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International Journal of Vaccine Theory, Practice, and Research 3(2) October 11, 2024 | Page 1367
https://doi.org/10.56098/mt1njj52
At Least 55 Undeclared Chemical Elements Found in
COVID-19 Vaccines from AstraZeneca, CanSino,
Moderna, Pfizer, Sinopharm and Sputnik V, with
Precise ICP-MS 1
Lorena Diblasi, PhD 1, Martín Monteverde, MD 2, David Nonis, PhD 3, Marcela Sangorrín, PhD 4
1 Biotechnologist, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina
2 Physician, MD, Colegio Médico de Santa Fe, Argentina
3 Molecular and Cellular Biologist, PhD, California, USA
4 Biologist, PhD, PROBIEN (Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos, Biotecnología y Energías
Alternativas) — CONICET-UNCO, Neuquén, Argentina. sangorrin.marcela@gmail.com ORCID
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7372-8359
Abstract
The experimental vaccines supposedly invented to combat COVID-19 were coercively
forced upon the global population beginning late in 2020. They have precipitated
innumerable and varied disease conditions ranging from mild to lethal. This increase in
health disorders and sudden deaths began to manifest concomitantly with the number of
people inoculated and doses administered per person. By the end of 2023, 24 undeclared
chemical elements had been detected by Scanning Electron Microscopy Coupled with
Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), in the COVID-19 vaccines of the
different brands, by various research groups from different countries around the world. In
this paper, we report laboratory results from high precision Inductively Coupled Plasma
Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) that confirm and expand previous results by SEM-EDX. To
this end, the contents of vials from different lots of the brands AstraZeneca/Oxford,
CanSino Biologics, Pfizer/BioNTech, Sinopharm, Moderna and Sputnik V were analyzed.
Among the undeclared chemical elements were detected 11 of the 15 cytotoxic lanthanides
used in electronic devices and optogenetics. In addition, among the undeclared elements
were all 11 of the heavy metals: chromium was found in 100% of the samples; arsenic 82%;
nickel 59%; cobalt and copper 47%; tin 35%; cadmium, lead and manganese in 18%; and
mercury in 6%. A total of 55 undeclared chemical elements were found and quantified with
1 Editor’s Note: A version of this paper by the same authors has appeared in Spanish on ResearchGate as “Análisis por
ICP-MS de "vacunas" contra "COVID-19" de AstraZeneca, CanSino, Moderna, Pfizer, Sinopharm y Sputnik: 55
elementos químicos no declarados. The current version has been edited for format, peer-reviewed, and updated.
International Journal of Vaccine Theory, Practice, and Research 3(2) October 11, 2024 | Page 1368
https://doi.org/10.56098/mt1njj52
ICP-MS. Combining these findings with results from SEM-EDX, altogether 62 undeclared
chemical elements have been found in the various products. In all brands, we found boron,
calcium, titanium, aluminum, arsenic, nickel, chromium, copper, gallium, strontium, niobium,
molybdenum, barium and hafnium. With ICP-MS, we found that the content of the samples
is heterogeneous, the elemental composition varies in different aliquots extracted from the
same vial.
Keywords: adverse effects, AstraZeneca, BioNTech, CanSino Biologics, Comirnaty, COVID -19 vaccines, Covishield, ICP-MS,
Sinopharm, Covilo, lanthanides, Moderna, nanotechnology, Pfizer, SEM -EDX, Spikevax, Sputnik V, undeclared chemical elements.
1. Introduction
Shortly after the massive and globally extended vaccination campaign that began in late 2020 and
early 2021 — with the aim of preventing symptoms that had formerly always been associated with
flu symptoms and that, for reasons still not clarified, were designated as COVID-19 — a large
number of people affected by a variety of health disorders around the world began to emerge
incrementally. Among them were deaths of millions of people all occurring in parallel with the
increasing doses of COVID-19 “vaccines” being injected into the world’s population (Beattie, 2021;
Servín de la Mora Godinez, 2023a, 2023b; Rancourt, Baudin & Mercier, 2023b). In a recent study on
mortality rates in 17 countries in the southern hemisphere, including our own Argentina, taking all
age groups in these countries together, an increase in the mortality rate of 0.126 ± 0.004% was
found. Such a rise in mortality which would imply that 17.0 ± 0.5 million deaths have in fact
occurred due to the injection of more than 13.5 billion doses by September 2, 2023 of the strange
new injectables. All of this amounts to a worldwide iatrogenic event — the kind caused by
clinicians supposedly trying to make things better — that has already killed 0.213 ± 0.006% of the
world's population (1 death per every 470 living people) and all of this has occurred in less than 3
years. During that same time the ineffectiveness of the injections has become evident, because they
did not prevent any deaths (Rancourt, Baudin, Hickey & Mercier, 2023a). In the meantime, an
alarming and growing number of adverse reactions associated with the COVID-19 vaccines, have
been recorded in several databases of adverse effects of vaccines around the world. Among them, a
flawed but nonetheless indicative system, is the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS)
of the United States (Open VAERS, 2024; for its gross underreporting of injuries, see research by
Lazarus et al., 2010).
The different companies and institutes that have been manufacturing and distributing the COVID-
19 vaccines claim that their products are based on recombinant DNA technologies, such as synthetic
messenger RNA, or viral particles with a specific genetic load, except for Sinopharm, where an
inactivated virus is declared (Maldonado, 2022). Curiously, such technologies as those contained in
the messenger RNA and recombinant DNA products had never been used in humans, let alone had
they ever been applied to the world population. Therefore, when the aggressive inoculation
campaigns began, the extent of the toxicity and its effectiveness were unknown, due to its
experimental nature. The speed with which they were approved obviously entails a lack of clinical
trials and adequate quality controls. Ferguson et al. of the Imperial College London, on March 16,
2020, just five days after the World Health Organization announced the worldwide “pandemic” of
SARS-CoV-2, predicted that by August 2020 “in an unmitigated epidemic, we would predict
approximately 510.000 deaths in GB [Great Britain] and 2.2 million in the US” and they said further
“even if all patients were able to be treated, . . . there would still be in the order of 250,000 deaths in
International Journal of Vaccine Theory, Practice, and Research 3(2) October 11, 2024 | Page 1369
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GB, and 1.1-1.2 million in the US”. However, study of the worldwide mortality statistics showed
that the disease and death toll for COVID-19 was comparable to prior flu seasons up to the rollout
of the COVID-19 vaccines that began in December 2020 (Beattie, 2021; Servín de la Mora Godinez,
2023a, 2023b; Rancourt, Baudin & Mercier, 2023b). After that rollout began, the fear of Seneff &
Nigh (2021) that the vaccines would be “Worse than the Disease” was borne out. Just after the
rollout, and especially with the boosters, as Beattie, Rancourt, and others would show, death rates
greatly increased worldwide and did reach into the millions.
What can possibly be causing the long list of symptoms and clinical morbidities of extreme diversity
that have followed the worldwide distribution of the COVID-19 injectable products? The list
includes fulminant cancers, autoimmune disorders, bilateral pneumonias, arrhythmias, hepatitis flare
ups, kidney failures, aggressive forms of arthritis, thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, heart disease,
strokes, paralysis of various sorts, spontaneous abortions, perinatal deaths, infertility reported on a
wide scale, neurodegenerative diseases, and many other debilitating and life-threatening conditions
(Page et al., 2021; Simpson et al., 2021; McKean & Chircop, 2021; Chantra et al., 2021; Dulcey-
Sarmiento et al., 2022; Nyström & Hammarström, 2022; Martínez et al., 2022; Schwab, et al., 2023;
Santiago & Oller, 2023; Pérez et al., 2023; Mead, et al., 2024a, 2024b; Hulscher et al., 2024).
Strikingly, the symptoms often involve comorbidities that had never been seen until after the
administration of COVID-19 vaccines (personal communication with Youngmi Lee, MD, in Korea;
also see her recent papers with Broudy in this journal; Lee & Broudy, 2024a, 2024b). However, in
spite of the extreme gravity of the situation world-wide, only halting and piecemeal steps have been
taken to address it. Among them, the pharmaceutical company Pfizer, in a trial presided over by
Judge Mark T. Pittman in the United States, was forced to declassify documents detailing at least
1.291 adverse events that were formerly undisclosed (GlobalResearch, 2023).
Likewise, in Uruguay, the judiciary demanded that the national government carry out studies “aimed
at explaining the notable increase in deaths from [that were attributed to] COVID-19 from March
2021” in contrast to the previous year despite the increase in people inoculated with the vaccines
against COVID-19, which theoretically should have reduced the mortality rate (Montevideo — AFP,
2022). Interestingly, AstraZeneca announced in May 2024 its intention to stop marketing its
COVID-19 vaccine in Europe. Their product was originally known by the name of the
pharmaceutical company itself, “AstraZeneca”, as well as the “Oxford vaccine”, though its brand
name is “Covishield” (La Nación, 2024). In Argentina there are a large number of lawsuits in
process (civil and criminal) where adverse events have been reported, not only for AstraZeneca (La
voz, 2024) but for all the brands that were administered to the Argentine population (Denuncias
Judiciales, 2024).
It is also crucially important to note that, according to studies carried out by the Lazarus working
group (Lazarus et al., 2010), adverse effects recorded in the VAERS database of the United States
do not represent more than 1% to 10% of total cases, and may represent far fewer than 1%. The
underreporting results from many factors: among them is the fact that completing the VAERS
forms requires an enormous amount of time on the part of the health personnel in all cases.
Another factor is the common absence of knowledge by health clinicians and personnel about the
complex dynamics and variety of adverse events produced by prescription drugs in general, and
more specifically by the growing number of vaccines pushed upon the public increasingly for a
growing diversity of purposes (Garner, 2022; Tuuminen et al. 2023). All of this has been translated
International Journal of Vaccine Theory, Practice, and Research 3(2) October 11, 2024 | Page 1370
https://doi.org/10.56098/mt1njj52
into poisoning by prescription drugs and vaccines that have produced a severe deterioration in the
health of people impacted by pharmacological products. A dearth of information, maintained by the
powerful pharmaceutical lobby that imposes its products on the market, hinders the good judgment
of the health professionals who are discouraged from connecting the many emerging symptoms
with the vaccines, and with other drugs and harmful medical procedures that are directly or
indirectly involved in causing them (McBean, 1957; Duesberg, 1996; Humphries & Roman
Bystrianyk, 2013; Mead et al. 2024a, 2024b).
Added to all this is a near total lack of quality control over the substances called “vaccines” by the
regulatory authorities of the various countries (Speicher et al. 2023; Gutschi, 2022). Recently,
promoters of the mass use of vaccines (Salmon, et al. 2024) had to acknowledge the lack of post-
licensure studies to fully characterize the safety profile of a new vaccine. They allege that pre-
licensure clinical trials have limited sample sizes, follow-up durations, and too much population
heterogeneity. For all these reasons it is imperative to investigate and determine the components in
the COVID-19 vaccines. Because of their “experimental” status, even the most basic safety
protocols have been dangerously circumvented. This problem has alerted independent scientists
around the world because the declared ingredients were known to be toxic and because more and
more evidence began to accrue showing that the manufacturers had not declared all of the
ingredients in their products. One of the alarming phenomena observed is magnetization (Aristeo et
al., 2021, pp. n20, n51, n99) — a phenomenon that is unaccounted for by the declared ingredients.
In early studies on the content of the COVID-19 vaccines some researchers (Campra, 2021;
Clayton, 2022) determined the presence of graphene oxide in Pfizer’s Comirnaty brand using Micro-
Raman and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) techniques. Graphene oxide is an undeclared
component and toxic to human cells (Ou et al., 2016) The group known as the “Club 12” reported
using Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with X-ray Scattering (SEM-EDX) showing the
presence of carbon, oxygen, fluorine, sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus,
chromium, sulfur, chlorine, bismuth, nitrogen, manganese, cobalt, nickel, selenium, cadmium,
antimony, lead, titanium, vanadium, iron, copper, and silicon in Pfizer-BioNtech, Moderna-Lonza,
Vaxzevria from AstraZeneca and Janssen from Johnson & Johnson (Aristeo et al., 2021, p. n40). In a
first study in Argentina, the “Tango Club”, using SEM-EDX applied to samples from vials of
AstraZeneca, Moderna, Sinopharm and Sputnik V found the following chemical elements in them:
carbon, oxygen, sodium, aluminum, silicon, calcium, magnesium, chlorine, bismuth and technetium
(Aristeo et al., 2021, p. n66).
In 2022, Martín Monteverde, MD, and his collaborators (Anabela Femia, biotechnologist; and
Lisandro Lafferriere, also a biotechnologist) detected particles with identical morphology to
graphene oxide in a total of 49 vials using optical microscopy. The brands analyzed were CanSino,
Pfizer, Sinopharm, AstraZeneca, and Sputnik V. In Japan, metallic contaminants were found in vials
of the Moderna vaccine (Swift & O’Donnell, 2021) leading to the recall of three lots, corresponding
to 1.63 million doses. In addition, in the same batch of Pfizer FF5357, in several vaccination centers
in Japan, in the cities of Sagamihara, Kamakura & Sakai, health system workers detected flocs of
strange whitish material in the vials and informed the health authorities so that the affected material
would not be injected in the population (Kyodo News, 2021), essentially similar to those found by
Lee & Broudy (2024a, 2024b).
In 2022, a group of 60 German scientists, including Helena Krenn, Klaus Retzlaff, Holger Reißner
and the late pathologist Arne Burkhardt using SEM-EDX, analyzing vials from AstraZeneca,
International Journal of Vaccine Theory, Practice, and Research 3(2) October 11, 2024 | Page 1371
https://doi.org/10.56098/mt1njj52
BioNTech/Pfizer, Moderna, Janssen from Johnson & Johnson, Lubecavax, and Influsplit Tetra,
detected the following chemical elements: cerium, potassium, calcium, barium, cobalt, iron,
chromium, titanium, gadolinium, aluminum, silicon, sulfur, sodium, magnesium, antimony, copper,
silver, phosphorus, carbon, oxygen, chlorine, and cesium. These studies were submitted to the
government authorities in Germany for review (Retzlaff, 2022).
In England, the UNIT group commissioned by EbMCsquared CIC, within the framework of the
UNITC-112980 project, carried out an analysis of AstraZeneca, Moderna and Pfizer vials using the
Micro-Raman technique, identifying graphene oxide, calcium carbonate with graphene inclusions,
iron oxide, in addition to the known toxicant polyethylene glycol (PEG) which is associated with
anaphylaxis (Cabanillias et al., 2021). PEG is declared as part of the cationic phospholipids in Pfizer
BNT162b and Moderna-1273 (Segalla, 2023), but not in AstraZeneca. In addition, they reported
particles with different morphologies: ribbons, sheets, nanotubes, nano dots and nano scrolls
(EBMCsquared CIC, 2022).
In 2022, Daniel Nagase, MD, from Canada carried out SEM-EDX studies on Moderna and Pfizer
vials, detecting carbon, oxygen, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, sulfur, chlorine, potassium,
calcium, palladium and thulium (Nagase, 2022; Wilson, 2022). That same year, in Argentina,
fluorescent particles of various sizes and with an identical fluorescence pattern to the graphene
oxide standard were detected in vials from Pfizer, CanSino, Sinopharm, and AstraZeneca optical
microscopy coupled to fluorescence, this study was carried out in the presence of a public notary
(Sangorrín & Diblasi, 2022a). Later, foreign particles with different morphology, size, and quantity
that exceed the limit specified for particulate matter in the different pharmacopoeias were detected
in these same samples by SEM-EDX. The chemical elements carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine,
sodium, magnesium, copper, bromine, titanium, silicon, aluminum, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine,
potassium, calcium, iron, chromium, manganese, and cesium were detected (Sangorrín & Diblasi,
2022b). Geanina Hagimă, MD in obstetrics and gynecology, from Romania studied Moderna and
Pfizer vials by SEM-EDX and found carbon, oxygen, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, titanium,
yttrium, and tin (Hagimă, 2023a, 2023b).
As a result of the foregoing studies, by the end of 2023, independent researchers from different
parts of the world had detected 24 undeclared chemical elements in the for mulas of the COVID-19
vaccines. They contained micro and nanoparticles composed mainly of carbon and oxygen.
Likewise, many of these findings agreed with previous studies carried out in Italy, where micro and
nanoparticles containing the following were detected by SEM-EDX in 44 of the scheduled or
programed vaccines: aluminum, silicon, magnesium, titanium, tungsten, chromium, manganese,
nickel, iron, calcium, copper, zirconium, gold, silver, cerium, bromine, potassium, zinc, and lead
(Gatti & Montanari, 2017). Also in 2021, Martínez, MD, and his collaborators from Argentina
carried out studies by SEM-EDX on 5 scheduled or programed vaccines — specifically, Prevenar
pneumococcal from Pzifer, Infanrix Hexa from GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Viraflu from
Sinergium Biotech — and they found: carbon, oxygen, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon,
chlorine, potassium, calcium, silver, and bromine. (Aristeo et al., 2021; p. n74).
Based on the 24 chemical elements not declared within the components of the formulas by the
pharmaceutical companies and detected by SEM-EDX, the objective of this study was to
corroborate, detect possible additional chemical elements and to measure them. For this purpose, 13
vials of the COVID-19 vaccines were analyzed. The vials analyzed in this study come from the
following pharmaceutical companies or research institutes: AstraZeneca/Oxford, CanSino Biologics,
International Journal of Vaccine Theory, Practice, and Research 3(2) October 11, 2024 | Page 1372
https://doi.org/10.56098/mt1njj52
Pfizer/BioNTech, Sinopharm, Moderna, and the Gamaleya National Research Centre for
Epidemiology and Microbiology in Russia.
For the analysis and identification of the constituent elements in the contents of the vials,
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used. It enables detection,
identification, and quantification of metals and metalloids with high sensitivity and precision. With
this methodology, almost 95% of the periodic table can be analysed from trace levels to much
higher concentrations (ng/L–mg/L). Its main advantage over other methodologies is its high
sensitivity (low detection limits) and simultaneity (having the power to detect multiple elements at
the same time in a single analysis). Most of the chemical elements of the periodic table can be
determined, except: hydrogen, helium, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, fluorine, neon, argon,
iodine, bromine, chlorine, astatine, and those with a higher atomic mass than uranium.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Samples
Thirteen vials from different lots of the so-called COVID-19 vaccines were analyzed. The brands,
batch numbers and expiration dates are shown in Table 1. The samples were analyzed in duplicate.
Table 2 shows the components declared by the different manufacturing laboratories, extracted from
the prospectuses requested from INAME-ANMAT (National Drug Institute- National
Administration of Drugs, Foods and Medical Technology) in Argentina, through a public
information request (Maldonado, 2022). It should be noted that the only brands that declare the
Table 1
Samples Analyzed by ICP-MS
Manufacturing Laboratory Brand Lot Expiration
date
Astrazeneca/Oxford Covishield ABZ3413 Nov-21
Astrazeneca/Oxford Covishield 210581 Mar-22
CanSino Biologics Convidecia NCOV202106034V Jun-21
Centro Gamaleya y RDIF* Sputnik V II-840621 Dec-21
Centro Gamaleya y RDIF* Sputnik V II-640821 Feb-22
Centro Gamaleya y RDIF* Sputnik V LYM8 Dec-22
Moderna Spikevax 045C22A Jan-23
Moderna Spikevax 940915 Jun-22
Pfizer/BioNTech Comirnaty SELY6 Nov-22
Pfizer/BioNTech Comirnaty FJ1966 Jan-22
Pfizer/BioNTech Comirnaty FK8892 Mar-22
Sinopharm COVILO 202108B2715 Aug-23
Sinopharm COVILO 202108B2087 Jul-23
*(RDIF) Russian Direct Investment Fund (2024) paid for just the three marked items.
International Journal of Vaccine Theory, Practice, and Research 3(2) October 11, 2024 | Page 1373
https://doi.org/10.56098/mt1njj52
Table 2
Components Declared by the Different Manufacturing Companies
Components Declared by Manufacturers
Products with Modified mRNA
to Produce Spike Protein
Products Using Adenovirus
Vector to Produce Spike Protein
Inactivated
Viruses
Pfizer/Comirnaty Moderna AstraZeneca Sputnik V I/II CanSino Biologics Sinopharm
Sodium acetate trihydrate √
Acetic acid √
Recombinant adenovirus √ √ √
Water for injections √ √ √ √ √
ALC-0159 √
ALC-0315 √
Virus antigens √ Inactivated SARS-CoV-2
ARNm with modified nucleotides (Elasomeran) √
ARNm with modified nucleotides (Tozinameran) √
L-histidine hydrochloride monohydrate √
Trometamol Hydrochloride √
Magnesium chloride √ √
Potassium chloride √
Sodium chloride √ √ √ √ √ Cholesterol √ √
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate √
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate √ DSPC √ √
EDTA √ √
Ethanol √ √
Disodium hydrogen phosphate √ √ Glycerin √
HEPES √
Aluminum hydroxide √ L-Histidine √
Mannitol √
PEG 2000-DMG √
Polysorbate 80 √ √ √
Sucrose √ √ √ √ √
SM-102 √
Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane √
International Journal of Vaccine Theory, Practice, and Research 3(2) October 11, 2024 | Page 1374
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quantities of the excipients are Sputnik V and Sinopharm (COVILO), unlike Pfizer (Comirnaty),
AstraZeneca (Covishield), Moderna,. and CanSino which do not declare the quantities of excipients:
this is a very serious omission at the regulatory level. The regulations for the pharmaceutical industry
worldwide are based on GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices), indicating that it is mandatory to
declare all the components of the formulas and the corresponding quantities.
2.2 Drawing of Samples and Digestion
The studies were carried out at ICYTAC (Institute of Food Science and Technology Córdoba —
National University of Córdoba — CONICET) by the technical staff in charge of the equipment
(Figure 1). Samples were kept refrigerated between 8°C to 11°C from the moment of receipt until
Figure 1. Here is a view of the laboratory, and of the equipment for Inductively Coupled Plasma — Mass
Spectrometry (ICP-MS), used in this study.
the day of digestion 2. Each vial was vortexed with circular motion to ensure homogeneity before
drawing samples from any vial. Samples were taken with a 5 µL Hamilton syringe (“Gas tight”), a
puncture was made in each rubber septum, extracting a sample volume into a previously tared
polypropylene tube, recording the mass of the extracted sample on an analytical balance (between
2 Editor’s Note: For readers not used to the technical terminology of laboratory chemical analysis, something not dealt
with commonly in this journal, the term “digestion” is correctly translated from the Spanish. In analytical chemistry,
digestion of solids, e.g., the “self-assembling” structures observed by Lee and Broudy (Lee & Broudy, 2024a; 2024b), are
broken-down into their component chemical elements. Digestion contrasts with dissolution as used by Lee and Broudy
to “incubate” samples.
International Journal of Vaccine Theory, Practice, and Research 3(2) October 11, 2024 | Page 1375
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0.22 and 0.33 g). This procedure was done in duplicate for each sample. Blank tubes were also
prepared in duplicate, using the same elements and handled in an identical manner to the samples,
except for the sample addition, which was replaced by ultra-pure water (between 0.22 and 0.24 g for
each instance). For sample digestion, 1 mL of double-distilled nitric acid was added to each tube,
and the blanks were treated in the same way. They were homogenized with circular vortex
movements and left to rest for 6 days (room temperature 26-29 °C). The digested samples were
stored at 10 °C in closed polypropylene tubes until dilution. Prior to the measurement, 9 mL of
MERCK brand nitric acid solution, lot K54405956 223 in ultra-pure water 1:50 (v/v) was added to
each tube in such a way as to achieve an approximate dilution of 1 to 10. Ultrapure water was used
(conductivity 0.055 μS/cm, Sartorius brand equipment, Arium 311 model, with a final filter of 0.22
μm). It should be noted that the presence of the chemical elements, and subsequent identification, is
independent of temperature changes, for example, loss of the cold chain.
2.3 Equipment and Measurement by ICP-MS
The ICP-MS equipment, Agilent brand, model: 7500cx, with auto sampling, model ASX-500 Series,
was used. The plasma, filler, and other gas used was argon quality 5.0, (>99.999% Air Liquide,
Argon N50 type: Alphagaz). For some elements, collision with Helium (quality 5.0, Linde) was used.
The software used was Agilent G1834B, ChemStation B.04.00.001. Four types of external
calibration curves were prepared, covering all the elements to be quantified, from the commercial
mixtures.
2.4 Data Analysis
After acquisition, the calibration curve was adjusted according to the range of counts per second
(CPS) presented by the samples. To achieve greater precision, those points of the curve with CPS
values greater than the maximum value of the samples, for each element were discarded. The
replicas were measured at two temperatures (the standard of 2°C and 30°C) to determine a
correction factor on the measured calibration curves. Each reported sample is the result of
subtracting the average value of the procedure blank tubes for each element and is corrected by the
digestion dilution factor and the weighed mass. In turn, the replicate includes a correction factor for
the measured temperature difference. The reported detection limit was calculated as 3.3 times the
sample standard deviation of the measured values of the blanks. The limit of quantification used is
highlighted by the bold values in the concentration tables and was calculated as 10 times the sample
standard deviation of the same blanks. The hypothetical mass of the digestion procedure in the
blanks was the mass of water used to simulate each sample.
3. Results
3.1 AstraZeneca (Covishield) Vials
Two lots of the AstraZeneca product were studied. In lot ABZ3413, 15 chemical elements were
detected, of which 14 are undeclared, and in lot 210581, 21 elements were detected, with 20
undeclared (Table 3).
International Journal of Vaccine Theory, Practice, and Research 3(2) October 11, 2024 | Page 1376
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Table 3
Chemical Elements Found by ICP-MS in AstraZeneca Lots: † Declared
Chemical Elements Isotopes AstraZeneca
ABZ3413 (µg/L)
AstraZeneca
210581 (µg/L)
B Boron 11 20 360
Na†
Sodium 23 1100000 9100000
Mg Magnesium 24 30000 350000
Al Aluminum 27 810
P† Phosphorus 31
K Potassium 39 5100
Ca Calcium 40 1800
V Vanadium 51 2.23
Cr Chromium 52 21 44
Fe Iron 56 82
Ni Nickel 58 50
Co Cobalt 59 0.4
Cu Copper 63 34
Ga Gallium 70 0.1
As Arsenic 75 4.4 15
Se Selenium 79 5.1
Rb Rubidium 85 1 1.8
Sr Strontium 88 1.4
Nb Niobium 93 0.22
Mo Molybdenum 96 13
Pd Palladium 106 2
Ba Barium 137 2.8
Ce Cerium 140 0.22
Tb Terbium 159 0.004
Hf Hafnium 178 37
Pt Platinum 195 2.2
Au Gold 197 3.9
Tl Thallium 204 0,69
Bi Bismuth 209 12
Th Thorium 232 9.9
U Uranium 238 0.02
Total Elements Detected 15 21
Sample Analysis Date 3/11/2023 27/12/2023
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3.2 CanSino Vials (Convidecia)
One lot of the CanSino brand was analyzed and 22 elements were detected. Of those that were
detected, 20 were undeclared by the manufacturer (Table 4).
Table 4
Chemical Elements Found by ICP-MS in a lot of CanSino
(Convidecia) NCOV202106034V: † Declared
Chemical Elements Isotopes CanSino
(µg/L)
B Boron 11 20
Na† Sodium 23 800
Mg
† Magnesium 24 13000000
Al Aluminum 27 870000
P† Phosphorus 31
K Potassium 39 1900
Ca Calcium 40 150
V Vanadium 51 38
Cr Chromium 52 21
Fe Iron 56 37
Ni Nickel 58 0.1
Co Cobalt 59 28
Cu Copper 63 68
Ga Gallium 70 0.54
As Arsenic 75 920
Se Selenium 79 6
Rb Rubidium 85 5
Sr Strontium 88 1,3
Nb Niobium 93 14
Mo Molybdenum 96 11
Pd Palladium 106 120
Ce Cerium 140 0.2
Tb Terbium 159 2.5
Total Elements Detected 22
Sample Analysis Date 27/12/2023
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3.3 Pfizer (Comirnaty) Vials
Vials from three lots of the Pfizer brand were analyzed. In lot FJ1966, 22 elements were detected,
of which 19 are undeclared (Table 5), in lot FK8892, 19 elements were detected, of which 16 are
undeclared. Lot SELY6 was analyzed on two dates, in November 2023, 23 chemical elements were
detected, of which 21 elements are undeclared, in January 2024, 26 chemical elements were detected,
of which 23 elements are undeclared.
Table 5
Chemical Elements Found by ICP-MS in Pfizer (Comirnaty) Lots: † Declared
Chemical
Elements Isotopes Pfizer/BioNTech
FJ1966 (µg/L)
Pfizer/BioNTech
FK8892 (µg/L)
Pfizer/BioNTech
SELY6 (µg/L)
Pfizer/BioNTech
SELY6 (µg/L)
Li Lithium 7 62,00 17
B Boron 11 1400 170 2200 860
Na
†
Sodium 23 27000000 58000000 4900000 4700000
Mg Magnesium 24 54000
Al Aluminum 27 230000 61 34000
P† Phosphorus 31 940000 6700000 390000
K† Potassium 39 7000000 64000000 110000 66000
Ti Titanium 48 1000 6200
V Vanadium 51 9.2 21
Cr Chromium 52 56 57 30 72
Mn Manganese 55 19
Ni Nickel 58 27 18 4.8
Co Cobalt 59 0.87 1.7
Cu Copper 63 90 71
Zn Zinc 65 540 2700
Ga Gallium 71 0.55 2.2 0.35 0.72
As Arsenic 75 18 22 27 13
Se Selenium 78 7.5
Rb Rubidium 85 1.1 1.9 1.5
Sr Strontium 87 2.3 1.4 12
Nb Niobium 93 0,6 0,8
Mo Molybdenu
m
96 12
Ru Ruthenium 101 0.001 0.001
Rh Rhodium 103 0.04
Pd Palladium 105 0.51 0.8 0.1 0.25
Ba Barium 137 64 3.3 69 33
La Lanthanum 139 0.56 0.35
Ce Cerium 140 1.4 5.1 2.4
Pr Praseodymiu
m
141 0.14
Sm Samarium 150 0.025
Eu Europium 153 0.02 0.025
Tb Terbium 159 0.0002
Gb Gadolinium 157 0.02
Dy Dysprosium 162 0.014
Er Erbium 167 0.06 0.005
Hf Hafnium 178 3.1 2
W Wolfram 183 4.8
Pt Platinum 195 0.42
Pb Lead 208 45
U Uranium 238 0.25
Total Elements Detected 22 19 23 26
Sample Analysis Date 27/12/2023 27/12/2023 3/11/2023 3/1/2024
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3.4 Moderna (Spikevax) Vials
Two lots of the Moderna brand were analyzed. In lot 940915, 23 elements were detected of which
21 elements are undeclared; in lot 045C22A, 17 elements were detected, 16 undeclared (Table 6).
This last lot was quantified again in January 2024, 31 elements were detected, 29 of them
undeclared.
Table 6
Chemical Elements Found by ICP-MS in Moderna Lots: † Declared
Chemical Elements Isotopes Moderna
940915 (µg/L)
Moderna
045C22A (µg/L)
Moderna
045C22A (µg/L)
B Boron 11 320 Na† Sodium 23 47000000 1300000 180000
Mg Magnesium 24 170 13000
Al Aluminum 27 17000
P† Phosphorus 31 430000 400000
K Potassium 39 39000000 36000
Ca Calcium 40 4500
Ti Titanium 48 9500
V Vanadium 51 1.7 5.2
Cr Chromium 52 58 23 46
Mn Manganese 55 3.6 15
Fe Iron 56 270 2400
Ni Nickel 58 15 20
Co Cobalt 59 0.18 2.6
Cu Copper 63 44
Zn Zinc 65 4600
Ga Gallium 70 1.4 0.11 0.47
As Arsenic 75 20 1.31
Se Selenium 79 3.3
Rb Rubidium 85 1 2.9
Sr Strontium 87 0.3 5.1 17
Y Yttrium 89 0.22
Zr Zirconium 91 550
Nb Niobium 93 2.2
Mo Molybdenum 96 390
Ru Ruthenium 100 0.0007
Pd Palladium 106 2.8
Ag Silver 107 5.1
Cd Cadmium 112 3.2
Sn Tin 118 37 17
Sb Antimony 121 1.1
Ba Barium 137 11
La Lanthanum 139 0.38 0.18
Ce Cerium 140 0,.7 0.27
Pr Praseodymium 141 0.025
Nd Neodymium 144 14
Tb Terbium 159 0.011
Dy Dysprosium 162 0.019 0.0051
Ho Holmium 165 0.005
Yb Ytterbium 173 0.008
Hf Hafnium 178 15 3.3
W Tungsten 183 11
Au Gold 197 1.8
Hg Mercury 200 13
Tl Thallium 204 0.28
Pb Lead 207 130
Th Thorium 232 0.82
U Uranium 238 0.023
Total Elements Detected 23 17 31
Sample Analysis Date 27/12/2023 3/11/2023 3/1/2024
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3.6 Sinopharm (COVILO) Vials
Different elements were detected in the two lots analyzed from Sinopharm: 202108B2087 and
202108B2715 COVILO, 25 elements were detected, 22 and 23, respectively, are undeclared elements.
The determination of lot 202108B2715 was repeated in January 2024, on this date 17 undeclared
elements were found out of the 20 that were detected (Table 7).
Table 7
Chemical Elements Found by ICP-MS in Sinopharm (COVILO) Lots: † Declared
Chemical Elements Isotopes Sinopharm
202108B2087 (µg/L)
Sinopharm
202108B2715 (µg/L)
Sinopharm
202108B2715 (µg/L)
Li Lithium 7 42 13
B Boron 11 2500 2000 690
Na† Sodium 23 39000000 5000000 4200000
Mg Magnesium 24 38000
Al† Aluminum 27 3100000 205000 2700000
P† Phosphorus 31 3000000 2000000
Ca Calcium 40 1700 2800
Ti Titanium 48 3200
V Vanadium 51 17 8.15 17
Cr Chromium 52 76 28.5 61
Fe Iron 56 31
Ni Nickel 58 20
Co Cobalt 59 0.43 0.16
Cu Copper 63 100
Ga Gallium 70 5.5 6.25 7.7
As Arsenic 75 9.6 6.65
Se Selenium 79 4.8
Sr Strontium 87 36 2.8
Y Yttrium 89 15 0.21
Nb Niobium 93 0.5
Mo Molybdenum 96 2.8
Ru Ruthenium 101 0.001
Pd Palladium 106 0.4 0.03
Sn Tin 118 85
Sb Antimony 121 3.2
Te Tellurium 127 0.4
Ba Barium 137 360 16,5
La Lanthanum 139 3.5 0.055
Ce Cerium 140 21 1.2 0.68
Pr Praseodymiu
m
141 0.018
Nd Neodymium 144 0.16
Sm Samarium 150 0.044
Eu Europium 152 0.02
Gd Gadolinium 157 0.023
Tb Terbium 159 0.006
Dy Dysprosium 162 0.026
Ho Holmium 165 0.0056
Er Erbium 167 0.47 0.03 0.0028
Yb Ytterbium 173 0.012
Hf Hafnium 178 2.4
W Tungsten 183 19
Pt Platinum 195 0.29
Au Gold 197 0.7
Total Elements Detected 25 25 20
Sample Analysis Date 27/12/2023 3/11/2023 3/1/2024
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3.7 Vials from Gamaleya Center and RDIF, Russia (Sputnik)
Of the three Sputnik lots analyzed, lot LYM8 contained 21 elements, of which 19 are undeclared
(Table 8). Lot II-840621 was analyzed on two dates and contained a total of 22 and 27 elements, 20
and 25 respectively are undeclared. Finally, lot II-640821 contained 27 elements, with 24 undeclared
(Table 8).
Table 8
Chemical Elements Found by ICP-MS in Sputnik Lots: † Declared
Chemical Elements Isotopes Sputnik
LYM8 (µg/L)
Sputnik II-
840621 (µg/L)
Sputnik II-
840621 (µg/L)
Sputnik II-
640821 (µg/L)
Li Lithium 7 12
B Boron 11 1000 2500 700 1300
Na† Sodium 23 58000000 4300000 3000000 48000000
Mg† Magnesium 24 280000 27000 50000 310000
Al Aluminum 27 200 2600
P† Phosphorus 31 33000
K Potassium 39 9500 7200
Ca Calcium 40 2000 5000
Ti Titanium 48 56
V Vanadium 51 26 9.60 17 16
Cr Chromium 52 110 38 63 95
Ni Nickel 58 33 51
Co Cobalt 59 0.37
Cu Copper 63 160 170
Zn Zinc 65 150 140
Ga Gallium 70 0.2 0.36 0.33
As Arsenic 75 13 9.6 9.2
Se Selenium 79 4.1
Rb Rubidium 85 2.4 2.5 3.2
Sr Strontium 88 8.1 4.1 4.5
Nb Niobium 93 1.2 0.2
Mo Molybdenu
m
96 2.8
Ru Ruthenium 101 0.017
Pd Palladium 106 7.6 0.06 0.7
Cd Cadmium 112 10 2.3
Sn Tin 118 88 8.8
Ba Barium 137 920 18 21
Ce Cerium 140 31 62 22 30
Nd Neodymium 144 0.051
Gd Gadolinium 157 0.3 0.27 0.23 0.3
Tb Terbium 159 0.006
Ho Holmium 165 0.0054
Yb Ytterbium 173 0.006
Hf Hafnium 178 3.9 5
Au Gold 197 1.1 0.43 2
Tl Thallium 204 0.3
Pb Lead 207 24
Th Thorium 232 0.6 1.1
Total Detected 21 22 27 27
Analysis Date 27/12/2023 3/11/2023 3/1/2024 27/12/2023
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4. Discussion
4.1 Elemental composition of COVID-19 Vaccines
Our analysis summarized in Tables 9 and 10 shows the presence of 55 undeclared chemical elements
in the 17 samples analyzed from the 6 brands of COVID-19 vaccines. Among the undeclared
elements were found to represent all groups of the Periodic Table, except for the noble gases.
Many heavy metals was detected in the analyzed samples and all of those metals are associated with
toxic effects on human health. The European Union recognizes eleven toxic elements as heavy
metals; arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, mercury, manganese, nickel, lead, tin, and
thallium (Witkowska et al., 2021; Hogan, 2010). All these elements were found in the different lots
with different frequencies of occurrence in the sampling: chromium (100%), arsenic (82%) and
nickel (59%), followed by 40% cobalt and copper; with 35% tin, with 18% cadmium, lead and
manganese; and finally 6% of the samples contain mercury (Table 9).
The samples contain 11 of the 15 lanthanides of the periodic table of chemical elements. The
percentage of the frequency with which they were found is shown in Table 9: lanthanum (35%),
cerium (76%), neodymium (18% ), samarium (18%), europium (18%), gadolinium (35%), terbium
(29%), dysprosium (24%), holmium (18%), erbium (29%), and ytterbium (18%). These elements
have luminescent and magnetic properties (Echeverry & Parra, 2019); until now, their safety for use
in the human body has not been demonstrated. In fact, the ICH Q3D guide (ICH, 2022) does not
mention lanthanides among elemental impurities. It should be noted that this guide does not cover
biological products, such as vaccines. Lanthanides are frequently used in the electronics industry and
in no case as part of biosensors due to their cytotoxic effects (Voncken, 2016; Balaram, 2018).
To date, if the results obtained by both SEM-EDX (Aristeo et al., 2021, pp. n40, n66; Retzlaff, 2022;
Nagase, 2022; Sangorrín & Diblasi, 2022b; Hagimă, 2023a, 2023b) and ICP-MS are taken into
account for the brands studied here, a total of 62 undeclared chemical elements have been detected
(Table 10).
The two techniques are complementary, and they also have their limitations and differences. In
SEM-EDX the sample volume varies between 10-20 µL, only the particles found in that small
volume can be observed, while by ICP-MS a sample volume of 200 µL is taken and is more
representative. In turn, SEM-EDX can detect carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, fluorine, chlorine,
bromine, and sulfur (which could not be determined by ICP-MS), and which are present in the
samples, only carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are declared in the manufacturers formulas (Table 2).
Hydrogen cannot be detected by either technique.
In the ICP-MS technique, the sample is digested with HNO3, leaving the chemical elements free in
the solution, while by SEM-EDX, chemical elements are detected within the micro and
nanoparticles found in the sample. One of the advantages of the ICP-MS technique is that
chemical elements can be quantified.
In reading across rows three and six in Table 10, we can see that the brands most frequently
analyzed by both SEM-EDX and ICP-MS were Pfizer, Moderna, and AstraZeneca. The greatest
number of undeclared chemical elements were detected in these brands. By contrast, the fewest
undeclared elements were found in the Sputnik V and the CanSino brands but, it must be taken into
consideration, that from these two brands, we only drew one sample from each of the vials, so the
absolute minimum number of analyses were performed. Obviously, whether more or fewer
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Table 9
Frequency of Elements in the Analyzed Samples and Maximum Concentration
Chemical Elements Isotopes Samples with % Samples with Max Concentration (µg/L)
1 Sodium Na 23 17 100 58000000
2 Chromium Cr 52 17 100 110
3 Boron B 11 15 88 2500
4 Gallium Ga 70 15 88 7.7
5 Arsenic As 75 14 82 920
6 Strontium Sr 87 13 76 36
7 Cerium Ce 140 13 76 110
8 Vanadium V 51 12 71 38
9 Palladium Pd 106 12 71 120
10 Barium Ba 137 12 71 360
11 Magnesium Mg 24 11 65 13000000
12 Rubidium Rb 85 11 65 5
13 Aluminum Al 27 10 59 3100000
14 Nickel Ni 58 10 59 51
15 Potassium K 39 9 53 64000000
16 Hafnium Hf 178 9 53 37
17 Phosphorus P 31 8 47 6700000
18 Calcium Ca 40 8 47 5000
19 Cobalt Co 59 8 47 28
20 Copper Cu 63 8 47 170
21 Niobium Nb 93 8 47 14
22 Gold Au 197 7 41 3.9
23 Gadolinium Gd 157 6 35 0.3
24 Tin Sn 118 6 35 88
25 Lithium Li 3 6 35 62
26 Titanium Ti 48 6 35 9500
27 Selenium Se 79 6 35 6
28 Molybdenum Mo 96 6 35 390
29 Lanthanum La 139 6 35 3.5
30 Terbium Tb 159 5 29 2.5
31 Erbium Er 167 5 29 0.47
32 Zinc Zn 65 5 29 4600
33 Thorium Th 232 5 29 9.9
34 Ruthenium Ru 100 4 24 0.007
35 Thallium Tl 204 4 24 0.69
36 Uranium U 238 4 24 0.25
37 Iron Fe 56 4 24 2400
38 Dysprosium Dy 162 4 24 0,019
39 Ytterbium Yb 173 3 18 0,012
40 Manganese Mn 55 3 18 19
41 Cadmium Cd 112 3 18 10
42 Antimony Sb 121 3 18 3.2
43 Praseodymium Pr 141 3 18 0.14
44 Europium Eu 152 3 18 0.02
45 Holmium Ho 165 3 18 0.0056
46 Platinum Pt 195 3 18 2.2
47 Lead Pb 207 3 18 130
48 Neodymium Nd 144 3 18 14
49 Samarium Sm 150 3 18 0.044
50 Yttrium Y 89 3 18 15
51 Tungsten W 183 3 18 19
52 Rhodium Rh 103 1 6 0.04
53 Zirconium Zr 91 1 6 550
54 Silver Ag 107 1 6 5.1
55 Tellurium Te 127 1 6 0.4
56 Mercury Hg 200 1 6 13
57 Bismuth Bi 209 1 6 12
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Table 10
Chemical Elements Detected by SEM-EDX and ICP-MS
Manufacturers CanSino
Biologics AstraZeneca Pfizer
Comirnaty Moderna Sinopharm Sputnik V/I Sputnik V/II
Elements Declared by
Manufacturer
C, H, O, N,
Cl, Na, Mg, P
C, H, O, N, P,
Cl, Na
C, H, O, N, P,
Cl, Na, K
C, H, O, N, P, Cl,
Na
C, H, O, N, P, Cl,
Na, Al
C, H, O, N, P,
Cl, Na, Mg
C, H, O, N, P,
Cl, Na, Mg
Number of Samples Analyzed
by ICP-MS 1 2 4 3 3 1 3
Chemical Elements Detected
by ICP-MS
Li, B, Na, Mg,
Al, Ca, Ti, Cr,
Ni, Cu, Ga, As,
Se, Rb, Sr, Nb,
Mo, Pd, Ba, Hf,
Au, Tl, Th
B, Na, Mg, Al,
K, Ca, V, Cr, Fe,
Co, Ni, Cu, Ga,
As, Se, Rb, Sr,
Nb, Mo, Pd, Ba,
Ce, Tb, Hf, Pt,
Au, Tl, Bi, Th,
U
Li, B, Na, Mg,
Al, P, K, Ca, Ti,
V, Cr, Mn, Co,
Cu, Ni, Zn, Ga,
As, Se, Rb, Sr,
Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh,
Pd, Sn, Sb, Ba,
La, Ce, Pr, Sm,
Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy,
Er, Hf, W, Pt,
Pb, U
B, Na, Mg, Al, P, K,
Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn,
Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn,
Ga, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Y,
Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Pd,
Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Ba,
La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Tb,
Dy, Ho, Yb, Hf, W,
Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, Th,
U
Li, B, Na, Mg, Al, P,
Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Co,
Ni, Cu, Ga, As, Se, Sr,
Y, Nb, Mo, Ru, Pd, Sn,
Sb, Te, Ba, La, Ce, Pr,
Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb,
Dy, Ho, Er, Yb, Hf, W,
Pt, Au, U
B, Na, Mg, Ca,
V, Cr, Ni, Cu,
Zn, Ga, As, Rb,
Sr, Nb, Pd, Ba,
Ce, Gd, Hf, Au,
Th
Li, B, Na, Mg,
Al, P, K, Ca, Ti,
V, Cr, Co, Ni,
Cu, Zn, Ga, As,
Se, Rb, Sr, Nb,
Mo, Ru, Pd, Cd,
Sn, Ba, Ce, Nd,
Gd, Tb, Ho, Yb,
Hf, Pt, Au, Tl,
Pb, Th
Total Elements Not Declared
but Detected by ICP-MS 21 29 40 46 41 19 36
Number of Samples Analyzed
by SEM-EDX 1 4 5 5 2 1 0
Chemical Elements Detected
by SEM-EDX
C, O, F, Na,
Mg, Al, Si, P,
S, Cl, K, Ca,
Ti, Fe, Cu, Br
C, N, O, F, Na,
Al, Si, S, Cl, Ca,
Ti, Cr, Fe, Co,
Ni, Cu, Tc, Ag,
Sn, Ce, Gd
C, N, O, F,
Na, Mg, Al, Si,
P, S, Cl, K, Ca,
Ti, V, Cr, Mn,
Fe, Cu, Y, Tm,
Bi
C, N, O, Na, Mg,
Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K,
Ca, Ti, Cr, Fe, Cu,
Se, Pd, Cd, Sn, Sb,
Cs, Ba, Ce, Pb, Bi
C, O, F, Na, Mg, Al,
Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca,
Cu
C, O, Na, Cl Not available
Total Not Declared but
Detected by SEM-EDX 10 17 15 20 7 0 Not available
Total Not Declared but Found
by Both ICP-MS and SEM-
EDX
27 37 47 51 45 19 36
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elements appear depends in part on the number of analyses that could be carried out. It does not
depend completely on the brand being sampled. In addition, it is evident that despite having
different declared chemical contents, there are undeclared chemical elements in common, such as
boron, calcium, titanium, aluminum, arsenic, nickel, chromium, copper, gallium, strontium, niobium,
molybdenum, barium, and hafnium in all of the brands.
4.2 Structure of the Contents of COVID-19 Vaccines
Sodium and chromium were found in all the samples (100%, Table 9). There were many other
undeclared elements were in the majority, such as boron and gallium (88%), vanadium, cerium,
platinum, and barium (71-76%) like many others listed in Table 9. Given the diversity and notable
presence in all brands, along with the peculiar characteristics of the elements found, it is extremely
unlikely, in our judgment, that the findings reported in this paper are due to any fortuitous events
such as contamination, or accidental adulteration. We do not believe that accidents owed to chance
could occur so consistently and pervasively across the various brands of vaccines that we studied.
Whereas the appearance of the daunting diversity of undeclared chemical elements remains strange,
the clues seem to be pointing to some kind of worldwide technological experimentation. Because
the lanthanides, as we have noted above, are known to be extremely cytotoxic (Voncken, 2016;
Balaram, 2019), their being discovered in significant quantity, and across the whole array of vaccines
we have studies here, is suggestive of some kind of nanotechnological experimentation along the
lines being discussed by Kyrie & Broudy (2022), Lee and Broudy (2024a), Hughes (2024), and
others.
All the samples had a certain viscosity and density. None of the content was aqueous, it was viscous
and dense, probably, we believe, as a consequence of some quantity of water associated with the
samples, as noted during several weeks of incubation. That wetting was probably produced by
gelling agents, because they have a high affinity for water. Given all the noted characteristics of the
fluids in the vials that were analyzed, their content seems to be changing across time. The c ontents
of all the vials were heterogeneous in unexpected ways. In spite of their seemingly common viscous
matrix, even with repeated draws from the same vial, we never found homogeneous content in
different samples even when they were drawn from the same vial. This occurred in spite of the fact
that before drawing any sample from any of the vials, each vial was always subjected to vortex
mixing to ensure homogeneity as much as possible. Also, we supposed that if the original contents
in any vial were uniform and homogeneous, the distribution of components would be unaffected by
vigorous mixing.
It is common knowledge that well mixed homogeneous solutions always have a certain distribution
of the solutes that comprise them, even if the solutes are found in very low concentrations. If that
were the case for the vials we examined, all the constituent elements should be present consistently,
in each and every sample of solution from a particular vial. They should, in fact, appear in the same
proportion and in the same relative quantities. But that is not what we found. Because of the
complex, dynamic, and changing contents in all of the brands studied in this work, consistent with
the findings of Lee and Broudy (2024a), the observed heterogeneity makes it impossible to quantify
the elements precisely, or to extrapolate from any given sample to what is contained in the residual
fluid in any given vial. It seems that the presence and relative quantities of the elements found in
samples taken at different times vary across phases of self-assembly cycles as observed, for instance,
in the careful research of Lee & Broudy. Notably it was praised for its consistency and reliability
even by its highly competent critic (Ulrich, 2024).
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There is, however, as far as we know, no way to determine the number or duration of growth phases
beginning at the nano level in the contents of the vaccines under study as the construction phases
progress to the visible microstructures seen in incubated samples and in the blood of recipients of
the injectables (Lee et al., 2022; Benzi-Cipelli et al., 2022). It seems likely that the elements in the
samples with different distributions are associated in discrete units of the self-assembling
microstructures visible under optical microscopes. Apart from such generally known chemical
properties as luminescence, electromagnetism, toxicity, etc., our findings cannot provide much useful
information about the roles that the widely observed self-assembling microstructures may play. A
high priority is to determine the identities, functions, and implications of those structures. What is
not in doubt is that they are empirically associated with numerous and extreme adverse reactions,
including millions of deaths, evidently caused by the administration of the inoculum under study
here.
The variable of temperature is of particular interest, because any crucial genetic material
intentionally placed in the vials would be well-preserved at temperatures close to 20°C below zero.
So, we wonder why Pfizer initially urged a cold chain of custody at no warmer than 80°C below
zero. Of course, subjecting genetic material encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles to freeze-thaw cycles
causes their denaturation and drastically reduces the capacity of the genetic material to enter the
cells as intended (Segalla, 2024). Therefore, some cold chain of custody seems warranted, but unless
the purpose was to prevent the formation of complex self-assembling microstructures inside the
vials before their contents could possibly be injected into human recipients, the initial setting at 80°C
below zero is anomalous.
4.3 Undeclared Nanotechnology Found in COVID-19 Vaccines
In addition to the analysis of the composition, researchers from different parts of the world have
been carrying out studies on samples of COVID-19 vaccines and observing the phenomenon of
self-assembly of nano and microparticles of orthogonal morphology (Delgado, 2022; Nixon, 2023;
Lee & Broudy, 2024a; Zelada, 2024).
The growing presence of nanotechnology-based products in almost all spheres of science, especially
in pharmaceutical products, raises concerns regarding their quality, safety, efficacy and toxicity
(Mahamuni-Badiger & Dhanavade, 2023). Most of the available nanomedicines work by interacting
at the biomolecular level with cellular components and genetic material, directly and indirectly
influencing genomic functions (Ali et al., 2023). Of special interest in the present study is the
emergent concept of “nanoarchitecture”, in which self-assembly processes involve a wide range of
materials and applications (Devaraj et al., 2021). These include transmembrane channels, peptide
conjugates and vesicles, drug delivery, cell culture, supramolecular differentiation, molecular
recognition, optics, and energy storage (Ariga et al., 2019). To develop these materials, in many cases,
graphene oxide is used, functionalized with chemical elements such as palladium, nickel, tin, gold,
cobalt, and copper (Hejazi et al., 2021), which are present in more than 40% of the vaccine samples
analyzed in this work (Table 9). Likewise, other undeclared chemical elements known to be used for
self-assembling materials (Hejazi et al., 2021) were found in percentages of the samples ranging
from 18% to 35%: selenium (35%), titanium (35%), zinc (29%), cadmium (18%), manganese (18%)
and platinum (18%).
Given the wide variety of nanomaterials, colloidal quantum dots that provide unique optoelectronic
features for neural interfaces (Hu et al., 2024) aiming for neuronal control (Karatum et al., 2022), we
find it especially interesting that researchers such as Hu and colleagues have been busy evaluating the
toxicity of different types of quantum dots (CdSe, CdTe, MoS2, graphene QDs, etc.) at different
International Journal of Vaccine Theory, Practice, and Research 3(1) Month day, Year | Page 1387
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doses (10-100 ppm, 1-25 nM, etc.) in different cell cultures (BV2, U87, U373, U251, etc.). In recent
years, up-conversion nanoparticles have been developed. These are nanocrystals doped with
lanthanide ions (Dy3+, Er3+, Eu3+, Gd3+, Ho3+, Lu3+, Sm3+, Tb3+, Tm3+, Y3+, Yb3+), which are excitable
by infrared light and are used in optogenetics to activate or deactivate light-sensitive membrane
proteins present in neurons, such as opsins and rhodopsins, corresponding to a neuromodulation
mechanism (Chen et al., 2016; Yi et al., 2021). Up-conversion nanoparticles of NaGdF4, NaYF4,
NaErF4 doped with lanthanides, were tested in different neuron populations for optogenetic
modulation (Liu et al., 2021). It was determined that NaYF UCNPs doped with Yb3+, Er3+, Tm3+
and Ho3+ can be taken up by neurons through clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytosis (Zajdel
et al., 2023).
5. Conclusions
Based on the identification and ranges of the quantities of the chemical elements discovered, and on
the physical and chemical characteristics of the content of the vaccines studied, it is of utmost
importance to highlight the great similarity that exists between the products of the different brands.
The observed differences in chemical elements found in the different brands, we believe, are due to
the time lapse between drawing of samples on account of the changing structure of the self-
assembling entities in the fluids contained in the vials. We do not believe the observed differences
are because of manufacturing processes specific to any given brand or to differences between lots
because of stochastic variations in the production processes. Despite the small size and few samples
analyzed in this exploratory study, we believe that analysis of a larger number of samples and lots
will confirm the trends we have pointed out. We believe that the various and diverse pathologies in
the inoculated population are not due to fortuitous problems in manufacturing or distribution, but
rather to the technology that seems to be common to all these products which appear to be
universally harmful to humans.
Author Contributions
Marcela Sangorrín and Lorena Diblasi designed the study. All authors analyzed the data. David
Nonis established the statistical model of frequency distribution. Martín Monteverde, Marcela
Sangorrín and Lorena Diblasi were responsible for sample submission. All authors contributed to
the writing and editing of the manuscript.
Acknowledgments
First, we want to thank the nurses, doctors and biochemists who provided us with the vials from the
vaccination centers to carry out this study. The work was paid for by the contributions of citizens
interested in knowing the truth about the content of the COVID-19 vaccines. We are especially
grateful to Pablo Yunes, MD, and Gabriel Humberto Luti, MD, who performed the analysis of the
samples by ICP-MS at ICYTAC-CONICET-UNC. Thanks also go to the reviewers of the IJVTPR
who have offered comments and suggestions for improving this presentation. Among them, as we
have been informed by the Editor-in-Chief, are Stephanie Seneff, PhD, Tamara Tuuminen, MD,
PhD, Daniel Santiago, PharmD, Robert M. Davidson, MD, PhD, James-Lyons Weiler, PhD, Christof
Plothe, DO, Brian Hooker, PhD, and Christopher Shaw, PhD, who read and approved this paper for
publication. Any errors remaining and the ideas expressed are our own.
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