æjt!gspn!b!sfnbslbcmf!tfsjft!pg!
hsbqit!qvcmjtife!cz!tpnf!qfpqmf!gspn!Tjohbqpsf!jo!KBNB/!Uiftf!hsbqit!xfsf!qvcmjtife!jo!
uif!tvqqmfnfoubsz!jogpsnbujpo-!xijdi!jt!bo!joejdbujpo!uibu!opcpezÉt!tvqqptfe!up!sfbe!uifn/!
Boe!J!uijol!uif!bvuipst!qspcbcmz!kvtu!uisfx!uifn!jo!cfdbvtf!uifz!xfsf!joufsftujoh!hsbqit-!
cvu!uifz!ejeoÉu!sfbmj{f!xibu!xbt!jo!uifn/!Tp-!uifz!xfsf!29!hsbqit!pg!29!ejggfsfou!qfpqmf/!
Boe!bu!uijt!iptqjubm!jo!Tjohbqpsf-!uifz!eje!ebjmz!dpspobwjsvt!uftut!boe!uifz!hsbtqfe!uif!
ovncfs!pg!QDS!dzdmft!ofdfttbsz!up!efufdu!gmvpsftdfodf/!Ps!jg!uifz!dpvmeoÉu!efufdu!
gmpsftdfodf!cz½48!dzdmft-!uifz!qvu!b!epu!po!uif!cpuupn!pg!uif!hsbqi-!tjhojgzjoh!b!ofhbujwf/Ç!
ÆTp-!jo!uijt!hspvq!pg!29!qfpqmf-!uif!nbkpsjuz!pg!qfpqmf!xfou!gspn!qptjujwf-!xijdi!jt!opsnbmmz!
sfbe!bt!Æjogfdufe-Ç!up!ofhbujwf-!xijdi!jt!opsnbmmz!sfbe!bt!ÆvojogfdufeÇ!cbdl!up!qptjujwfÅ
jogfdufe!bhbjo/!Tp!ipx!ep!zpv!joufsqsfu!uijt@!Ipx!ep!zpv!ibwf!b!uftu!jg!b!uftu!bdu!jt!bduvbmmz-!
zpv!lopx-!211&!qptjujwf!gps!efufdujoh!jogfdujpo-!uifo!uif!ofhbujwf!sftvmut!nvtuÉwf!cffo!
xspoh@!Boe!tp-!pof!xbz!up!tpmwf!uibu!jt!up!npwf!uif!qpjou!gspn!48!up!tbz!47!ps!49/!Zpv!dbo!
npwf!uijt-!uijt!dzdmf!pg!ovncfst/!JuÉt!bo!bscjusbsz!ejwjtjpo!vq!ps!epxo/!Cvu!uifsfÉt!op!
hvbsbouff!uibu!jg!zpv!eje!uibu-!zpv!xpvmeoÉu!tujmm!ibwf!uif!tbnf!uijoh/!Ju!xpvme!kvtu-!jotufbe!
pg!hpjoh!gspn-!gspn!47!up!voefufdubcmf!boe!cbdl!up!47!ps!cbdl!up!56-!ju!njhiu!hp!gspn!44!up!
voefufdubcmf!up!41!ps!tpnfuijoh!mjlf!uibu/!Sjhiu@!Tp-!zpv!dboÉu!tpmwf!uif!qspcmfn!cz!
dibohjoh!uijt!bscjusbsz!cjobsz!ejwjtjpo/!Boe!tp!cbtjdbmmz!uijt!tbzt!uibu!uif!uftu!jt!opu!
efufdujoh!jogfdujpo/!Cfdbvtf!jg!ju!xbt-!mjlf!jg!zpvÉsf!jogfdufe-!boe!uifo!zpvÉsf!vojogfdufe-!boe!
zpvÉsf!jo!b!iptqjubm!xjui!uif!cftu!bouj.jogfdujwf!qsfdbvujpot!jo!uif!xpsme-!ipx!eje!zpv!hfu!sf.
jogfdufe@!Boe!jg!zpv!dvsfe!uif!jogfdujpo-!xiz!ejeoÉu!zpv!ibwf!boujcpejft!up!tupq!zpv!hfuujoh!
sf.jogfdufe@!Tp-!uifsfÉt!op!fyqmbobujpo!xjuijo!uif!nbjotusfbn!uibu!dbo!fyqmbjo!uiftf!sftvmut/!
UibuÉt!xiz!J!uijol!uifzÉsf!tp!jnqpsubou/Ç!
J!dpvmeoÉu!cfmjfwf!nz!fbst/!Boe!zfu!J!dpvme/!Ibwf!zpv!fwfs!usjfe!up!sfbe!uif!qbdlbhf!jotfsu!
gps!b!ÆDpspobÇ!QDS!uftu@!Zpv!cfhjo!up!gffm!bgufs!b!xijmf!uibu!uif!ufdiopcbccmf!jt!tpnf!ljoe!
pg!tqfmm-!ps!cbe!esfbn/!Bo!bmjfo!mbohvbhf!gspn!bopuifs!ejnfotjpo-!uibu!dpvme!opu!qpttjcmzÅ
xibufwfs!fmtf!ju!nbz!epÅifmq!b!tjohmf!ivnbo!cfjoh!ibwf!b!cfuufs!mjgf/!JuÉt!opu!ÆFohmjti/Ç!J!
epoÉu!lopx!xibu!ju!jt/!
ÆJÉwf!cffo!rvpujoh-!Bmjdf!jo!Xpoefsmboe!b!mpu!sfdfoumz-Ç!Ebwje!tbzt-!Æcfdbvtf!juÉt!uif!pomz!
xbz!J!dbo!xsbq!nz!ifbe!bspvoe!ju/!Bmjdf!tbje;!ÆTpnfujnft!J!dbo!cfmjfwf!tjy!jnqpttjcmf!
uijoht!cfgpsf!csfblgbtu"Ç!
Pof!pg!uif!xbzt!up!ejtujohvjti!usvui!gspn!efdfqujpo!jo!dpoufnqpsbsz!ÆtdjfodfÇ!jt!up!usbdl!
xibu!hfut!sfnpwfe/!Gps!fybnqmf-!Ebwje!ufmmt!nf-!uifsf!xbt!bqqbsfoumz!bo!Fohmjti!bctusbdu!
pomjof!bu!QvcNfe!pvu!pg!Dijob!uibu!sfoefsfe!uif!foujsf!DPWJE!uftujoh!joevtusjbm!dpnqmfy!
cbtfmftt!boe!bctvse/!
ÆUifsf!xbt!b!gbnpvt!Dijoftf!qbqfs!uibu!ftujnbufe!uibu!jg!zpvÉsf!uftujoh!btznqupnbujd!
qfpqmf-!vq!up!91&!pg!qptjujwft!dpvme!cf!gbmtf!qptjujwf/!Uibu!xbt!ljoe!pg!tipdljoh-!tp!
tipdljoh!uibu!QvcNfe!ibe!up!xjuiesbx!uif!bctusbdu!fwfo!uipvhi!uif!Dijoftf!qbqfs!bqqfbst!
up!tujmm!cf!qvcmjtife!boe!bwbjmbcmf/!J!bduvbmmz!ibwf!b!usbotmbujpo!xjui!b!gsjfoe/!J!usbotmbufe!ju!
joup!Fohmjti!boe!juÉt!b!sfbmmz-!tuboebse!dbmdvmbujpo!pg!xibu!uifz!dbmm!qptjujwf!qsfejdujwf!wbmvf/!
Uif!bctusbdu!cbtjdbmmz!tbje!uibu!jo!btznqupnbujd!qpqvmbujpot-!uif!dibodf!pg!b!qptjujwf!
dpspobwjsvt!uftu!cfjoh!b!usvf!qptjujwf!jt!pomz!bcpvu!31&/!91&!xjmm!cf!gbmtf!qptjujwf/Ç!
ÆEpftoÉu!uibu!nfbo!uif!uftu!nfbot!opuijoh@Ç!J!btlfe/!
ÆUif!Dijoftf!bobmztjt!xbt!b!nbuifnbujdbm!bobmztjt-!b!tuboebse-!uif!tuboebse!bobmztjt!uibuÉt!
cffo!epof!b!njmmjpo!ujnft!cfgpsf/!UifsfÉt!op!sfbtpo!up!xjuiesbx!uif!qbqfs!gps!boz!sfbtpo/!
UifsfÉt!opuijoh!esbnbujd!bcpvu!uif!qbqfs/!JuÉt!b!sfbmmz!cpsjoh!bobmztjt/!JuÉt!kvtu!uibu!uifz!eje!
uif!tuboebse!bobmztjt!boe!tbje-!jo!tpnf!qpqvmbujpot-!mjlf!uifz!ftujnbufe!2&!pg!qfpqmf!bsf!
bduvbmmz!jogfdufe!jo!uif!qpqvmbujpo/!Zpv!dpvme!ibwf!91&!gbmtf!qptjujwf/!Vi-!uifz!dpvmeoÉu!ep!b!
sfbm!bobmztjt!pg!gbmtf!qptjujwft!jo!ufsnt!pg!efufsnjojoh!xifuifs!b!uftu!jt!dpssfdu!ps!opu!
cfdbvtf!uibu!sfrvjsft!b!hpme!tuboebse!boe!uif!pomz!hpme!tuboebse!jt!qvsjgjdbujpo!pg!uif!wjsvt/!
Tp-!xf!hfu!cbdl!up!uif!gbdu!uibu!uif!wjsvt!jt!opu!cfjoh!qvsjgjfe/!Jg!zpv!dpvme!qvsjgz!uif!wjsvt-!
uifo!zpv!dpvme!ublf!b!ivoesfe!qfpqmf!xip!uftufe!qptjujwf!boe!zpv!dpvme!tfbsdi!gps!uif!wjsvt!
jo!uifn/!Boe!jg!zpv!gpvoe!uif!wjsvt!jo!61!pvu!pg!b!ivoesfe!boe!opu!jo!uif!puifs!61-!zpv!dpvme!
tbz!uibu!uif!uftu!jt!pomz!bddvsbuf!61&!pg!uif!ujnf/!Cvu!xf!ibwf!op!xbz!up!ep!uibu!cfdbvtf!
xf!ibwfoÉu!zfu!qvsjgjfe!uif!wjsvt/!Boe!J!epoÉu!uijol!xf!fwfs!xjmm/Ç!
Ebwf!Sbtojdl!ibt!ibe!fydibohft!xjui!Ebwje!Dspxf!bcpvu!uijt-!boe!dpodvst-!ÆUp!nz!
lopxmfehf-!uifz!ibwf!opu!zfu!qvsjgjfe!uijt!wjsvt/Ç!
Jo!b!qsfwjpvt!joufswjfx!J!eje!xjui!ijn!b!gfx!xfflt!bhp-!if!tbje!uijt-!bcpvu!QDS!uftut!boe!
uif!gbmmbdjft!pg!uijoljoh!mftt!jt!npsf-!ps!tnbmmfs!jt!cfuufs-!ps!npsf!ÆtfotjujwfÇ!nfbot!npsf!
bddvsbuf;!
ÆJuÉt!mjlf!gjohfsqsjout/!!Xjui!QDS!zpvÉsf!pomz!mppljoh!bu!b!tnbmm!ovncfs!pg!ovdmfpujef/!!ZpvÉsf!
mppljoh!bu!b!ujoz!tfhnfou!pg!hfof-!mjlf!b!gjohfsqsjou/!!Xifo!zpv!ibwf!sfhvmbs!ivnbo!
gjohfsqsjout-!uifz!ibwf!up!ibwf!qpjout!pg!dpogjsnbujpo/!!Uifsf!bsf!qbsut!uibu!bsf!dpnnpo!up!
bmnptu!bmm!gjohfsqsjout-!boe!juÉt!uiptf!hfofsjd!qbsut!jo!b!Dpspob!wjsvt!uibu!uif!QDS!uftu!qjdlt!
vq/!!Uifz!dbo!ibwf!qbsujbm!mppqt!cvu!jg!zpv!pomz!uppl!b!gfx!mjuumf!tbnqmft!pg!gjohfsqsjout!zpv!
bsf!hpjoh!up!dpnf!vq!xjui!b!mpu!pg!tfhnfout!pg!SOB!uibu!xf!bsf!opu!tvsf!ibwf!bozuijoh!up!
ep!xjui!dpspob!wjsvt/!Uifz!xjmm!tujmm!tipx!vq!jo!QDS/!Zpv!dbo!hfu!epxo!up!uif!mfwfmt!xifsf!jut!
cjpmphjdbmmz!jssfmfwbou!boe!uifo!bnqmjgz!ju!b!usjmmjpo.gpme/Ç!
ÆUif!qsjnfst!bsf!xibu!zpv!lopx/!Xf!bmsfbez!lopx!uif!tusjoht!pg!SOB!gps!uif!Dpspob!gbnjmz-!
uif!sfhjpot!uibu!bsf!tubcmf/!UibuÉt!bu!pof!foe/!Uifo!zpv!mppl!bu!uif!puifs!foe!pg!uif!sfhjpo-!
gps!bmm!Dpspob!wjsvtft/!Uif!Dijoftf!efdjefe!uibu!uifsf!xbt!b!sfhjpo!jo!uiptf!tubcmf!bsfbt!
uibu!xbt!vojrvf!up!uifjs!Dpspob!wjsvt/!Zpv!ep!QDS!up!tff!jg!uibu!jt!usvf/!Jg!ju!jt!usvmz!vojrvf!ju!
xpvme!xpsl/!Cvu!uifzÉsf!vtjoh!uif!TBST!uftu!cfdbvtf!uifz!epoÉu!sfbmmz!ibwf!pof!gps!uif!ofx!
wjsvt/Ç!
ÆTBST!jtoÉu!uif!wjsvt!uibu!tupqqfe!uif!xpsme-Ç!J!pggfs/!
ÆUibuÉt!sjhiu/Ç!
ÆQDS!gps!ejbhoptjt!jt!b!cjh!qspcmfn-Ç!if!dpoujovft/!ÆXifo!zpv!ibwf!up!bnqmjgz!ju!uiftf!ivhf!
ovncfst!pg!ujnf-!juÉt!hpjoh!up!hfofsbuf!nbttjwf!bnpvout!pg!gbmtf!qptjujwft/!Bhbjo-!JÉn!
tlfqujdbm!uibu!b!QDS!uftu!jt!fwfs!usvf/Ç!
Dspxf!eftdsjcfe!b!dbtf!jo!uif!mjufsbuvsf!pg!b!xpnbo!xip!ibe!cffo!jo!dpoubdu!xjui!b!tvtqfdu!
dbtf!pg!Dpspob!)jo!Xvibo*!uifz!cfmjfwfe!xbt!uif!joefy!dbtf/!ÆTif!xbt!jnqpsubou!up!uif!
tvqqptfe!dibjo!pg!jogfdujpo!cfdbvtf!pg!uijt/!Uifz!uftufe!ifs!29!ujnft-!ejggfsfou!qbsut!pg!uif!
cpez-!mjlf!optf-!uispbuÅejggfsfou!QDS!uftut/!29!ejggfsfou!uftut/!Boe!tif!uftufe!ofhbujwf!
fwfsz!ujnf/!Boe!uifo!uifzÅcfdbvtf!pg!ifs!fqjefnjpmphjdbm!dpoofdujpo!xjui!uif!puifs!dbtft-!
uifz!tbje;!ÆXf!dpotjefs!ifs!jogfdufe/!Tp-!uifz!ibe!29!ofhbujwf!uftut!boe!uifz!tbje!tif!xbt!
jogfdufe/Ç!
ÆOpx!xiz!xbt!tif!jnqpsubou@!Xfmm!uifsf!xbt!pomz!pof!puifs!qfstpo!xip!dpvme!ibwf!
uifpsfujdbmmz!usbotnjuufe!uif!wjsvt!jg!uif!psjhjobm!qbujfou-!pvutjef!uif!gbnjmz!xbt!xip!uifz!
uipvhiu!ju!xbt/!Cvu!tfdpoemz-!tif!ibe!uif!tbnf!fybdu!tznqupnt!bt!fwfszcpez!fmtf/!Sjhiu@!
Tp-!gpvs!qfpqmf!jo!ijt!gbnjmz!dbnf!epxo!xjui!gfwfs!boe!dpvhi!boe!ifbebdift-!gbujhvf!boe!
bmm!uiftf!ljoet!pg!cjh!tznqupnt/!Tp-!jg!tif!dpvme!hfu!uiptf!tznqupnt!xjuipvu!uif!wjsvt-!uifo!
zpv-!zpvÉwf!hpu!up!tbz-!xfmm-!xiz!dpvmeoÉu!fwfszcpez!fmtfÉt!tznqupnt!cf!fyqmbjofe!cz!
xibufwfs!tif!ibe@!J!nfbo-!nbzcf!uifz-!uifz!buf!tpnf!cbe!tfbgppe!ps!tpnfuijoh!boe!tp!
uifz!bmm!hpu!tjdl-!cvu!ju!ibe!opuijoh!up!ep!xjui!uif!dpspobwjsvt/!Cvu!cfdbvtf!uisff!pvu!pg!uif!
gpvs-!uftufe!qptjujwf-!uifo!uifz!xfsf-!uifz!xfsf!bmm!dpotjefsfe!jogfdufe!boe!pvu!pg!uif!tbnf!
qbqfs/!
Bopuifs!joufsftujoh!uijoh!jt!uibu!uifz!eje!b!mpu!pg!uftut/!Uif!gjstu!qfstpo!jo!uif!mjtu!pg!qfpqmf!
uftufe-!if!xbt!qptjujwf!po!uisff!pvu!pg!22!uftut/!Tp!bhbjo-!uifz!uppl!optf!boe!uispbu!
tbnqmft!boe!zpv!lopx-!ejggfsfou!nfuipet!boe!bmm!uijt!ljoe!pg!tuvgg/!Boe!uifz!hpu!22!
tfqbsbuf!uftut!boe!pomz!uisff!xfsf!qptjujwf/!Boe!pg!dpvstf-!bmm!zpv!offe!up!cf!dpotjefsfe!
jogfdufe!jt!pof!qptjujwf!uftu/!Uifz!dpvme!uftu!zpv!31!ujnft!boe!jg!zpv!uftu!qptjujwf!podf-!uifo!
zpvÉsf!jogfdufe/!Tp-!b!qptjujwf!uftu!jt!nfbojohgvm/!B!ofhbujwf!uftu/!JuÉt!mjlf-!fi/!Opu!tp!nvdi/Ç!
J!btlfe!Dspxf!xibu!if!uipvhiu!Lbsz!Nvmmjt!xpvme!tbz!bcpvu!uijt!fyqmptjpo!pg!QDS!jotbojuz/!
ÆJÉn!tbe!uibu!if!jtoÉu!ifsf!up!efgfoe!ijt!nbovgbduvsjoh!ufdiojrvf-Ç!if!tbje/!ÆLbsz!eje!opu!
jowfou!b!uftu/!If!jowfoufe!b!wfsz!qpxfsgvm!nbovgbduvsjoh!ufdiojrvf!uibu!jt!cfjoh!bcvtfe/!
Xibu!bsf!uif!cftu!bqqmjdbujpot!gps!QDS@!Opu!nfejdbm!ejbhoptujdt/!If!lofx!uibu!boe!if!
bmxbzt!tbje!uibu/Ç!
Pvs!dpowfstbujpo!xfou!jo!nboz!ejggfsfou!ejsfdujpot!boe!J!qmbo!up!qvcmjti!uif!foujsf!bvejp!
joufswjfx/!J!btlfe!Ebwje!xibu!if!uipvhiu!xbt!ibqqfojoh!ifsf-!bu!uif!nptu!dpsf!mfwfm/!
ÆJ!epoÉu!uijol!uifz!voefstuboe!xibu!uifzÉsf!epjoh-Ç!if!tbje/!ÆJ!uijol!juÉt!pvu!pg!dpouspm/!Uifz!
epoÉu!lopx!ipx!up!foe!uijt/!Uijt!jt!xibu!J!uijol!xibu!ibqqfofe;!Uifz!ibwf!cvjmu!b!qboefnjd!
nbdijof!pwfs!nboz!zfbst!boe-!boe!bt!zpv!lopx-!uifsf!xbt!b!qboefnjd!fyfsdjtf!opu!mpoh!
cfgpsf!uijt!xipmf!uijoh!tubsufe/Ç!
ÆJ!kvtu!xbou!up!jefoujgz!xip!tqpotpsfe!uibu!tjnvmbujpo!dpogfsfodf-!7!xfflt!cfgpsf!uif!gjstu!
ofxt!csplf!pvu!pg!Xvibo-Ç!J!joufskfdufe/!ÆJu!xbt!uif!Cjmm!boe!Nfmjoeb!Hbuft!gpvoebujpo-!
Kpiot!Ipqljot!Dfoufs!Gps!Ifbmui!Tfdvsjuz-!boe!uif!Xpsme!Fdpopnjd!Gpsvn/!Jodjefoubmmz-!bmm!
uif!tubut-!qspkfdujpot!boe!npefmjoh!zpv!tff!jo!uif!nfejb!bsf!dpnjoh!pvu!pg!Kpiot!Ipqljot/Ç!
ÆSjhiu/!Tp-!uijt!cfbvujgvm!qboefnjd!nbdijof!jt!b!mpu!mjlf½mfuÉt!vtf!bo!fybnqmf!pg!bo!bjsdsbgu!
tjnvmbups/!Plbz/!Tp-!tp!qjmput!bsf!uftufe!po!bo!bjsdsbgu!tjnvmbups/!Tp!jg!zpvÉsf!gmzjoh!bmpoh!jo!
bo!bjsqmbof!boe!uifsfÉt!b!mpve!cboh!boe!zpv!tff!tnplf!dpnjoh!gspn!bo!fohjof!po!uif!sjhiu!
iboe!tjef-!uijt!jt!qspcbcmz!uif!gjstu!ujnf!b!qjmpu!ibt!fwfs!cffo!jo!bo!bjsqmbof!uibu!ibe!bo!
fohjof!gbjmvsf/!Cvu!ifÉt!uftufe!uijt!tdfobsjp!36!ujnft!po!bo!bjsdsbgu!tjnvmbups/!Tp-!if!lopxt!
fybdumz!xibu!up!ep!xjuipvu!cfjoh!upme/!If!hpft!uispvhi!uif!qspdfevsf/!If!epftoÉu!ibwf!up!
uijol-!if!kvtu!epft!uif!tufqt!uibu!ifÉt!cffo!ubvhiu!uispvhi!uif-!uif!bjsdsbgu!tjnvmbups!boe!
if!tvddfttgvmmz!mboet!uif!bjsqmbof!xjui!pof!fohjof/!Tp-!b!qboefnjd!tjnvmbups!jt!kvtu!mjlf!
uibu/!Zpv!tju!epxo!bu!uif!dpnqvufs-!zpv!tff!uif!wjsvt!hpjoh!bspvoe!uif!xpsme-!vn-!boe!zpv!
tbz-!plbz-!tp!xibu!xf!offe!up!ep!jt!xf!offe!up!esftt!fwfszcpez!jo!qspufdujwf!dmpuijoh/Ç!
ÆXf!offe!up!rvbsboujof!fwfszcpez!xipÉt!qptjujwf/!Ofyu!tufq/!Xf!offe!up!ep!tpdjbm!jtpmbujpo/!
JuÉt!b!nbuifnbujdbm!npefm/!Boe!bu!uif!foe!zpv!bmxbzt!xjo-!sjhiu@!Tp-!jo!uif!foe-!uif!hppe!
hvzt!xjo-!boe!uif!qboefnjd!jt!efgfbufe/!Cvu!uifsfÉt-!uifsfÉt!ofwfs!cffo!mjlf!bo!bduvbm!sfbm!
qboefnjd!tjodf!uifz!cvjmu!uijt!nbdijof/!Tp-!uifsfÉt!uijt!ivhf!nbdijof-!juÉt!hpu!b!sfe!cvuupo!
po!ju!boe!juÉt!mjlf!jg!zpv!fwfs!efufdu!b!qboefnjd!tubsujoh-!zpv!qsftt!uif!sfe!cvuupo/!Xf!epoÉu!
lopx!fybdumz!xibu!ibqqfofe-!cvu!J!uijol!uif!Dijoftf!hpwfsonfou!xbt!fncbssbttfe!dbvtf!
uifz!xfsf!cfjoh!bddvtfe!pg!dpwfsjoh!vq!b!qboefnjd/!Uifz!tbje-!plbz-!zpv!lopx-!xf!xbou!
Xftufso!bqqspwbm!gps!pvs!nfejdbm!tztufn!tp!xfÉsf!hpjoh!up!qsftt!uif!hpeebno!sfe!cvuupo/!
Ps!uifz!eje/!Boe!uifo!fwfszuijoh!gpmmpxfe!gspn!uibu/!Uif!qspcmfn!jt!uibu!uif!tjnvmbujpo!xbt!
ofwfs!cbtfe!po!sfbmjuz/Ç!
Jo!bopuifs!qbsu!pg!pvs!dpowfstbujpo-!if!tbje!tpnfuijoh!vogpshfuubcmf;!
ÆTp-!xfÉwf!fttfoujbmmz!cffo!ublfo!pwfs!cz!uif!nfejdbm!Ubmjcbo-!jg!zpv!mjlf/Ç!
J!qsfttfe!ijn!pof!mbtu!ujnf;!
ÆEbwje-!jo!dpodmvtjpo-!gjojti!uijt!tfoufodf;!ÆUif!QDS!uftu!gps!Dpspob!jt!bt!hppe!bt½Ç!
Ijt!sfqmz!nbef!nf!mbvhi/!J!ejeoÉu!lopx!J!tujmm!dpvme!mbvhi/!
ÆJuÉt!bt!hppe!bt!uibu!Tdjfoupmphz!uftu!uibu!efufdut!zpvs!qfstpobmjuz!boe!uifo!ufmmt!zpv!offe!
up!hjwf!bmm!zpvs!npofz!up!Tdjfoupmphz/!Æ!
!!
Dfmjb!Gbscfs!jt!ibmg!Txfejti-!sbjtfe!uifsf-!tp!tif!lopxt!ÆtpdjbmjtnÇ!gspn!uif!jotjef/!Tif!ibt!
gpdvtfe!ifs!xsjujoht!po!gsffepn!boe!uzsbooz-!xjui!bo!fbsmz!gpdvt!po!uif!qibsnbdfvujdbm!
joevtusz!boe!nfejb!bcvtft!po!ivnbo!mjcfsujft/!Tif!ibt!cffo!voefs!gfspdjpvt!buubdl!gps!ifs!
xsjujoht!po!IJW0BJET-!xifsf!tif!ibt!xpslfe!up!epdvnfou!uif!upqjd!bt!b!qtzdipmphjdbm!
pqfsbujpo-!boe!sppufe!jo!gblf!tdjfodf/!Tif!jt!b!dpousjcvups!up!VodpwfsED!boe!Uif!Fqpdi!
Ujnft-!boe!ibt!jo!uif!qbtu!xsjuufo!gps!IbsqfsÉt-!Ftrvjsf-!Spmmjoh!Tupof!boe!npsf/!Ibwjoh!
cffo!hsbwfmz!jokvsfe!jo!mfhbdz!nfejb-!tif!ofwfs!xbout!up!hp!cbdl/!Tif!jt!uif!sfdjqjfou!pg!uif!
Tfnnfmxfjt!Joufsobujpobm!Tpdjfuz!Dmfbo!Iboet!Bxbse!Gps!Jowftujhbujwf!Kpvsobmjtn-!boe!xbt!
voefs!tvdi!buubdl!gps!ifs!xpsl-!tif!csjfgmz!tpvhiu!qspufdujpo!gspn!uif!GCJ!boe!OZQE/!Tif!jt!
uif!bvuips!pg!ÆTfsjpvt!Bewfstf!Fwfout;!Bo!Vodfotpsfe!Ijtupsz!pg!BJET-Ç!boe!uif!fejups!pg!
Uif!Usvui!Cbssjfs-!bo!jowftujhbujwf!boe!mjufsbsz!xfctjuf/!Tif!dp.iptut!ÆUif!Xijtumfcmpxfs!
OfxtsppnÇ!xjui!Lsjtujob!Cpskfttpo!po!QSO-!Gsjebzt!bu!21bn/!
Uxjuufs;!ADfmjbGbscfs!
Xfc;!xxx/usvuicbssjfs/dpn!
GC;!Dfmjb!Johsje!Gbscf s!