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UNUSUAL CIRCUMSTANCES
NARRATIVE
Tuscan Ridge Planned Development
Date: March 11, 2021
Project No.: 9799.02
Prepared For: Tuscan Ridge Associates, LLC
Attachment A: NRCS Soil Resource Report
1.0 PROJECT OVERVIEW
Tuscan Ridge Associates, LLC (Applicant) is proposing an approximately 98-acre Planned Development on
the approximately 163-acre (Note: County records indicate 172 acres; however, a recent boundary survey
yielded 163 acres) property located on the southeast side of Skyway between Chico and Paradise, California
and identified by Assessor’s Parcel Numbers (APNs) 040-520-104 through -107 and -11 and portions of 040-
520-108 and -110 (Site), to facilitate the construction of 165 residential units, commercial development,
recreation areas, open space, and golf-related facilities (Project). It should be noted that the 163-acre
property additionally includes the parcel identified by APN 040-520-109; however, no development is
currently proposed on that parcel at this time.
The Site currently has a land use designation of Planned Unit Development (PUD) per the Butte County
General Plan 2030 (adopted 2010, amended 2012) and a zoning designation of Planned Development (PD)
per the Butte County Zoning Code (Zoning Code). The Site is surrounded primarily by large undeveloped
parcels to the east, south, and west, with Skyway running the entire length of the northwest Site boundary.
Paradise Rod & Gun Club is located northeast of the Site. The undeveloped parcels surrounding the Site to
the south, southwest, and southeast have a Butte County land use designation of Agricultural (AG) per the
Butte County General Plan 2030, and a zoning designation of Agriculture (AG) per the Zoning Code.
2.0 REGULATORY SETTING AND REQUEST
Pursuant to the Agricultural Buffer Ordinance, Division 7 (Agricultural Buffers), Sections 24-81 through 24-84 of
the Zoning Code (adopted 2013, amended 2016), proposed residential structures are required to be set back
300 feet from any property line that abuts Agriculture zones. As shown on the Conceptual Site Layout, dated
February 24, 2021, single family housing is proposed within the 300-foot Agricultural Buffer Setback from
adjacent parcels zoned Agriculture. Section 24-83 of the Zoning Code provides that the setback distance of
300 feet may be adjusted based upon the Agricultural Buffer Guidelines adopted by the Board of Supervisors
UNUSUAL CIRCUMSTNACES NARRATIVE
Tuscan Ridge Planned Development
Project No. 9799.02; March 11, 2021
Page 2 of 3
on December 16, 2008 or an Unusual Circumstances Review pursuant to Section 24-84 (Exceptions to
agricultural buffer setback) of the Zoning Code. This narrative has been written to support a request for an
Unusual Circumstance Review, pursuant to Section 24-84 of the Zoning Code.
Additionally, it should be noted that the Applicant acknowledges the Butte County Right-to-Farm Ordinance,
Chapter 35 (Protection of Agricultural Land) of the Zoning Code, which requires that residents or users of
property near agricultural operations be prepared to accept inconvenience or discomfort arising from that
operation as a normal and necessary aspect of agricultural operations in Butte County. The proposed
development would accept any such inconveniences, should they occur, and promote a good-neighbor
policy that would protect a properly conducted agricultural operation.
3.0 UNUSUAL CIRCUMSTANCES
3.1 Limitations on Potential Agricultural Uses of Adjacent Lands
The 300-foot Agricultural Buffer Setback should not be applicable (unnecessary) due to various factors on
the Site and adjacent lands zoned Agriculture (AG). Potential agricultural uses on the adjacent lands would
be limited to generally non-intensive agricultural uses due to existing site constraints including but not limited
to topography, location, and absence of arable soil. The Site and adjacent lands are located atop a ridge,
between Skyway and steep canyons draining the region surrounding Paradise. Agricultural uses requiring
significant infrastructure and maintenance, such as crop cultivation, processing, or intensive animal
operations would most likely be infeasible as the potentially usable area of the lands is limited by the
topographic constraints. The lack of existing infrastructure, including water sources, fences, access roads and
other appurtenant facilities on the adjacent lands would most likely be prohibitively expensive to install and
maintain, as the adjacent lands are surrounded by equally undeveloped and vacant lands and access to
the adjacent lands via Skyway is limited. Additionally, according to the National Resource Conservation
Service (NRCS) Soil Survey (see Attachment A), soils at the Site and adjacent lands are largely Doemill-Jokerst
or Doemill-Jokerst-Ultic Haploxeralfs, thermic complex, which are poorly drained soils found on volcanic
foothills. These soils are considered neither wooded nor farmable under natural conditions and major uses
include livestock grazing, homesite development, wildlife habitat, and watershed.1 The surface area of these
lands may additionally be covered with cobbles, stones, or boulder, further confirming the lack of arable soil.
Open grazing, which may be possible on the adjacent lands, would not be anticipated to present the same
incompatibilities with a high level of impact on the proposed large lot rural residential homes as would be
expected from other, higher intensity agricultural uses. Additionally, the same existing constraints that would
limit intensive agricultural operations on the adjacent lands would inherently protect the adjacent lands from
conversion to residential uses, which is a key goal of the Agricultural Buffer Ordinance.
3.2 Site Development Constraints
Existing constraints on the Site, including development restrictions, natural features, and utility easements
would further limit the potential developable area. As noted above, Skyway, a Butte County-designated
Scenic Highway (pursuant to Figure COS-9 of the Butte County General Plan), spans the entire length of the
northwest Site boundary. Pursuant to Section 24-42 (Scenic highway overlay zone) of the Zoning Code, a 350-
foot Scenic Highway (-SH) overlay zone extends outward from the edges of the Skyway right-of-way.
1 https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/CA612/0/Butte_CA.pdf
UNUSUAL CIRCUMSTNACES NARRATIVE
Tuscan Ridge Planned Development
Project No. 9799.02; March 11, 2021
Page 3 of 3
Development within the –SH overlay zone is intended to feature high quality architectural design, preserve
views from the highway, and maintain existing topographic features. While residential development is not
prohibited within the –SH overlay zone, potential allowable development would be limited in order to
maintain the existing views. A steep ravine at the northwest edge of the proposed development, partially
within the –SH overlay zone, would additionally limit the development potential of the northwest portion of
the Site adjacent to Skyway. In addition, development of the Site would be further constrained by the existing
roadway and public utility easements dividing the Site.
UNUSUAL CIRCUMSTNACES NARRATIVE
Tuscan Ridge Planned Development
Project No. 9799.02; March 11, 2021
ATTACHMENT A
NRCS Soil Resource Report
United States
Department of
Agriculture
A product of the National
Cooperative Soil Survey,
a joint effort of the United
States Department of
Agriculture and other
Federal agencies, State
agencies including the
Agricultural Experiment
Stations, and local
participants
Custom Soil Resource
Report for
Butte Area, California,
Parts of Butte and
Plumas Counties
Tuscan Ridge & Adjacent Lands
Natural
Resources
Conservation
Service
February 24, 2021
Preface
Soil surveys contain information that affects land use planning in survey areas.
They highlight soil limitations that affect various land uses and provide information
about the properties of the soils in the survey areas. Soil surveys are designed for
many different users, including farmers, ranchers, foresters, agronomists, urban
planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers.
Also, conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, waste
disposal, and pollution control can use the surveys to help them understand,
protect, or enhance the environment.
Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose
special restrictions on land use or land treatment. Soil surveys identify soil
properties that are used in making various land use or land treatment decisions.
The information is intended to help the land users identify and reduce the effects of
soil limitations on various land uses. The landowner or user is responsible for
identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations.
Although soil survey information can be used for general farm, local, and wider area
planning, onsite investigation is needed to supplement this information in some
cases. Examples include soil quality assessments (http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/
portal/nrcs/main/soils/health/) and certain conservation and engineering
applications. For more detailed information, contact your local USDA Service Center
(https://offices.sc.egov.usda.gov/locator/app?agency=nrcs) or your NRCS State Soil
Scientist (http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/contactus/?
cid=nrcs142p2_053951).
Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are
seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are too unstable to be used as a
foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as
septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to
basements or underground installations.
The National Cooperative Soil Survey is a joint effort of the United States
Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the
Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural Resources
Conservation Service (NRCS) has leadership for the Federal part of the National
Cooperative Soil Survey.
Information about soils is updated periodically. Updated information is available
through the NRCS Web Soil Survey, the site for official soil survey information.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its
programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability,
and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion,
sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or a
part of an individual's income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not
all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require
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alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print,
audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice
and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of
Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or
call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity
provider and employer.
3
Contents
Preface....................................................................................................................2
How Soil Surveys Are Made..................................................................................5
Soil Map..................................................................................................................8
Soil Map................................................................................................................9
Legend................................................................................................................10
Map Unit Legend................................................................................................11
Map Unit Descriptions.........................................................................................11
Butte Area, California, Parts of Butte and Plumas Counties...........................13
615—Doemill-Jokerst , 3 to 8 percent slopes..............................................13
616—Jokerst-Doemill-Typic Haploxeralfs , 8 to 15 percent slopes.............15
620—Doemill-Jokerst-Ultic Haploxeralfs, thermic complex, 3 to 8
percent slopes.......................................................................................17
621—Doemill-Jokerst-Ultic Haploxeralfs, thermic complex, 8 to 15
percent slopes.......................................................................................20
622—Xerorthents, shallow-Typic Haploxeralfs-Rock outrcrop, cliffs
complex, 15 to 30 percent slopes.........................................................22
623—Xerorthents, shallow-Typic Haploxeralfs-Rock outcrop, cliffs
complex, 30 to 50 percent slopes.........................................................25
References............................................................................................................28
4
How Soil Surveys Are Made
Soil surveys are made to provide information about the soils and miscellaneous
areas in a specific area. They include a description of the soils and miscellaneous
areas and their location on the landscape and tables that show soil properties and
limitations affecting various uses. Soil scientists observed the steepness, length,
and shape of the slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of crops and
native plants; and the kinds of bedrock. They observed and described many soil
profiles. A soil profile is the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil. The
profile extends from the surface down into the unconsolidated material in which the
soil formed or from the surface down to bedrock. The unconsolidated material is
devoid of roots and other living organisms and has not been changed by other
biological activity.
Currently, soils are mapped according to the boundaries of major land resource
areas (MLRAs). MLRAs are geographically associated land resource units that
share common characteristics related to physiography, geology, climate, water
resources, soils, biological resources, and land uses (USDA, 2006). Soil survey
areas typically consist of parts of one or more MLRA.
The soils and miscellaneous areas in a survey area occur in an orderly pattern that
is related to the geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural vegetation of the
area. Each kind of soil and miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind
of landform or with a segment of the landform. By observing the soils and
miscellaneous areas in the survey area and relating their position to specific
segments of the landform, a soil scientist develops a concept, or model, of how they
were formed. Thus, during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist to predict
with a considerable degree of accuracy the kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a
specific location on the landscape.
Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge into one another as their
characteristics gradually change. To construct an accurate soil map, however, soil
scientists must determine the boundaries between the soils. They can observe only
a limited number of soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, supplemented
by an understanding of the soil-vegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to
verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to determine the boundaries.
Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the soil profiles that they studied. They
noted soil color, texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and amount of rock
fragments, distribution of plant roots, reaction, and other features that enable them
to identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey area and determining their
properties, the soil scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes (units).
Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each taxonomic class has a set of soil
characteristics with precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a basis for
comparison to classify soils systematically. Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic
classification used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind and character
of soil properties and the arrangement of horizons within the profile. After the soil
5
scientists classified and named the soils in the survey area, they compared the
individual soils with similar soils in the same taxonomic class in other areas so that
they could confirm data and assemble additional data based on experience and
research.
The objective of soil mapping is not to delineate pure map unit components; the
objective is to separate the landscape into landforms or landform segments that
have similar use and management requirements. Each map unit is defined by a
unique combination of soil components and/or miscellaneous areas in predictable
proportions. Some components may be highly contrasting to the other components
of the map unit. The presence of minor components in a map unit in no way
diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the data. The delineation of such
landforms and landform segments on the map provides sufficient information for the
development of resource plans. If intensive use of small areas is planned, onsite
investigation is needed to define and locate the soils and miscellaneous areas.
Soil scientists make many field observations in the process of producing a soil map.
The frequency of observation is dependent upon several factors, including scale of
mapping, intensity of mapping, design of map units, complexity of the landscape,
and experience of the soil scientist. Observations are made to test and refine the
soil-landscape model and predictions and to verify the classification of the soils at
specific locations. Once the soil-landscape model is refined, a significantly smaller
number of measurements of individual soil properties are made and recorded.
These measurements may include field measurements, such as those for color,
depth to bedrock, and texture, and laboratory measurements, such as those for
content of sand, silt, clay, salt, and other components. Properties of each soil
typically vary from one point to another across the landscape.
Observations for map unit components are aggregated to develop ranges of
characteristics for the components. The aggregated values are presented. Direct
measurements do not exist for every property presented for every map unit
component. Values for some properties are estimated from combinations of other
properties.
While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some of the soils in the area generally
are collected for laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil scientists
interpret the data from these analyses and tests as well as the field-observed
characteristics and the soil properties to determine the expected behavior of the
soils under different uses. Interpretations for all of the soils are field tested through
observation of the soils in different uses and under different levels of management.
Some interpretations are modified to fit local conditions, and some new
interpretations are developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled from other
sources, such as research information, production records, and field experience of
specialists. For example, data on crop yields under defined levels of management
are assembled from farm records and from field or plot experiments on the same
kinds of soil.
Predictions about soil behavior are based not only on soil properties but also on
such variables as climate and biological activity. Soil conditions are predictable over
long periods of time, but they are not predictable from year to year. For example,
soil scientists can predict with a fairly high degree of accuracy that a given soil will
have a high water table within certain depths in most years, but they cannot predict
that a high water table will always be at a specific level in the soil on a specific date.
After soil scientists located and identified the significant natural bodies of soil in the
survey area, they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial photographs and
Custom Soil Resource Report
6
identified each as a specific map unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings,
fields, roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating boundaries accurately.
Custom Soil Resource Report
7
Soil Map
The soil map section includes the soil map for the defined area of interest, a list of
soil map units on the map and extent of each map unit, and cartographic symbols
displayed on the map. Also presented are various metadata about data used to
produce the map, and a description of each soil map unit.
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9
Custom Soil Resource Report
Soil Map
43957004396000439630043966004396900439720043975004395700439600043963004396600439690043972004397500609200 609500 609800 610100 610400 610700 611000 611300 611600 611900 612200
609500 609800 610100 610400 610700 611000 611300 611600 611900 612200
39° 43' 16'' N 121° 43' 33'' W39° 43' 16'' N121° 41' 23'' W39° 42' 11'' N
121° 43' 33'' W39° 42' 11'' N
121° 41' 23'' WN
Map projection: Web Mercator Corner coordinates: WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 10N WGS84
0 500 1000 2000 3000
Feet
0 200 400 800 1200
Meters
Map Scale: 1:14,100 if printed on A landscape (11" x 8.5") sheet.
MAP LEGEND MAP INFORMATION
Area of Interest (AOI)
Area of Interest (AOI)
Soils
Soil Map Unit Polygons
Soil Map Unit Lines
Soil Map Unit Points
Special Point Features
Blowout
Borrow Pit
Clay Spot
Closed Depression
Gravel Pit
Gravelly Spot
Landfill
Lava Flow
Marsh or swamp
Mine or Quarry
Miscellaneous Water
Perennial Water
Rock Outcrop
Saline Spot
Sandy Spot
Severely Eroded Spot
Sinkhole
Slide or Slip
Sodic Spot
Spoil Area
Stony Spot
Very Stony Spot
Wet Spot
Other
Special Line Features
Water Features
Streams and Canals
Transportation
Rails
Interstate Highways
US Routes
Major Roads
Local Roads
Background
Aerial Photography
The soil surveys that comprise your AOI were mapped at
1:24,000.
Please rely on the bar scale on each map sheet for map
measurements.
Source of Map: Natural Resources Conservation Service
Web Soil Survey URL:
Coordinate System: Web Mercator (EPSG:3857)
Maps from the Web Soil Survey are based on the Web Mercator
projection, which preserves direction and shape but distorts
distance and area. A projection that preserves area, such as the
Albers equal-area conic projection, should be used if more
accurate calculations of distance or area are required.
This product is generated from the USDA-NRCS certified data as
of the version date(s) listed below.
Soil Survey Area: Butte Area, California, Parts of Butte and
Plumas Counties
Survey Area Data: Version 17, Jun 1, 2020
Soil map units are labeled (as space allows) for map scales
1:50,000 or larger.
Date(s) aerial images were photographed: Dec 6, 2018—Dec
12, 2018
The orthophoto or other base map on which the soil lines were
compiled and digitized probably differs from the background
imagery displayed on these maps. As a result, some minor
shifting of map unit boundaries may be evident.
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10
Map Unit Legend
Map Unit Symbol Map Unit Name Acres in AOI Percent of AOI
615 Doemill-Jokerst , 3 to 8 percent
slopes
141.0 41.0%
616 Jokerst-Doemill-Typic
Haploxeralfs , 8 to 15 percent
slopes
37.8 11.0%
620 Doemill-Jokerst-Ultic
Haploxeralfs, thermic
complex, 3 to 8 percent
slopes
99.7 29.0%
621 Doemill-Jokerst-Ultic
Haploxeralfs, thermic
complex, 8 to 15 percent
slopes
48.3 14.0%
622 Xerorthents, shallow-Typic
Haploxeralfs-Rock outrcrop,
cliffs complex, 15 to 30
percent slopes
10.3 3.0%
623 Xerorthents, shallow-Typic
Haploxeralfs-Rock outcrop,
cliffs complex, 30 to 50
percent slopes
6.9 2.0%
Totals for Area of Interest 344.0 100.0%
Map Unit Descriptions
The map units delineated on the detailed soil maps in a soil survey represent the
soils or miscellaneous areas in the survey area. The map unit descriptions, along
with the maps, can be used to determine the composition and properties of a unit.
A map unit delineation on a soil map represents an area dominated by one or more
major kinds of soil or miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and named
according to the taxonomic classification of the dominant soils. Within a taxonomic
class there are precisely defined limits for the properties of the soils. On the
landscape, however, the soils are natural phenomena, and they have the
characteristic variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of some
observed properties may extend beyond the limits defined for a taxonomic class.
Areas of soils of a single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped without
including areas of other taxonomic classes. Consequently, every map unit is made
up of the soils or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and some minor
components that belong to taxonomic classes other than those of the major soils.
Most minor soils have properties similar to those of the dominant soil or soils in the
map unit, and thus they do not affect use and management. These are called
noncontrasting, or similar, components. They may or may not be mentioned in a
particular map unit description. Other minor components, however, have properties
and behavioral characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to require different
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11
management. These are called contrasting, or dissimilar, components. They
generally are in small areas and could not be mapped separately because of the
scale used. Some small areas of strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas
are identified by a special symbol on the maps. If included in the database for a
given area, the contrasting minor components are identified in the map unit
descriptions along with some characteristics of each. A few areas of minor
components may not have been observed, and consequently they are not
mentioned in the descriptions, especially where the pattern was so complex that it
was impractical to make enough observations to identify all the soils and
miscellaneous areas on the landscape.
The presence of minor components in a map unit in no way diminishes the
usefulness or accuracy of the data. The objective of mapping is not to delineate
pure taxonomic classes but rather to separate the landscape into landforms or
landform segments that have similar use and management requirements. The
delineation of such segments on the map provides sufficient information for the
development of resource plans. If intensive use of small areas is planned, however,
onsite investigation is needed to define and locate the soils and miscellaneous
areas.
An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name in the map unit descriptions.
Each description includes general facts about the unit and gives important soil
properties and qualities.
Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make up a soil series. Except for
differences in texture of the surface layer, all the soils of a series have major
horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, and arrangement.
Soils of one series can differ in texture of the surface layer, slope, stoniness,
salinity, degree of erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use. On the
basis of such differences, a soil series is divided into soil phases. Most of the areas
shown on the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The name of a soil phase
commonly indicates a feature that affects use or management. For example, Alpha
silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is a phase of the Alpha series.
Some map units are made up of two or more major soils or miscellaneous areas.
These map units are complexes, associations, or undifferentiated groups.
A complex consists of two or more soils or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate
pattern or in such small areas that they cannot be shown separately on the maps.
The pattern and proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar
in all areas. Alpha-Beta complex, 0 to 6 percent slopes, is an example.
An association is made up of two or more geographically associated soils or
miscellaneous areas that are shown as one unit on the maps. Because of present
or anticipated uses of the map units in the survey area, it was not considered
practical or necessary to map the soils or miscellaneous areas separately. The
pattern and relative proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat
similar. Alpha-Beta association, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is an example.
An undifferentiated group is made up of two or more soils or miscellaneous areas
that could be mapped individually but are mapped as one unit because similar
interpretations can be made for use and management. The pattern and proportion
of the soils or miscellaneous areas in a mapped area are not uniform. An area can
be made up of only one of the major soils or miscellaneous areas, or it can be made
up of all of them. Alpha and Beta soils, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is an example.
Some surveys include miscellaneous areas. Such areas have little or no soil
material and support little or no vegetation. Rock outcrop is an example.
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Butte Area, California, Parts of Butte and Plumas Counties
615—Doemill-Jokerst , 3 to 8 percent slopes
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: hgzm
Elevation: 160 to 1,000 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 29 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 61 to 63 degrees F
Frost-free period: 250 to 255 days
Farmland classification: Not prime farmland
Map Unit Composition
Doemill, gravelly loam, and similar soils:50 percent
Jokerst, very cobbly loam, and similar soils:40 percent
Minor components:10 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Doemill, Gravelly Loam
Setting
Landform:Ridges
Landform position (two-dimensional):Summit
Landform position (three-dimensional):Crest
Microfeatures of landform position:Mounds
Down-slope shape:Linear
Across-slope shape:Linear
Parent material:Loamy residuum weathered from volcanic breccia
Typical profile
A - 0 to 1 inches: gravelly loam
Bt1 - 1 to 5 inches: gravelly loam
Bt2 - 5 to 9 inches: gravelly loam
Bt3 - 9 to 14 inches: gravelly loam
R - 14 to 24 inches: bedrock
Properties and qualities
Slope:3 to 8 percent
Surface area covered with cobbles, stones or boulders:5.0 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:10 to 20 inches to lithic bedrock
Drainage class:Somewhat poorly drained
Runoff class: Very high
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately high (0.43
to 1.28 in/hr)
Depth to water table:About 2 to 20 inches
Frequency of flooding:None
Frequency of ponding:None
Available water capacity:Very low (about 2.1 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): 6e
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 6e
Hydrologic Soil Group: D
Hydric soil rating: No
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Description of Jokerst, Very Cobbly Loam
Setting
Landform:Ridges
Landform position (two-dimensional):Summit
Landform position (three-dimensional):Crest
Microfeatures of landform position:Swales
Down-slope shape:Linear
Across-slope shape:Convex
Parent material:Loamy residuum weathered from volcanic breccia
Typical profile
A - 0 to 1 inches: very cobbly loam
Bt - 1 to 4 inches: gravelly loam
R - 4 to 14 inches: bedrock
Properties and qualities
Slope:3 to 8 percent
Surface area covered with cobbles, stones or boulders:17.0 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:2 to 10 inches to lithic bedrock
Drainage class:Poorly drained
Runoff class: Very high
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately high (0.71
to 1.13 in/hr)
Depth to water table:About 0 to 10 inches
Frequency of flooding:FrequentNone
Frequency of ponding:Frequent
Available water capacity:Very low (about 0.4 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): 8
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 8
Hydrologic Soil Group: D
Hydric soil rating: No
Minor Components
Rock outcrop, mudflow breccia
Percent of map unit:6 percent
Landform:Ridges
Hydric soil rating: No
Lithic xerorthents
Percent of map unit:3 percent
Landform:Ridges
Hydric soil rating: No
Unnamed, frequent long ponding
Percent of map unit:1 percent
Landform:Ridges
Microfeatures of landform position:Vernal pools
Hydric soil rating: Yes
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616—Jokerst-Doemill-Typic Haploxeralfs , 8 to 15 percent slopes
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: hgzj
Elevation: 160 to 1,120 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 25 to 29 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 61 to 63 degrees F
Frost-free period: 250 to 255 days
Farmland classification: Not prime farmland
Map Unit Composition
Jokerst, very cobbly loam, and similar soils:36 percent
Doemill, gravelly loam, and similar soils:34 percent
Typic haploxeralfs, gravelly loam, and similar soils:15 percent
Minor components:15 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Jokerst, Very Cobbly Loam
Setting
Landform:Ridges
Landform position (two-dimensional):Shoulder, backslope
Landform position (three-dimensional):Side slope
Down-slope shape:Linear
Across-slope shape:Linear
Parent material:Loamy residuum weathered from volcanic breccia
Typical profile
A - 0 to 1 inches: very cobbly loam
Bt - 1 to 4 inches: gravelly loam
R - 4 to 14 inches: bedrock
Properties and qualities
Slope:8 to 15 percent
Surface area covered with cobbles, stones or boulders:17.0 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:2 to 10 inches to lithic bedrock
Drainage class:Poorly drained
Runoff class: Very high
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately high (0.71
to 1.13 in/hr)
Depth to water table:About 0 to 10 inches
Frequency of flooding:None
Frequency of ponding:None
Available water capacity:Very low (about 0.4 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): 8
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 8
Hydrologic Soil Group: D
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Hydric soil rating: No
Description of Doemill, Gravelly Loam
Setting
Landform:Ridges
Landform position (two-dimensional):Backslope, shoulder
Landform position (three-dimensional):Side slope
Down-slope shape:Concave
Across-slope shape:Linear
Parent material:Loamy residuum weathered from volcanic breccia
Typical profile
A - 0 to 1 inches: gravelly loam
Bt1 - 1 to 5 inches: gravelly loam
Bt2 - 5 to 9 inches: gravelly loam
Bt3 - 9 to 14 inches: gravelly loam
R - 14 to 23 inches: bedrock
Properties and qualities
Slope:8 to 15 percent
Surface area covered with cobbles, stones or boulders:5.0 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:10 to 20 inches to lithic bedrock
Drainage class:Somewhat poorly drained
Runoff class: Very high
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately high (0.43
to 1.28 in/hr)
Depth to water table:About 4 to 20 inches
Frequency of flooding:None
Frequency of ponding:None
Available water capacity:Very low (about 2.1 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): 6e
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 6e
Hydrologic Soil Group: D
Hydric soil rating: No
Description of Typic Haploxeralfs, Gravelly Loam
Setting
Landform:Ridges
Landform position (two-dimensional):Backslope, shoulder
Landform position (three-dimensional):Side slope
Down-slope shape:Concave
Across-slope shape:Concave
Parent material:Loamy colluvium derived from volcanic rock
Typical profile
A - 0 to 2 inches: gravelly loam
Bt1 - 2 to 8 inches: gravelly clay loam
Bt2 - 8 to 16 inches: very gravelly clay loam
Bt3 - 16 to 27 inches: very gravelly clay loam
Bt4 - 27 to 40 inches: very gravelly clay loam
2Cr - 40 to 50 inches: bedrock
Properties and qualities
Slope:8 to 15 percent
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Surface area covered with cobbles, stones or boulders:4.0 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:20 to 60 inches to paralithic bedrock; 20 to 60 inches
to lithic bedrock
Drainage class:Well drained
Runoff class: Medium
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately low to
moderately high (0.06 to 0.57 in/hr)
Depth to water table:More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding:None
Frequency of ponding:None
Available water capacity:Low (about 4.6 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): 3e
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 3e
Hydrologic Soil Group: C
Hydric soil rating: No
Minor Components
Rock outcrop, mudflow breccia
Percent of map unit:10 percent
Landform:Ridges
Hydric soil rating: No
Lithic xerorthents
Percent of map unit:5 percent
Landform:Ridges
Hydric soil rating: No
620—Doemill-Jokerst-Ultic Haploxeralfs, thermic complex, 3 to 8
percent slopes
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: hh4q
Elevation: 400 to 1,700 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 28 to 40 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 61 degrees F
Frost-free period: 255 to 260 days
Farmland classification: Not prime farmland
Map Unit Composition
Doemill, gravelly loam, and similar soils:40 percent
Jokerst, very cobbly loam, and similar soils:25 percent
Ultic haploxeralfs, thermic gravelly loam, and similar soils:20 percent
Minor components:15 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
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Description of Doemill, Gravelly Loam
Setting
Landform:Ridges
Landform position (two-dimensional):Summit
Landform position (three-dimensional):Crest
Down-slope shape:Linear
Across-slope shape:Linear
Parent material:Loamy residuum weathered from volcanic breccia
Typical profile
A - 0 to 1 inches: gravelly loam
Bt1 - 1 to 5 inches: gravelly loam
Bt2 - 5 to 9 inches: gravelly loam
Bt3 - 9 to 14 inches: gravelly loam
R - 14 to 24 inches: bedrock
Properties and qualities
Slope:3 to 8 percent
Surface area covered with cobbles, stones or boulders:5.0 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:10 to 20 inches to lithic bedrock
Drainage class:Somewhat poorly drained
Runoff class: Very high
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately high (0.43
to 1.28 in/hr)
Depth to water table:About 2 to 20 inches
Frequency of flooding:None
Frequency of ponding:None
Available water capacity:Very low (about 2.1 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): 6e
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 6e
Hydrologic Soil Group: D
Hydric soil rating: No
Description of Jokerst, Very Cobbly Loam
Setting
Landform:Ridges
Landform position (two-dimensional):Summit
Landform position (three-dimensional):Crest
Down-slope shape:Convex
Across-slope shape:Convex
Parent material:Loamy residuum weathered from volcanic breccia
Typical profile
A - 0 to 1 inches: very cobbly loam
Bt - 1 to 4 inches: gravelly loam
R - 4 to 14 inches: bedrock
Properties and qualities
Slope:3 to 8 percent
Surface area covered with cobbles, stones or boulders:17.0 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:2 to 10 inches to lithic bedrock
Drainage class:Poorly drained
Runoff class: Very high
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Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately high (0.71
to 1.13 in/hr)
Depth to water table:About 0 to 10 inches
Frequency of flooding:None
Frequency of ponding:Frequent
Available water capacity:Very low (about 0.4 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): 8
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 8
Hydrologic Soil Group: D
Hydric soil rating: No
Description of Ultic Haploxeralfs, Thermic Gravelly Loam
Setting
Landform:Ridges
Landform position (two-dimensional):Summit
Landform position (three-dimensional):Crest
Down-slope shape:Convex
Across-slope shape:Convex
Parent material:Loamy residuum weathered from volcanic rock
Typical profile
A - 0 to 2 inches: gravelly loam
Bt1 - 2 to 6 inches: very cobbly clay loam
Bt2 - 6 to 13 inches: very cobbly clay loam
Bt3 - 13 to 21 inches: very cobbly clay loam
Bt4 - 21 to 31 inches: very cobbly clay loam
R - 31 to 41 inches: bedrock
Properties and qualities
Slope:3 to 8 percent
Surface area covered with cobbles, stones or boulders:4.0 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:20 to 40 inches to lithic bedrock; 20 to 40 inches to
paralithic bedrock
Drainage class:Moderately well drained
Runoff class: Medium
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately high (0.20
to 0.85 in/hr)
Depth to water table:About 18 to 40 inches
Frequency of flooding:None
Frequency of ponding:None
Available water capacity:Very low (about 3.0 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): 4e
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 4e
Hydrologic Soil Group: C
Hydric soil rating: No
Minor Components
Rock outcrop, mudflow breccia
Percent of map unit:10 percent
Landform:Ridges
Hydric soil rating: No
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Lithic xerorthents
Percent of map unit:5 percent
Landform:Ridges
Hydric soil rating: No
621—Doemill-Jokerst-Ultic Haploxeralfs, thermic complex, 8 to 15
percent slopes
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: hh4k
Elevation: 400 to 1,700 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 28 to 40 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 61 degrees F
Frost-free period: 255 to 260 days
Farmland classification: Not prime farmland
Map Unit Composition
Jokerst, very cobbly loam, and similar soils:31 percent
Doemill, gravelly loam, and similar soils:29 percent
Ultic haploxeralfs, thermic gravelly loam, and similar soils:20 percent
Minor components:20 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Jokerst, Very Cobbly Loam
Setting
Landform:Ridges
Landform position (two-dimensional):Shoulder, summit
Landform position (three-dimensional):Crest, side slope
Down-slope shape:Linear
Across-slope shape:Linear
Parent material:Loamy residuum weathered from volcanic breccia
Typical profile
A - 0 to 1 inches: very cobbly loam
Bt - 1 to 4 inches: gravelly loam
R - 4 to 14 inches: bedrock
Properties and qualities
Slope:8 to 15 percent
Surface area covered with cobbles, stones or boulders:17.0 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:2 to 10 inches to lithic bedrock
Drainage class:Poorly drained
Runoff class: Very high
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately high (0.71
to 1.13 in/hr)
Depth to water table:About 0 to 10 inches
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Frequency of flooding:None
Frequency of ponding:None
Available water capacity:Very low (about 0.4 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): 8
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 8
Hydrologic Soil Group: D
Hydric soil rating: No
Description of Doemill, Gravelly Loam
Setting
Landform:Ridges
Landform position (two-dimensional):Summit, shoulder
Landform position (three-dimensional):Side slope, crest
Down-slope shape:Convex
Across-slope shape:Convex
Parent material:Loamy residuum weathered from volcanic breccia
Typical profile
A - 0 to 1 inches: gravelly loam
Bt1 - 1 to 5 inches: gravelly loam
Bt2 - 5 to 9 inches: gravelly loam
Bt3 - 9 to 14 inches: gravelly loam
R - 14 to 24 inches: bedrock
Properties and qualities
Slope:8 to 15 percent
Surface area covered with cobbles, stones or boulders:5.0 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:10 to 20 inches to lithic bedrock
Drainage class:Somewhat poorly drained
Runoff class: Very high
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately high (0.43
to 1.28 in/hr)
Depth to water table:About 4 to 20 inches
Frequency of flooding:None
Frequency of ponding:None
Available water capacity:Very low (about 2.1 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): 6e
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 6e
Hydrologic Soil Group: D
Hydric soil rating: No
Description of Ultic Haploxeralfs, Thermic Gravelly Loam
Setting
Landform:Ridges
Landform position (two-dimensional):Shoulder, summit
Landform position (three-dimensional):Crest, side slope
Down-slope shape:Concave
Across-slope shape:Concave
Parent material:Loamy residuum weathered from volcanic rock
Typical profile
A - 0 to 2 inches: gravelly loam
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Bt1 - 2 to 6 inches: very cobbly clay loam
Bt2 - 6 to 13 inches: very cobbly clay loam
Bt3 - 13 to 21 inches: very cobbly clay loam
Bt4 - 21 to 31 inches: very cobbly clay loam
R - 31 to 41 inches: bedrock
Properties and qualities
Slope:8 to 15 percent
Surface area covered with cobbles, stones or boulders:4.0 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:20 to 40 inches to lithic bedrock; 20 to 40 inches to
paralithic bedrock
Drainage class:Moderately well drained
Runoff class: High
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately high (0.20
to 0.85 in/hr)
Depth to water table:About 19 to 40 inches
Frequency of flooding:None
Frequency of ponding:None
Available water capacity:Very low (about 3.0 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): 4e
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 4e
Hydrologic Soil Group: C
Hydric soil rating: No
Minor Components
Rock outcrop, mudflow breccia
Percent of map unit:12 percent
Landform:Ridges
Hydric soil rating: No
Lithic xerorthents
Percent of map unit:8 percent
Landform:Ridges
Hydric soil rating: No
622—Xerorthents, shallow-Typic Haploxeralfs-Rock outrcrop, cliffs
complex, 15 to 30 percent slopes
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: hh5m
Elevation: 200 to 1,500 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 26 to 38 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 59 to 63 degrees F
Frost-free period: 250 to 260 days
Farmland classification: Not prime farmland
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Map Unit Composition
Xerorthents, shallow, and similar soils:40 percent
Typic haploxeralfs, gravelly loam, and similar soils:30 percent
Rock outcrop, mudflow breccia cliffs:15 percent
Minor components:15 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Xerorthents, Shallow
Setting
Landform:Canyons
Landform position (two-dimensional):Backslope
Landform position (three-dimensional):Side slope
Down-slope shape:Concave
Across-slope shape:Convex
Parent material:Loamy residuum and/or colluvium derived from volcanic rock
Typical profile
A - 0 to 2 inches: gravelly clay loam
Bt1 - 2 to 5 inches: gravelly clay loam
Bt2 - 5 to 8 inches: very cobbly clay loam
2R - 8 to 18 inches: bedrock
Properties and qualities
Slope:15 to 30 percent
Surface area covered with cobbles, stones or boulders:5.0 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:2 to 20 inches to paralithic bedrock; 2 to 20 inches to
lithic bedrock
Drainage class:Moderately well drained
Runoff class: Very high
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately high (0.20
to 0.71 in/hr)
Depth to water table:More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding:None
Frequency of ponding:None
Available water capacity:Very low (about 1.1 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): 7s
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 7s
Hydrologic Soil Group: D
Hydric soil rating: No
Description of Typic Haploxeralfs, Gravelly Loam
Setting
Landform:Canyons
Landform position (two-dimensional):Backslope
Landform position (three-dimensional):Side slope
Down-slope shape:Concave
Across-slope shape:Concave
Parent material:Loamy residuum and/or colluvium derived from volcanic rock
Typical profile
A - 0 to 2 inches: gravelly loam
Bt1 - 2 to 8 inches: gravelly clay loam
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Bt2 - 8 to 16 inches: very gravelly clay loam
Bt3 - 16 to 27 inches: very gravelly clay loam
Bt4 - 27 to 40 inches: very gravelly clay loam
2Cr - 40 to 50 inches: bedrock
Properties and qualities
Slope:15 to 30 percent
Surface area covered with cobbles, stones or boulders:4.0 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:20 to 60 inches to paralithic bedrock; 20 to 60 inches
to lithic bedrock
Drainage class:Well drained
Runoff class: High
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately low to
moderately high (0.06 to 0.57 in/hr)
Depth to water table:More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding:None
Frequency of ponding:None
Available water capacity:Low (about 4.6 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): 4e
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 4e
Hydrologic Soil Group: C
Hydric soil rating: No
Description of Rock Outcrop, Mudflow Breccia Cliffs
Setting
Landform:Canyons
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): 8
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 8
Hydric soil rating: No
Minor Components
Rock outcrop, mudflow breccia
Percent of map unit:8 percent
Landform:Canyons
Hydric soil rating: No
Lithic haploxeralfs
Percent of map unit:5 percent
Landform:Canyons
Hydric soil rating: No
Aquic durixeralfs
Percent of map unit:2 percent
Landform:Canyons
Hydric soil rating: Yes
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623—Xerorthents, shallow-Typic Haploxeralfs-Rock outcrop, cliffs
complex, 30 to 50 percent slopes
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: hh5l
Elevation: 300 to 1,500 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 26 to 38 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 59 to 63 degrees F
Frost-free period: 250 to 260 days
Farmland classification: Not prime farmland
Map Unit Composition
Xerorthents, shallow, and similar soils:40 percent
Typic haploxeralfs, gravelly loam, and similar soils:25 percent
Rock outcrop, mudfow breccia cliffs:20 percent
Minor components:15 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Xerorthents, Shallow
Setting
Landform:Canyons
Landform position (two-dimensional):Backslope
Landform position (three-dimensional):Side slope
Down-slope shape:Concave
Across-slope shape:Convex
Parent material:Loamy residuum and/or colluvium derived from volcanic rock
Typical profile
A - 0 to 2 inches: gravelly clay loam
Bt1 - 2 to 5 inches: gravelly clay loam
Bt2 - 5 to 8 inches: very cobbly clay loam
2R - 8 to 18 inches: bedrock
Properties and qualities
Slope:30 to 50 percent
Surface area covered with cobbles, stones or boulders:5.0 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:2 to 20 inches to paralithic bedrock; 2 to 20 inches to
lithic bedrock
Drainage class:Moderately well drained
Runoff class: Very high
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately high (0.20
to 0.71 in/hr)
Depth to water table:More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding:None
Frequency of ponding:None
Available water capacity:Very low (about 1.1 inches)
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Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): 7s
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 7s
Hydrologic Soil Group: D
Hydric soil rating: No
Description of Typic Haploxeralfs, Gravelly Loam
Setting
Landform:Canyons
Landform position (two-dimensional):Backslope
Landform position (three-dimensional):Side slope
Down-slope shape:Concave
Across-slope shape:Concave
Parent material:Loamy residuum and/or colluvium derived from volcanic rock
Typical profile
A - 0 to 2 inches: gravelly loam
Bt1 - 2 to 8 inches: gravelly clay loam
Bt2 - 8 to 16 inches: very gravelly clay loam
Bt3 - 16 to 27 inches: very gravelly clay loam
Bt4 - 27 to 40 inches: very gravelly clay loam
2Cr - 40 to 50 inches: bedrock
Properties and qualities
Slope:30 to 50 percent
Surface area covered with cobbles, stones or boulders:4.0 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:20 to 60 inches to paralithic bedrock; 20 to 60 inches
to lithic bedrock
Drainage class:Well drained
Runoff class: High
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately low to
moderately high (0.06 to 0.57 in/hr)
Depth to water table:More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding:None
Frequency of ponding:None
Available water capacity:Low (about 4.6 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): 6e
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 6e
Hydrologic Soil Group: C
Hydric soil rating: No
Description of Rock Outcrop, Mudfow Breccia Cliffs
Setting
Landform:Canyons
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): 8
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 8
Hydric soil rating: No
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Minor Components
Rock outcrop, mudflow breccia
Percent of map unit:10 percent
Landform:Canyons
Hydric soil rating: No
Lithic haploxeralfs
Percent of map unit:4 percent
Landform:Canyons
Hydric soil rating: No
Aquic durixeralfs
Percent of map unit:1 percent
Landform:Canyons
Hydric soil rating: Yes
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References
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO).
2004. Standard specifications for transportation materials and methods of sampling
and testing. 24th edition.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 2005. Standard classification of
soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Standard D2487-00.
Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of
wetlands and deep-water habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service FWS/OBS-79/31.
Federal Register. July 13, 1994. Changes in hydric soils of the United States.
Federal Register. September 18, 2002. Hydric soils of the United States.
Hurt, G.W., and L.M. Vasilas, editors. Version 6.0, 2006. Field indicators of hydric
soils in the United States.
National Research Council. 1995. Wetlands: Characteristics and boundaries.
Soil Survey Division Staff. 1993. Soil survey manual. Soil Conservation Service.
U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 18. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/
nrcs/detail/national/soils/?cid=nrcs142p2_054262
Soil Survey Staff. 1999. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for
making and interpreting soil surveys. 2nd edition. Natural Resources Conservation
Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 436. http://
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/soils/?cid=nrcs142p2_053577
Soil Survey Staff. 2010. Keys to soil taxonomy. 11th edition. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. http://
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/soils/?cid=nrcs142p2_053580
Tiner, R.W., Jr. 1985. Wetlands of Delaware. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and
Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, Wetlands
Section.
United States Army Corps of Engineers, Environmental Laboratory. 1987. Corps of
Engineers wetlands delineation manual. Waterways Experiment Station Technical
Report Y-87-1.
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
National forestry manual. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/
home/?cid=nrcs142p2_053374
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
National range and pasture handbook. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/
detail/national/landuse/rangepasture/?cid=stelprdb1043084
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United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
National soil survey handbook, title 430-VI. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/
nrcs/detail/soils/scientists/?cid=nrcs142p2_054242
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
2006. Land resource regions and major land resource areas of the United States,
the Caribbean, and the Pacific Basin. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook
296. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/soils/?
cid=nrcs142p2_053624
United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1961. Land
capability classification. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 210. http://
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052290.pdf
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