HomeMy WebLinkAboutSDS-Used-Waste-Oil ArcelorMittal
SDS ID No.: AM USA-9001
Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
Facilities: All locations
Section 1 —Identification
1(a)Product Identifier used on Label: Used Oil
1(b)Other means of identification: Lubricating oils,spent;Used lubricating oils;Waste lubricating oils;Waste motor oils
1(c)Recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use: None
1(d)Name,address,and telephone number:
ArcelorMittal USA LLC Phone number:219-787-4901 or
1 South Dearborn Street email at: msdssupport@arcelormittal.com
Chicago,IL 60603-9888
1(e)Emergency phone number: 1-760-476-3962(Verisk 3E Company Code:333211)or CHEMTREC(Day or Night): 1-800-424-9300
Section 2—Hazard(s) Identification
2(a)Classification of the Chemical: Used Oil is considered a hazardous material according to the criteria specified in REACH[REGULATION
(EC) No 1907/2006] and CLP [REGULATION (EC) No 1272/2008] and OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1200 Hazard Communication Standard. The
categories of Health Hazards as defined in "GLOBALLY HARMONIZED SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION AND LABELLING OF
CHEMICALS (GHS),Third revised edition ST/SG/AC.10/30/Rev. 3"United Nations,New York and Geneva,2009 have been evaluated. Refer
to Section 3,8 and 11 for additional information.
2(b)Signal word,hazard statement(s),symbols and precautionary statement(s):
Hazard I Hazard Classification Signal Hazard Statement(s)
Symbol Word
4 Aspiration Hazard 1 DANGER May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways.
Precautionary Statement(s):
Prevention Response Storage/Disposal
If swallowed: Immediately call a poison center or Store locked up.
N/A doctor/physician. Dispose of contents in accordance with
Do NOT induce vomiting. federal,state and local regulations.
2(c)Hazards not otherwise classified: None Known
2(d)Unknown acute toxicity statement(mixture):None Known
11 Section 3 —Composition/Information on Ingredients
3(a-c)Chemical name,common name(synonyms),CAS number and other identifiers,and concentration:
Chemical Name CAS Number EC Number %weight
Lubricating Oils,Used 70514-12-4 274-635-9 60-100
Water 7732-18-5 231-791-2 0-40
EC-European Community
CAS-Chemical Abstract Service
Section 4—First-aid Measures
4(a) Description of necessary measures: If exposed, concerned or feel unwell: Get medical advice/attention, call a poison center or
doctor/physician.
• Inhalation: If inhaled:Remove person to fresh air and keep comfortable for breathing.
• Eye Contact:If in eyes:Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.Remove contact lenses,if present and easy to do.Continue rinsing.
• Skin Contact:If on skin:Wash with plenty of water.If skin irritation or rash occurs:Get medical advice/attention.
• Ingestion: If swallowed:Immediately call a poison center or doctor/physician.Do NOT induce vomiting.
4(b)Most important symptoms/effects,acute and delayed(chronic):
Acute Effects:
• Inhalation: Acute respiratory effects caused by overexposure may include coughing, sneezing, and swollen or irritated nasal mucosa and
sinuses.
• Eye:Vapors or mist may cause irritation to the eyes and mucous membranes.
• Skin:Exposure to Used Oil can cause skin irritation characterized by skin itching,burning,swelling and redness.
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Used Oil ArcelorMitt l
SDS ID No.: AM USA-9001 Revision: 11/29/2018
===._ Section 4—First-aid Measures (continued)
4(b)Most important symptoms/effects,acute and delayed(chronic)(continued):
Acute Effects(continued):
• Ingestion:Ingestion of this product is an aspiration hazard. Product may enter airways and be fatal if swallowed.
Delayed(chronic)Effects:
• None known/Reported
4(c)Immediate Medical Attention and Special Treatment:If exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention.
Section 5—Fire-fighting Measures
5(a) Suitable (and unsuitable) Extinguishing Media: Extinguish using foam, dry powder or carbon dioxide. Use water to cool fire-exposed
containers. If a leak or spill has not ignited,use water fog to disperse the vapors and to provide protection for personnel attempting to stop the
leak.Avoid spraying directly into storage containers because of the danger of boil-overs.
5(b) Specific Hazards arising from the chemical: When burned,toxic smoke and vapor may be emitted including, oxides of carbon, aromatic
and aliphatic hydrocarbons and other toxic vapors.
5(c) Special protective equipment and precautions for fire-fighters: Self-contained MSHA/NIOSH approved respiratory protection and full
protective clothing should be worn when fumes and/or smoke from fire are present. Heat and flames cause emittance of acrid smoke and fumes.
Do not release runoff from fire control methods to sewers or waterways. Firefighters should wear full face-piece self-contained breathing
apparatus and chemical protective clothing with thermal protection. Direct water stream will scatter and spread flames and, therefore,should not
be used. Evacuate area.Remove pressurized gas cylinders from the immediate vicinity. Cool containers exposed to flames with water until well
after the fire is out. Close the valve if no risk is involved. Fight fire from a protected location.Prevent buildup of vapors or gases to explosive
concentrations.
Section 6 -Accidental Release Measures 1M11 1=1
6(a) Personal Precautions, Protective Equipment and Emergency Procedures: For spills, clean-up personnel should be protected against
contact with eyes and skin.Large spills should be diked and foam applied. Do not release into sewers or waterways. Use absorbent material such
as vermiculite or sand to soak up spill. Contain material and follow normal clean-up procedures. Keep unnecessary people away. Isolate hazard
area and deny entry. Stay upwind.
6(b) Methods and materials for containment and clean up: Collect material in appropriate, labeled containers for recovery or disposal in
accordance with federal, state, and local regulations. Follow applicable OSHA regulations (29 CFR 1910.120) and all other pertinent state and
federal requirements.
` Section 7-Handling and Storage
7(a) Precautions for safe handling: Handle and use in accordance with OSHA 29 CFR 1910.106 or local codes. Observe proper industrial
hygiene practices.Emergency safety showers and eye wash stations should be present.
7(b)Conditions for safe storage,including any incompatibilities: Store in well-ventilated place. Keep cool.If feasible,store locked up.
Section 8 -Exposure Controls/Personal Protection
8(a) Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL5): The following exposure limits are offered as reference, for an experience industrial hygienist to
review.
Ingredients OSHA PEL' ACGIH TLV 2 NIOSH REL 3 IDLH
Oil Mist 5.0 mg/m3(mist,as mineral) 5.0 mg/m3(inhalable fractions)* 5.0 mg/m'(mist,as mineral) 2,500 mg/m'(as
"STEL"10 mg/m'(mist,as mineral)
mineral)
NE-None Established
*Mineral oil(pure,highly and severely refined),excluding metal working fluids
1. OSHA PELs(Permissible Exposure Limits)are 8-hour TWA(time-weighted average)concentrations unless otherwise noted. A("C")designation denotes a ceiling limit,which
should not be exceeded during any part of the working exposure unless otherwise noted.A Short Term Exposure Limit(STEL)is defined as a 15-minute exposure,which should not be
exceeded at any time during a workday. An Action level(AL)is used by OSHA and NIOSH to express a health or physical hazard.They indicate the level of a harmful or toxic
substance/activity,which requires medical surveillance,increased industrial hygiene monitoring,or biological monitoring.Action Levels are generally set at one half of the PEL but
the actual level may vary from standard to standard.The intent is to identify a level at which the vast majority of randomly sampled exposures will be below the PEL.
2. Threshold Limit Values(TLV)established by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists(ACGIH)are 8-hour TWA concentrations unless otherwise noted.
ACGIH TLVs are for guideline purposes only and as such are not legal,regulatory limits for compliance purposes.DSEN—May cause dermal sensitization.This notation is used to
indicate the potential for dermal sensitization resulting from the interaction of an absorbed agent and ultraviolet light(i.e.photosensitization). RSEN—May cause respiratory
sensitization.
3. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Recommended Exposure Limits(NIOSH-REL)-Compendium of Policy and Statements.NIOSH,Cincinnati,OH(1992).
NIOSH is the federal agency designated to conduct research relative to occupational safety and health.As is the case with ACGIH TLVs,NIOSH RELs are for guideline purposes only
and as such are not legal,regulatory limits for compliance purposes.
4. The"immediately dangerous to life or health air concentration values(IDLHs)"are used by NIOSH as part of the respirator selection criteria and were first developed in the mid-1970's
by NIOSH.The Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations(IDLHs)is a compilation of the rationale and sources of information used by NIOSH
during the original determination of 387 IDLHs and their subsequent review and revision in 1994. Ca is designated as carcinogen.
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Used Oil ArcelorMitt l
SDS ID No.: AM USA-9001 Revision: 11/29/2018
11111 Section 8 - Exposure Controls /Personal Protection (continued)
8(b)Appropriate Engineering Controls: Use controls as appropriate to minimize exposure to oils during handling operations.Provide general
or local exhaust ventilation systems to minimize airborne concentrations. Local exhaust is necessary for use in enclosed or confined spaces.
Provide sufficient general/local exhaust ventilation in pattern/volume to control inhalation exposures below current exposure limits.
8(c)Individual Protection Measures:
• Respiratory Protection: Seek professional advice prior to respirator selection and use. Follow OSHA respirator regulations
(29 CFR 1910.134) and, if necessary, use only a NIOSH-approved respirator. Select respirator based on its suitability to provide adequate
worker protection for given working conditions,level of airborne contamination, and presence of sufficient oxygen. Concentration in air of
the various contaminants determines the extent of respiratory protection needed. Half-face, negative-pressure, air-purifying respirator
equipped with P100 filter is acceptable for concentrations up to 10 times the exposure limit. Full-face, negative-pressure, air-purifying
respirator equipped with P100 filter is acceptable for concentrations up to 50 times the exposure limit.Protection by air-purifying negative-
pressure and powered air respirators is limited.Use a positive-pressure-demand,full-face, supplied air respirator or self-contained breathing
apparatus (SCBA) for concentrations above 50 times the exposure limit. If exposure is above the IDLH (Immediately dangerous to life or
health) for any of the constituents, or there is a possibility of an uncontrolled release or exposure levels are unknown,then use a positive-
demand,full-face,supplied air respirator with escape bottle or SCBA.
Warning!Air-purifying respirators both negative-pressure and powered-air do not protect workers in oxygen-deficient atmospheres.
• Eyes:Employees should be required to wear chemical safety glasses to prevent eye contact.A face shield should be used when appropriate to
prevent contact with splashed materials. Chemical goggles, face shields or glasses should be worn to prevent eye contact. Contact lenses
should not be worn where industrial exposure to this material is likely.
• Skin:Persons handling this product should wear appropriate clothing to prevent skin contact.Wear protective gloves.
• Other protective equipment:An eyewash fountain and deluge shower should be readily available in the work area.
Section 9 - Physical and Chemical Properties
9(a)Appearance(physical state,color,etc.): Black oil 9(j)Upper/lower Flammability or Explosive Limits: NA
9(b)Odor: None 9(k)Vapor Pressure: NA
9(c)Odor Threshold: NA 9(1)Vapor Density(Air=1): NA
9(d)pH: 7 9(m)Relative Density: 0.8-1 SG
9(e)Melting Point/Freezing Point: NA 9(n)Solubility(ies): ND
9(f)Initial Boiling Point and Boiling Range: >130°F(>54°C) 9(o)Partition Coefficient n-octanol/water: ND
9(g)Flash Point: >200°F 9(p)Auto-ignition Temperature: ND
9(h)Evaporation Rate: NA 9(q)Decomposition Temperature: ND
9(i)Flammability(liquid): Non-flammable 9(r)Viscosity: 101-500
NA-Not Applicable
ND-Not Determined for product as a whole
111 Section 10 - Stability and Reactivity 110(a)Reactivity: Not Determined(ND)for product as a whole.
10(b)Chemical Stability: Stable under normal storage and handling conditions.
10(c)Possibility of hazardous reaction: No Data Found
10(d)Conditions to Avoid: Storage with incompatible materials. Avoid heat,flame,or ignition sources.
10(e)Incompatible Materials: Oxidizing agents.
10(f)Hazardous Decomposition Products: Oxides of carbon and nitrogen, aromatic hydrocarbons, and other toxic vapors may be releases at
high temperatures.
Section 11 - Toxicological Information
11 Information on Toxicological Effects:The following toxicity data has been determined for Used Oil by using the information available for its
components applied to the guidance on the preparation of an SDS under the GHS requirements of OSHA and the EU CPL. Individual hazard
classification categories where the available toxicological data has met or exceeded a classification threshold are provided in the table below:
Hazard Classification Hazard Category Hazard Signal Hazard Statement
EU OSHA Symbols Word
Aspiration Hazard(Category 1) 1 le 4 Danger May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways.
*NR Not Rated-Available data does not meet criteria for classification.
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Used Oil ArcelorMitt l
SDS ID No.: AM USA-9001 Revision: 11/29/2018
Section 11 - Toxicological Information
11 Information on Toxicological Effects(continued):
Below is additional toxicological data regarding this product:
a.No LCso or LDso has been established for Used Oil.The following data has been determined for the components:
• Mineral Oil:LDso(rat) >5000 mg/kg(REACH and IUCLID)
b.No Skin(Dermal)Irritation data available for Used Oil as a mixture.The following Skin Irritation information was found for the components:
• Mineral Oil:Rabbit Not Irritating(REACH and IUCLID).
c.No Eye Irritation data available for Used Oil as a mixture.The following Eye Irritation information was found for the components:
• Mineral Oil:Rabbit Not Irritating(REACH and IUCLID).
d.No Skin(Dermal)/Respiratory Sensitization data available for Used Oil as a mixture.The following Skin(Dermal) Sensitization information
was found for the components:
• Mineral Oil:Guinea Pig Not Sensitizing(REACH and IUCLID).
e. No Aspiration Hazard data available for Used Oil as a mixture.The following Aspiration Hazard information was found for the components:
• Mineral Oil:Kinematic viscosity is<20.5.
f. No Germ Cell Mutagenicity data available for Used Oil as a mixture.The following Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity information was found for
the components:
• Mineral Oil:Ames Negative. Mouse Lymphoma Negative.
g. Carcinogenicity: IARC,NTP, and OSHA do not list Used Oil as carcinogens. The following Carcinogenicity information was found for the
components:
• Mineral oil(pure,highly and severely refined): IARC-3 (highly refined),unclassifiable as to carcinogenicity in humans;ACGIH TLV-A4,not
classifiable as a human carcinogen
h. No Toxic Reproduction data available for Used Oil as a mixture. The following Toxic Reproductive information was found for the
components:
• Mineral Oil: Rat Dermal OECD Repro screening NOAEL>1000 mg/kg/day. Rat Dermal 1 gen repro NOAEL>2000 mg/kg no effects.
i. No Specific Target Organ Toxicity(STOT)following a Single Exposure data available for Used Oil as a mixture or its components.
j. No Specific Target Organ Toxicity(STOT) following Repeated Exposure data was available for Used Oil as a whole. The following STOT
following Repeated Exposure data was found for the components:
The above toxicity information was determined from available scientific sources to illustrate the prevailing posture of the scientific community. The scientific resources includes:The
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist(ACGIH)Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values(TLVs)and Biological Exposure indices(BEIs)with Other Worldwide
Occupational Exposure Values 2018,The International Agency for Research on Cancer(IARC),The National Toxicology Program(NTP)updated documentation,the World Health
Organization(WHO)and other available resources,the International Uniform Chemical Information Database(IUCLID),European Union Risk Assessment Report(EU-RAR),Concise
International Chemical Assessment Documents(CICAD),European Union Scientific Committee for Occupational Exposure Limits (EU-SCOEL), Agency for Toxic Substances and
Disease Registry(ATSDR),Hazardous Substance Data Bank(HSDB),and International Programme on Chemical Safety(IPCS).
The following health hazard information is provided regardless to classification criteria and is based on the individual component(s):
Acute Effects by Component:
• MINERAL OIL:Aspiration hazard.May cause irritation to skin and eyes.
Delayed(chronic)Effects by Component:
• MINERAL OIL: Not Reported/Not Classified
Section 12 - Ecological Information
12(a)Ecotoxicity(aquatic&terrestrial): No Data Found
12(b)Persistence&Degradability: Loss due to volatility
12(c)Bioaccumulative Potential: No Data Found
12(d)Mobility(in soil): No Data Found
12(e)Other adverse effects:No Data Found
Additional Information:
Hazard Category:Not Reported Signal Word:No Signal Word
Hazard Symbol: No Symbol
Hazard Statement:No Statement
• Section 13 - Disposal Considerations
Disposal:Dispose of in accordance with Local,State,Federal and International regulations.Observe safe handling precautions.
Container Cleaning and Disposal:Follow Local,State,Federal and International regulations.Observe safe handling precautions
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Used Oil
ArcelorMittal
SDS ID No.: AM USA-9001 Revision: 11/29/2018
Section 14 - Transport Information
14(a-g)Transportation Information:
US Department of Transportation(DOT)under 49 CFR 172.101 may regulate Used Oil as a hazardous material under certain circumstances.
All Local,State,Federal and International laws and regulations that apply to the transport of this type of material must be adhered.
Section 15 -Regulatory Information
Regulatory Information: The following listing of regulations relating to an ArcelorMittal product may not be complete and should not be solely
relied upon for all regulatory compliance responsibilities.
This product and/or its constituents are subject to the following regulations:
OSHA Regulations: Air Contaminant (29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z-1, Z-2, Z-3): The product, Used Oil as a whole is not listed. However,
individual components of the product are listed: Refer to Section 8,Exposure Controls and Personal Protection.
EPA Regulations:The product,Used Oil is not listed as a whole. However,individual components of the product are listed:
Components Regulations
Not Applicable Not Listed (However,individual components of the product may be listed.
SARA 311/312 Potential Hazard Categories: Immediate Acute Health Hazard;Delayed Chronic Health Hazard
Regulations Key:
CAA Clean Air Act(42 USC Sec.7412;40 CFR Part 61[As of:8/18/06])
CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response,Compensation and Liability Act(42 USC Secs.9601(14),9603(a);40 CFR Sec.302.4,Table 302.4,Table 302.4 and App.A)
CWA Clean Water Act(33 USC Secs.1311;1314(b),(c),(e),(g);136(b),(c);137(b),(c)[as of 8/2/06])
RCRA Resource Conservation Recovery Act(42 USC Sec.6921;40 CFR Part 261 App VIII)
SARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 Title III Section 302 Extremely Hazardous Substances(42 USC Secs. 11023, 13106;40 CFR sec.372.65)and
Section 313 Toxic Chemicals(42 USC Secs.11023,13106;40 CFR Sec.372.65[as of 6/30/051)
TSCA Toxic Substance Control Act(15 U.S.C.s/s 2601 et seq.[1976])
SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act(42 U.S.C.s/s 300f et seq.[1974])
SARA 313 Supplier Notification: The product,Used Oil does not contain any of the toxic chemicals subject to the reporting requirements of
section 313 of Title III of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 and 40 CFR part 372.
State Regulations: The product,Used Oil as a whole is not listed in any state regulations.However,individual components of the product may
be listed in various state regulations:
• Pennsylvania Right to Know: Used Oil as a whole is not listed. However,individual components of the product may be listed.
California Prop. This product does not contain chemicals which is known to the State of California to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity.
65: For more information go to www.P65Warnings.ca.gov.
• New Jersey: Used Oil as a whole is not listed. However,individual components of the product may be listed.
• Minnesota: Lubricating Oils,Used is listed on the Chemicals of High Concern.
• Massachusetts:Used Oil as a whole is not listed. However,individual components of the product may be listed.
Other Regulations:Used Oil as a whole may not be listed in other regulations.However,individual components may be listed,check appropriate
regulations for further regulatory compliance.
WHMIS Classification(Canadian): The product, Used Oil is not listed as a whole. However,Mineral oil is listed as not a dangerous product
according to HPR classification criteria
This product has been classified in accordance with the hazard criteria of the Controlled Products Regulations and the SDS contains all the information required by the Controlled Products
Regulations.
Section 16 - Other Information
Prepared By:ArcelorMittal USA LLC
Original Issue Date: 06/08/2015 Revised: 11/29/2018
Additional Information:
Hazardous Material Identification System(HMIS)Classification National Fire Protection Association(NFPA)
Health Hazard 1
ire Hazard 0 1,°Physical Hazard 0
HEALTH= 1, * Denotes possible chronic hazard if airborne dusts or fumes are generated HEALTH=1,Exposure could cause irritation but only minor residual injury even if no
Irritation or minor reversible injury possible. treatment is given.
FIRE=0,Materials that will not bum. FIRE=0,Materials that will not bum.
PHYSICAL HAZARDS=0,Materials that are normally stable,even under fire conditions, INSTABILITY=0,Normally stable,even under fire exposure conditions,and are not
and will not react with water,polymerize,decompose,condense,or self-react.Non-explosives. reactive with water.
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Used Oil
ArcelorMittal
SDS ID No.: AM USA-9001 Revision: 11/29/2018
Section 16 - Other Information (continued)
ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS:
ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists NIF No Information Found
BEIs Biological Exposure Indices NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
CAS Chemical Abstracts Service NTP National Toxicology Program
CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response,Compensation,and ORC Organization Resources Counselors
Liability Act
CFR Code of Federal Regulations OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
CNS Central Nervous System PEL Permissible Exposure Limit
GI,GIT Gastro-Intestinal,Gastro-Intestinal Tract PNOR Particulate Not Otherwise Regulated
HMIS Hazardous Materials Identification System PNOC Particulate Not Otherwise Classified
IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer PPE Personal Protective Equipment
LC50 Median Lethal Concentration ppm parts per million
LD50 Median Lethal Dose RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
LD L. Lowest Dose to have killed animals or humans RTECS Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances
LEL Lower Explosive Limit SARA Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act
LOEL Lowest Observed Effect Level SCBA Self-contained Breathing Apparatus
LOAEC Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Concentration SDS Safety Data Sheet
µg/m3 microgram per cubic meter of air STEL Short-term Exposure Limit
mg/m3 milligram per cubic meter of air TLV Threshold Limit Value
mppcf million particles per cubic foot TWA Time-weighted Average
MSHA Mine Safety and Health Administration UEL Upper Explosive Limit
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
Disclaimer: This information is taken from sources or based upon data believed to be reliable. Our objective in sending this information is to help you protect
the health and safety of your personnel and to comply with the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard and Title III of the Emergency Planning and Community
Right-to-Know Act. ArcelorMittal USA LLC makes no warranty as to the absolute correctness,completeness,or sufficiency of any of the foregoing,or any
additional,or other measures that may not be required under particular conditions. THIS ARCELORMITTAL USA LLC SDS MAKES NO WARRANTIES,
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,INCLUDING THE IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY,OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE,AND ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OTHERWISE ARISING FROM COURSE OF DEALING OR TRADE.
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Used Oil
Signal Word: DANGER Symbols: 4
HAZARD STATEMENTS:
May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways.
PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS:
If swallowed: Immediately call a poison center or doctor/physician.
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Store locked up.
Dispose of contents in accordance with federal, state and local regulations.
SDS ID No.: AM USA-9001
ArcelorMittal USA LLC
1 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, IL 60603-9888
General Information: Phone: 219-787-4901 or email at: msdssupport@arcelormittal.com
CHEMTREC (Day or Night): 1-800-424-9300
Emergency Contact: 1-760-476-3962,(Verisk 3E Company Code: 333211)
Original Issue Date: 09/17/2014 Revised: 11/29/2018